Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Techno-economic feasibility of alternative energy sources for community water supply in Ghana","authors":"Emmanuel Tabiri ,&nbsp;Samuel Gyamfi ,&nbsp;Bernard Aboagye ,&nbsp;Michael Obeng","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to clean water remains a major challenge in many developing regions where unreliable electricity supply disrupts water production and distribution. In Goaso, frequent grid instability and power outages significantly affect the reliability of the community water supply system, with adverse implications for public health and socioeconomic development. This study evaluated the techno-economic and environmental performance of four alternative energy systems for improving water supply reliability in Goaso using the HOMER optimisation model. The assessed configurations included the existing grid-only system, the solar photovoltaic (PV)-only system, the hybrid solar PV–grid system, and the hybrid solar PV–diesel generator system. The analysis incorporated a community water demand of 356 m³ /day and assessed key performance indicators including Net Present Cost (NPC), Return on Investment (ROI), payback period, operating cost, and CO₂ emissions. The existing grid-only system recorded an NPC of US$166,329 and annual CO₂ emissions of 58,692 kg. The hybrid solar PV–grid system achieved the best overall performance with an NPC of US$144,698, a payback period of 8.4 years, an ROI of 200%, and reduced annual CO₂ emissions of 36,635 kg. Although the solar PV-only system achieved zero operational CO₂ emissions, its higher infrastructure requirements increased lifecycle cost. Sensitivity analysis further showed that renewable-dominant systems are more resilient to inflation and fuel price fluctuations than fossil-fuel-dependent alternatives. Overall, the hybrid solar PV–grid system provides the most suitable balance between economic viability, environmental sustainability, and operational reliability for community water supply systems in energy-constrained regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Bibliometric review of ballast water management within the framework of the circular economy” [Clean. Water 5 (2026) 2950–2632]","authors":"Dian Kurnianing Sari ,&nbsp;Mochamad Arief Budihardjo ,&nbsp;Annisa Sila Puspita ,&nbsp;Fathoni Firmansyah ,&nbsp;Ilmi Tri Zenith","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100245","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PFAS as emerging contaminants (EC): Advancement in remediation strategies, impact on environment and human health","authors":"Kundan Samal","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent chemicals widely used as raw materials across various industries for manufacturing everyday products. Due to the exceptional strength of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond, PFAS resist degradation and are frequently detected in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are classified as emerging contaminants (ECs) because of their ability to bioaccumulate in humans and animals, leading to increasing toxicological concerns and associated health risks. This review presents recent advancements in different treatment technologies for PFAS remediation. Adsorption using novel adsorbents and membrane-based processes remains the most established approach, while advanced technologies such as plasma treatment, sonochemical degradation and subcritical and super critical water oxidation (SCWO) show significant potential for high-efficiency destruction. Biological methods, including microbial degradation and phytoremediation, require further development to improve scalability and performance. The review also examines PFAS contamination pathways through soil, water, and air, their transfer across trophic levels in the food chain, and associated human health effects such as endocrine disruption and hormonal imbalance. Overall, this review provides an overview of emerging treatment strategies, environmental and health implications, and future directions toward sustainable PFAS management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148178023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic removal efficiency and polymer characterization in coastal wastewater treatment plants using FTIR spectroscopy","authors":"Vyoma Jani ,&nbsp;Abeeb Oyelere ,&nbsp;Basant Bhatt ,&nbsp;Jianqiao Song ,&nbsp;Kaushik Venkiteshwaran ,&nbsp;Alexandra Stenson ,&nbsp;Shenghua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic (MP) pollution in wastewater is a growing concern due to its environmental persistence and ecological toxicity. However, critical data on MPs in the Gulf Coast region of the United States is lacking. This study assessed MP concentrations, polymer types, and removal efficiencies in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with distinct treatment technologies in the Gulf Coast region. Influent and effluent samples were collected from facilities in Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, and processed using sequential filtration, peroxide digestion, density separation, and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Results revealed that total MP concentrations ranged from 3472 ± 2012 particles/m³ in influent to 1372 ± 1740 particles/m³ in effluent, with the wide variability reflecting differences among treatment systems and seasonal sampling conditions. