Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Trends of groundwater level and driving factors in Sagar and Satna smart cities in eastern Madhya Pradesh, Central India","authors":"Parvendra Kumar ,&nbsp;Rekha Sahu ,&nbsp;Rajnandini Gupta ,&nbsp;Vikram Sharma ,&nbsp;Tripti Jayal ,&nbsp;Satya Prakash","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is a vital freshwater resource supporting livelihoods, agriculture, and ecosystems. However, degrading environment due to climate change and anthropogenic activities e.g. urban expansion and land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics has led towards its depletion. Particularly, conditions are worst at cities which experience both phenomena simultaneously. Therefore, present study investigates groundwater trends in Sagar and Satna smart cities of eastern Madhya Pradesh, Central India; characterized by semi-arid conditions, increasing climate variability and rapid LULC change. The study is based on groundwater data, acquired from the National Water Informatics Center, India. Geo-spatial datasets were utitlized to detect spatial changes in 2015 and 2022, a part of smart city project implementation period. Trends and their magnitude in groundwater levels are assessed through Mann-Kendall &amp; Sen’s Slope, respectively. Additionally, one kilometre buffer zones around wells were created to evaluate the impact of LULC on groundwater level. The results of the study highlight similar groundwater trends in both cities. Annually, two stations in Sagar City showed stable and increasing water levels, while other exhibited steady decline. Although during pre-monsoon season, all stations showed a significant (increasing/decreasing) trend and no trend is reported in monsoon season. Annually, Satna-1 station of Satna city showed groundwater replenishment, while Satna-2 station showed decline in groundwater level. Ramtekri station remained stable at the same time. Geospatial analysis from 2015 to 2022 revealed a rapid urban expansion with built-up areas increasing by 98.29 % (Sagar) and 108.17 % (Satna), accompanied by significant vegetation loss 43.30 % and 72.63 %, respectively. Barren land surged, especially in Satna (196.99 %), while water bodies declined by up to 14.01 %, threatening recharge potential. In addition to LULC dynamics, proximity to lakes, topographic elevation are the primary and the climatic indicators are the secondary key factors influencing groundwater trends. Moreover, ground water stations nearby the surface water bodies and having lower elevation show no trends or replenishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the adoption of a fully automated groundwater supply system in upland Cebu, Philippines: A mixed-methods study using the hybrid STS-TAM plus framework","authors":"Ray Malonjao ,&nbsp;Juvy Malonjao ,&nbsp;Jeonel Lumbab ,&nbsp;Joecyn Archival ,&nbsp;Gerwine Medio ,&nbsp;Janice Alivio","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the adoption of a fully automated groundwater supply system implemented in upland Cebu, Philippines, through a mixed-methods approach grounded in the integrated Science and Technology Studies-Technology Acceptance Model (STS–TAM Plus) framework. The framework extends traditional behavioral models by including environmental awareness and government support to capture socio-institutional influences on technology uptake. Quantitative modeling using Structural equation modeling identified Perceived Usefulness, Attitude Toward Technology, and Environmental Awareness as dominant predictors of adoption behavior. Mediation analysis revealed that perceived usefulness influenced behavioral intention primarily through attitudinal and environmental pathways, highlighting the role of psychological and emotional factors in shaping acceptance. Qualitative data from interviews and field observations supported the statistical results, revealing key sociotechnical dynamics such as financial barriers, trust-building, and the need for government support. Triangulation confirmed strong convergence between attitudinal and institutional factors, reinforcing the contextual validity of the model. The findings demonstrate that the successful adoption of fully automated groundwater supply system depends not only on user intention but also on systemic readiness, community participation, and institutional engagement offering actionable insights for designing sustainable, community-responsive water systems in resource-constrained and topographically complex regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in stormwater runoff from parking lots and roadways on a university campus","authors":"Boluwatife S. Olubusoye ,&nbsp;James V. Cizdziel ,&nbsp;Ruojia Li ,&nbsp;Kendall Wontor ,&nbsp;Matthew T. Moore","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The release and profile of microplastics (MPs) in surface runoff from parking lots and roadways is poorly understood. Here, we quantified and characterized MPs, excluding tire wear particles, in runoff samples (<em>n</em> = 21) from the