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 37 % and Polystyrene (PS) 27 % were the most abundant polymers identified, followed by Polyethylene (PE) 21 % and Polypropylene (PP) 13 %. Polymer-specific removal varied by density and the treatment plant’s removal technology. PET and PS showed high removal (&gt;80 %) at sites with advanced filtration or lagoon-wetland systems, whereas PE and PP exhibited lower removal efficiencies (&lt;60 %). Seasonal trends showed higher loads and weaker removal in winter, while summer had lower loads, with over 90 % removal. This study highlights the influence of polymer type and treatment technology on MP removal and underscores the importance of tailored strategies for MP removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS-driven insights into seasonal water quality shifts: The Ganga River’s journey through Patna’s urban drains (Bihar, India)","authors":"Bhawana Raj ,&nbsp;Avinash Dass ,&nbsp;Umesh Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar Ranjan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ganga River is not only the lifeline for millions in northern India, providing essential water for agriculture, domestic use, and industry, but also holds immense cultural and ecological significance. However, rapid urbanization and unregulated waste discharge have led to escalating pollution, making it crucial to assess the river’s health and irrigation suitability. The current study intended to assess the impact of different drains on the Ganga River at Patna, India, and to evaluate the suitability of Ganga River water quality for irrigation. GIS-driven methods were employed to spatially map water quality indices and visualize pollution hotspots, providing a comprehensive spatial assessment of water quality variations along the river. Multivariate statistical techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Matrix (PCM), were used to identify contamination sources, and distinguish between geogenic and anthropogenic influences. A total of 20 samples each were collected during the summer and winter seasons of 2022 and 2023, respectively. The physicochemical parameters were examined, including alkalinity, turbidity, chloride (Cl^-), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), DO, Na⁺, K⁺, PO₄^3-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Also, the water quality index (WQI) and irrigation indices such as the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (%Na), and Kelly’s Ratio (KR) were calculated to assess the suitability of river water for agricultural use. This study provides critical scientific insight into the water quality of the Ganga River at Patna, supporting researchers and policymakers in formulating targeted, drain-specific water management strategies for the Patna stretch of the River Ganga.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in South Africa’s bottled water: Risk metrics and potential health impact","authors":"David O. Omole,&nbsp;Kagiso Moima,&nbsp;Neo Matsietsa","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic pollution has emerged as a major environmental and public health concern due to its persistence, ubiquity, and potential toxicity. Widely consumed globally, bottled water has been identified as a significant pathway of human exposure. This study presents one of the first systematic investigations of microplastic contamination in bottled water sold in South Africa. It also advocates for a globally acceptable standard method for detecting microplastics and the need for microplastic limits to be included in drinking water quality standards. Six samples of the leading brands of bottled water in South Africa were purchased randomly from four provinces. The samples were analysed using optical microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Microplastics were detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 25.0 particles per litre, and a mean concentration of 14.8 ± 7.8 particles per litre across all samples. Fibres (77 %) and fragments (14 %) dominated morphologically, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) were the most common polymers identified. Risk indices indicated moderate contamination, with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values for adults equal 1.152 particles/kg body weight/day, whereas children have an EDI of 4.400 particles/kg body weight/day. The results confirm bottled water as a consistent source of microplastic exposure, highlight regulatory and public health gaps in South Africa, and call for urgent monitoring, mitigation strategies, and consumer awareness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative hydrogeochemical characterization and environmental controls on groundwater quality, irrigation suitability, and health risk across northern and coastal hydrological settings of Bangladesh","authors":"Iffat Ara ,&nbsp;Rubaiatul Islam Zerin ,&nbsp;Laila Anjum Eva ,&nbsp;Md. Kamrul Hossain ,&nbsp;Mahmuda Hossain Mou ,&nbsp;Akib Javed ,&nbsp;Shahin Ali ,&nbsp;Md. Anisul Kabir ,&nbsp;Md Masud Parves Rana","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is a vital resource that supports human health, ecosystems, and agriculture, and its quality varies across Bangladesh due to differing geology, land use, and environmental pressures. This study aims to conduct a comparative hydrogeochemical characterization and assess the environmental controls affecting groundwater quality, irrigation suitability, and human health risks across northern (Dinajpur) and coastal (Barisal) hydrological settings in Bangladesh. Groundwater data were obtained from the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), covering 27 monitoring wells in Dinajpur and 24 in Barisal. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that groundwater quality in Barisal is primarily influenced by salinity-related factors (EC, TDS, and Major Ions like Na⁺, Cl^-), reflecting coastal saline intrusion. In contrast, Dinajpur samples were associated with parameters like SAR, Si⁺, PO₄^3-, ORP, I⁻, CaCO₃, and B, indicating geogenic influences from silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, and fertilizer inputs from agriculture. The Water Quality Index (WQI) results showed that in Barisal, 20.83 % of sites were excellent and 18 % unsuitable for drinking, whereas in Dinajpur, 64.29 % were excellent with no unfit sites. For irrigation suitability, Barisal had 75 % excellent and 4.17 % severely affected areas, while 44.44 % excellent and 14.81 % severely affected sites were observed in Dinajpur. Health risk assessment revealed significantly higher Hazard Index (HI) values in Barishal across all age groups compared to Dinajpur, indicating elevated potential health risks in the coastal region. Children were identified as the most vulnerable group, exhibiting higher HI values than males and females in both Barishal (HI = 0.38–57.29) and Dinajpur (HI = 0.34–4.41). The Pearson Correlation analysis indicated that in Dinajpur, environmental variables demonstrated negligible correlations with groundwater quality (WQI: r = –0.18–0.19; IWQI: NDVI r = 0.25, LST r = –0.20). Similarly, Barishal had negligible correlations, with the Water Quality Index (WQI) revealing a little link with NDVI and NDWI, respectively (r = 0.17–0.24), whilst the Integrated Water Quality Index (IWQI) indicated minimal impact across all indices (r = –0.03–0.19). Overall, the study highlights regional variations in groundwater quality and health risks, emphasizing the necessity for location-specific water resource management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic in groundwater: Exploring its origins, human interventions, and sustainable paths forward","authors":"Debojyoti Mishra ,&nbsp;Kamalesh Sen ,&nbsp;Soumya Kundu ,&nbsp;Naba Kumar Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has emerged as a global environmental concern, posing severe metabolic and health hazards to humans. Its widespread occurrence in aquifers, especially across South and Southeast Asia, highlights the growing threat to safe drinking water. While the contamination largely originates from geogenic sources, anthropogenic influences have increasingly contributed to its persistence in the ‘21st century’, according to the recent insights of literature. Present study presents an integrated overview of the chemical profile, sources, and hydrogeochemical behaviour of arsenic in groundwater. It outlines the mobilization mechanisms and summarizes key quantification techniques applied in groundwater studies. A dedicated section addresses the adverse health impacts of arsenic exposure, including major exposure routes, dermatological effects, and systemic disorders. Regional hydrogeology in India demonstrates that Himalayan River systems transport arsenic-bearing minerals downstream, enriching alluvial aquifers and exacerbating contamination. Prolonged exposure leads to skin lesions, pulmonary diseases, and carcinogenic outcomes, posing a major public health burden. The paper further highlights sustainable mitigation strategies such as adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane-based technologies to curb arsenic toxicity. Attaining arsenic-safe groundwater remains a critical challenge; however, sustainable remediation and management practices are pivotal to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-3 and SDG-6), ensuring clean water and good health for all.