drainage outlets of two such areas at the University of Mississippi during two separate rain events. Samples were analyzed using a combination of optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared micro-spectroscopy (µ-FTIR). MP concentrations (particles/L ± 1SE) at the onset of the storm event and after 30 min varied from 128 ± 114–8 ± 4 for the first event, and from 17.3 ± 3–6 ± 2.5 for the second event, respectively. Both rain events demonstrated the first flush phenomenon, where pollutants are readily washed from the surface in the early stages of runoff. Most of the particles (91%) ranged between 30 and 150 µm in size, with 30 µm being the lowest size measured. Irregular particles (fragments) were dominant (50%), followed by spherical particles (32%) and fibers (18%). The top abundant types of MPs detected were acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (12%), polycarbonate (12%), polyurethane (11%), polymethyl methacrylate (10%), polyethylene terephthalate (8%), polyvinyl chloride (7%), ethylene vinyl acetate (6%), ethylene propylene (6%), polyamide (5%) and polyacrylamide (4%). Sources of MPs include plastic litter that has fragmented and road wear particles that can include reflective coatings. Even with limited spatial and temporal sampling, these findings indicate that parking lots and roadways at the investigated sites serve as significant sources of MP pollution in stormwater runoff. Consequently, analogous sites merit examination to better characterize the scope and mechanisms of this environmental input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, implementation, and challenges of floating treatment wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review","authors":"Jayanta Kumar Gogoi ,&nbsp;Vrinda K. Kumar ,&nbsp;K. Nirmal Das ,&nbsp;M. Devasena ,&nbsp;Praveena Gangadharan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid population growth has significantly increased the demand for water and land and has contributed to surface water pollution and global warming. These issues can be addressed collectively through floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which treat water bodies such as lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and stormwater systems without occupying land space. Constructed floating wetlands are a type of surface-flow wetland that generally consists of a floating platform supporting plants, with roots extending into the water. They are designed to treat various wastewaters like stormwater, sewage effluent, eutrophic lakes, streams, industrial wastewater, and tertiary wastewater from agri-food sources. The long fibrous roots either treat wastewater directly or indirectly by promoting microbial biofilm growth in the rhizosphere. With design improvements, FTWs have the potential to enhance water treatment, increase resilience to climate change, provide community benefits, and support biodiversity. Various software and analytical approaches can be used to design and predict the system's optimal treatment efficiency. The integration of technologies such as biofilm carriers, microbial fuel cells, and microbial consortia into FTWs is an emerging area of research. While FTW can reduce pollutant levels, it faces several challenges, including longer setup times, limited or uneven treatment, limited adaptability to seasonal shifts, and scalability and maintenance issues that must be addressed for large-scale use. This review examines FTW's design criteria, modelling tools, treatment mechanisms, obstacles to practical application, emerging innovations, and future innovations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced pollutant removal from real petrochemical wastewater by the combination of solar-powered electrocoagulation and plant-based coagulants: Optimization and mechanistic study","authors":"Reyidan Abuduaini ,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Ying-Lin He ,&nbsp;Ghizlane Achagri ,&nbsp;Jincheng Wu ,&nbsp;Ümüt Halik ,&nbsp;Rimeh Ismail ,&nbsp;Peng-Cheng Ma ,&nbsp;Abudukeremu Kadier","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Petrochemical and petroleum extraction industries are discharging increasing amounts of oily wastewater, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment, water supplies, and human health. Therefore, developing efficient, green technologies for oily wastewater treatment is particularly urgent. Traditional wastewater treatment technologies have limitations in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness for treating oily wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand (COD). This study reports a novel hybrid system, combining solar-powered electrocoagulation (SPEC) with natural plant-based coagulants (PBCs), derived from Hami melon seeds, to treat petrochemical wastewater. Using the removal rates of COD, turbidity, color, and suspended solids as evaluation indicators, the effects of factors, including coagulant dosage, pH value, stirring speed, and stirring time, on the treatment efficiency were deeply explored