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of zinc oxide-charcoal-polyacrylic nanocomposite hydrogels for enhanced dye degradation under direct sunlight irradiation and antibacterial applications","authors":"Alam S.M. Nur ,&nbsp;Souvik Biswas Soumma ,&nbsp;Zhumpa Rani Saha ,&nbsp;Md. Mahfuzur Rahman ,&nbsp;Dipta Das ,&nbsp;Mahbub Hasan Rownok ,&nbsp;Marzia Sultana ,&nbsp;Maria Rhaman Mitu ,&nbsp;Tafsir Ahmed Nayef ,&nbsp;Md. Tanvir Islam ,&nbsp;Sk. Faijus Sadekin ,&nbsp;Ashaduzzaman Md.","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels with enhanced photocatalytic activity have emerged as promising materials for wastewater treatment and antimicrobial applications. Nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized using zinc oxide, charcoal, and polyacrylic acid (PAA) through free radical polymerization. These hydrogels were tested for their photocatalytic activity by degrading rhodamine B under direct sunlight and UV-Vis irradiation. The prepared samples were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and point of zero charge analysis (pH_pzc). EDX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental components, while the XRD pattern and FTIR spectrum indicated the successful incorporation of zinc oxide and charcoal into the PAA chains. TGA analysis revealed that the hydrogel containing zinc oxide exhibited better thermal stability than the hydrogel composed solely of charcoal and PAA. SEM imaging showed porous network within the hydrogels. The combination of zinc oxide and charcoal improved electron flow under both sunlight and UV-Vis light, significantly enhancing the degradation of dye molecules. Additionally, the surface functional groups present on the charcoal increased the hydrogel’s dye adsorption capacity. The effectiveness of dye degradation was influenced by factors such as pH, initial dye concentration, and the amount of zinc oxide content in the hydrogel. The hydrogel containing 1 g of zinc oxide achieved a maximum rhodamine B degradation of 78.33 % under sunlight and 92.54 % under UV-Vis irradiation. Furthermore, the hydrogels containing zinc oxide demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>) and Gram-negative (<em>Escherichia coli</em>) bacteria. The zinc oxide-charcoal-PAA nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited strong antibacterial properties and effective sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes, highlighting their potential application in treating textile wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based chitosan-grafted microcrystalline cellulose as an adsorbent for efficient removal of chromium and cadmium from simulated wastewater","authors":"M.H. Rahaman ,&nbsp;Md. Rakibul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Aminur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Hafizul Islam ,&nbsp;Sabrina Afrin ,&nbsp;S.M. Nur Alam ,&nbsp;Tasrina Rabia Choudhury ,&nbsp;M. Safiur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals such as Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) are highly toxic elements detected in industrial wastewater. In this work, a bio-based composite adsorbent composed of chitosan (CS) and CS-grafted microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is utilized for the removal of Cr and Cd from simulated wastewater. CS, MCC, CS grafted MCC (CS-g-MCC), and the CS/CS-g-MCC composite were prepared and inspected using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis. Metal ion concentrations before and after adsorption by the CS/CS-g-MCC composite were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and removal efficiencies for total chromium and cadmium were reported. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial metal concentration. The adsorption kinetics were adequately described by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that chemisorption may contribute to the uptake process. Equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to provide comparative insight into adsorption behavior, yielding estimated maximum adsorption capacities of approximately 46 mg/g for Cr^Total and 74 mg/g for Cd²⁺ under the tested conditions. Interference studies showed that PO₄³⁻ significantly suppressed Cr^Total uptake, while Cd²⁺ adsorption was less affected by competing ions. Regeneration experiments over four adsorption–desorption cycles using (NH₄)₂SO₄ demonstrated reasonable short-term reusability, although gradual performance decline was observed. Overall, the CS/CS-g-MCC composite shows promise as a bio-based adsorbent for heavy-metal removal, while further studies are required to strengthen equilibrium modeling and long-term stability assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}