through single-factor experiments. The experimental results show that under the optimized conditions of a coagulant dosage of 5 mg/L, a pH value of 2, a stirring speed of 150 rpm, and a stirring time of 30 min, the coagulation treatment achieves the highest efficiency. Furthermore, the efficiency of the combined SPEC-PBCs was investigated, and the response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the key operating parameters of the coupled system. With the help of the Box-Behnken experimental design and taking the COD removal rate as the response value, the effect of pH, dosage, and stirring speed on the treatment efficiency were systematically studied. The results show that under the optimal conditions of pH= 5, dosage= 3.2 mg/L, and stirring speed= 246 rpm, the COD removal rate is as high as 62.18 %. Moreover, the application of solar energy significantly reduced the dominant operational costs, thereby, enhancing the economic feasibility of the overall process. In conclusion, the obtained results proved that combining both technologies is a feasible approach that paves the way for green growth and ecological balance in treating oily wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecogenomic profiling of spatial variations in sediment microbial communities of a freshwater lake","authors":"Surya Balakrishnan ,&nbsp;Bharathkumar Rajagopal ,&nbsp;Abiraj Velusamy ,&nbsp;Lathika Shanmugam ,&nbsp;Boobal Rangaswamy","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater lake sediments integrate physicochemical conditions and provide sensitive indicators of spatial variation in microbial community structure. This study investigated sediment bacterial communities from four sites in Singanallur Lake, Coimbatore, using 16S rRNA V3–V4 amplicon sequencing to characterize spatial heterogeneity in sediment microbial communities under uniform seasonal conditions. Across all samples, a total of 44 phyla, 114 classes, 257 orders, 466 families, and 1107 genera were detected, reflecting high taxonomic richness and spatial variability within the lake sediments. The community was dominated by Pseudomonadota, which ranged from 80.9 % in S1–51.8 % in S4, followed by Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Cyanobacteriota. At the genus level, Caulobacter decreased from 30.6 % in S1–12.5 % in S4, along with notable genera such as <em>Bosea</em> and <em>Phreatobacter</em>. Alpha diversity increased steadily from S1 to S4, with observed OTUs ranging from 1722 to 13,796 and Shannon index values increasing from 5.14 to 8.44. Sequencing coverage ranged from 0.34 to 0.74, indicating incomplete sampling depth and representing a methodological limitation, while Gini coefficients (0.64–0.83) reflected uneven community structures, particularly in S1. Several low-abundance and site-enriched genera, including <em>Akkermansia</em>, <em>Helicobacter</em>, and <em>Candidatus Saccharimonas</em>, showed localized enrichment, indicating site-specific environmental conditions within the lake. Venn diagram analysis showed a core of five shared genera representing 31.3 % of total abundance, while rare and unique taxa exhibited minimal overlap (4.0 % and 3.8 %), highlighting strong spatial differentiation among sampling sites. Heatmap-based multivariate analysis integrating microbial OTU abundance with measured physicochemical water quality parameters and sediment heavy metal concentrations revealed clear associations between microbial assemblages and localized environmental gradients. These patterns indicate that sediment microbial communities respond sensitively to present-day physicochemical heterogeneity within the lake. This study provides a baseline spatial ecogenomic framework for Singanallur Lake and highlights the value of integrating microbial community profiling with water quality and metal measurements for future monitoring and comparative assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From wells to well-being","authors":"Haojie Xu ,&nbsp;Qiman Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to safe drinking water remains a persistent global challenge. This short communication presents a historical analysis of safe water well practices in China, spanning from the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) to the modern era. By examining visual documentation, including the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival and records from the 1930s ‘Dingxian Model’ public health intervention, we identify a recurring, effective feature: the construction of raised well edges to prevent surface contamination. This case study demonstrates that historical practices can offer valuable, low-cost insights for sustainable water management and safety, highlighting the importance of learning from past socio-technical adaptations to address contemporary water security issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Fe3O4/TiO2-based biopolymer nanocomposite for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using artificial neural network modelling and response surface methodology","authors":"Koffi Sossou ,&nbsp;Alfred O. Mayabi ,&nbsp;Negusse Zeraebruk Kahsay ,&nbsp;Charles K. Cheruiyot","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applied Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to optimize and predict the removal efficiencies of chromium (VI), cadmium (II), and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions using a Fe₃O_4/TiO₂ banana peel biopolymer nanocomposite. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using a fixed solution volume of 100 mL and designed according to a Box–Behnken experimental design to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The RSM quadratic model for Cr(VI) (F = 5.91, p = 0.0010; R² = 0.86) and the linear models for Cd(II) (F = 6.70, p = 0.0005; R² = 0.87) and Pb(II) (F = 2.95, p = 0.0406; R² = 0.33) were statistically significant, identifying the dominant factors influencing adsorption efficiency. Optimization using the desirability function predicted maximum removal efficiencies of 95.95 % for Cr(VI) at pH 8.4, initial concentration 47.30 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 16.7 g/L, and contact time 56.77 min; and complete removal (100 %) for Cd(II) and Pb(II) at pH 6.5, initial concentration 30 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 15 g/L, and contact time 65 min. The ANN models demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to RSM, with high coefficients of determination (R² = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.95 for Cr(VI), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively) and low prediction errors (RMSE = 0.464–8.88; MAE = 0.375–5.45), effectively capturing nonlinear interactions among process variables. The Fe₃O_4/TiO₂/banana peel nanocomposite exhibited high adsorption efficiency, magnetic recoverability, and strong potential for simultaneous multi-metal removal, while a hybrid RSM–ANN modeling framework provided robust process optimization and accurate predictive capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial detoxification of heavy metals in wastewater: Mechanisms, current perspectives and emerging bioremediation strategies","authors":"Varsha Bisht ,&nbsp;Shruti Singh ,&nbsp;Veeranna Channashettar ,&nbsp;Nanthakumar Kuppanan ,&nbsp;Banwari Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of industrial activities and their consequent discharge into the environment is causing severe threats to ecosystems and public health. Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, cobalt, and others are of particular concern. It has become a long-term challenge to treat such wastes polluted with these persisting contaminants. They bioaccumulate in food chains and therefore possess harmful effects. Microorganisms serve as effective biological tools for heavy metal removal and detoxification from water and wastewater. The role of microbes in biotransformation of heavy metals into lesser toxic forms has been explored in this review. Bacterial-mediated mechanisms such as biosorption, bioleaching, bioaccumulation, bioprecipitation, and biotransformation involved in the detoxification of heavy metals have been discussed. Biotechnological implication of metal-contaminated waste has been highlighted with reference to use of bioreactor technology, nanobiotechnology, genomics, heavy metal-accumulating plants, and mechanism of metal removal and tolerance in microbes. Understanding these processes further contributes to the development of approaches which are effective yet sustainable in remediating wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnological solutions for endocrine disrupting compounds in water: From advanced detection to sustainable remediation – A review","authors":"N.A.P.M. Nishshanka ,&nbsp;Thilini Jayasinghe ,&nbsp;U.S. Liyanarachchi ,&nbsp;W.A.M. Weerasinghe ,&nbsp;Harshi Jayasingha ,&nbsp;Gayan Amarasooriya","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) pose a significant threat to global water security due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potent biological activity at low concentrations. Conventional water treatment is often ineffective, necessitating advanced remediation strategies. This comprehensive review examines the transformative potential of nanotechnology for EDC mitigation, highlighting its application in detection, adsorption, and degradation. Nano-enabled approaches demonstrate remarkable efficiencies, including &gt; 99.9 % rejection by graphene oxide membranes, &gt; 95 % photocatalytic degradation within 60 min using N-doped TiO₂, and adsorption capacities exceeding 480 mg/g for functionalized metal-organic frameworks. However, challenges regarding nanomaterial environmental fate, economic viability, and scalability remain. The review underscores the need for green synthesis and thorough toxicity assessments. Future directions point to the integration of multi-functional nanocomposites and AI-guided material design as a promising path toward sustainable and intelligent water treatment solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}