Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Study on the potential medical beauty efficacy screening of acetyl hexapeptide-8 and the mechanism of regulating collagen regeneration","authors":"Zuyu Ye ,&nbsp;Xinru Wei ,&nbsp;Zongyu Miao ,&nbsp;Runan He ,&nbsp;Yongshi Guan ,&nbsp;Yuanzheng Wei ,&nbsp;Huixin Ye ,&nbsp;Meihui Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Cai ,&nbsp;Chuqin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Acetyl hexapeptide-8 (AH-8) is a synthetic polypeptide that can promote collagen regeneration; however, the underlying mechanism of this promoting effect and other potential medical beauty efficacy of AH-8 remain unknown. This study aims to explore the effect of AH-8 in promoting collagen regeneration and its underlying mechanism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, various zebrafish efficacy evaluation models were constructed to systematically evaluate the potential medical efficacy of AH-8. At the same time, the promoting effect and mechanism of AH-8 on collagen regeneration were explored from the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AH-8 promoted the expression of collagen and elastin genes, reduced locomotor activity in zebrafish under both basal conditions and in chemically-induced behavioral models, and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors. These findings suggest that AH-8 has the potential to regulate collagen regeneration, alleviate neural excitation, reduce stinging sensations, and exert soothing and anti-inflammatory effects. RNA sequencing analysis via high-throughput sequencing revealed that differentially expressed genes between the model group and the AH-8-treated group were enriched in pathways related to organismal aging regulation (e.g., the TGF-<em>β</em> signaling pathway), and these genes were upregulated after AH-8 treatment. Integrated data from transcriptomics, qPCR, ELISA, and CRISPR-dCas9-mediated knockdown consistently demonstrated that AH-8 concentration-dependently upregulated the expression of collagen genes (<em>col1a1a, col1a1b, col1a2</em>) and the elastin gene (<em>eln1</em>). Corresponding concentration-dependent changes in key pathway genes (<em>tgfb3, tgfrb1b, smad3b, smad4a/b</em>) aligned with the transcriptome sequencing results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AH-8 exhibits anti-wrinkle, nerve-soothing, sting-relieving, mild and non-irritating, skin-brightening, moisturizing, immediate anti-wrinkle, soothing, and anti-inflammatory efficacy. AH-8 probably promotes collagen regeneration by regulating key genes, such as <em>col1a1a, col1a1b, col1a2, eln1,</em> and <em>smad4b,</em> within the TGF<strong>-</strong><em>β</em>/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, and by influencing the expression of related factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 54-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring synergistic effects of bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals in therapeutic applications","authors":"Idayat Adeola Akinwumi ,&nbsp;Owoola Azeezat Ambali","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synergy arises when the combined effect of multiple agents exceeds the sum of their individual activities. Pharmacological and bioactive chemical synergy offers a promising approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce toxicity, and overcome drug resistance. This review explores the mechanisms underlying drug synergy, focusing on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions, enhanced efficacy, and potential toxicity risks. It also highlights key gaps, challenges, and future research directions. This review integrates published findings on bioactive–drug interactions, with emphasis on mechanistic pathways and therapeutic applications. Literature was retrieved using keywords on synergy and pharmacological interactions from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, last accessed on September 30, 2025, covering studies up to 2025. Evidence indicates that synergy occurs through complementary pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Pharmacodynamic effects include multi-target modulation, receptor co-activation, and inhibition of resistance pathways, while pharmacokinetic mechanisms involve improved absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Natural sources such as plants, microbes, and marine organisms provide a rich reservoir of compounds capable of enhancing conventional treatments. Curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate have been shown to increase the efficacy of antibiotics and antifungals against resistant microorganisms. Berberine combined with metformin improves glucose regulation in metabolic disorders through overlapping mechanisms. Similarly, green tea catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin enhance chemotherapy effectiveness while reducing adverse effects in oncology. The integration of natural bioactive compounds with conventional drugs represents a powerful strategy for developing next-generation therapies. However, there are still limitations, including challenges with bioavailability, safety profiles, and consistency across studies. Future research should prioritize pharmacokinetic modeling, advanced delivery systems, and systems biology approaches to optimize bioactive–drug synergy and translate laboratory findings into effective clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ToC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2707-3688(26)00029-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2707-3688(26)00029-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147714003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut–brain axis in neurological disorders: mechanistic links and regulatory role of Chinese herbal medicines","authors":"Seema Sharma,&nbsp;Sampat Singh Tanwar","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional communication network integrating neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways that link the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Increasing evidence implicates gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, depression, and schizophrenia. This review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence to elucidate GBA-mediated mechanisms of neurological dysfunction and critically evaluates the therapeutic potential of Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs). We highlight how dysbiosis disrupts immune signaling, microbial metabolite production, intestinal and blood–brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter pathways involving serotonin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate, thereby driving neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal injury. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of TCHMs to restore microbial homeostasis, enhance short-chain fatty acid production, strengthen gut barrier function, and regulate neuroendocrine pathways, notably the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes. These multi-target actions are consistently associated with improved cognitive, behavioral, and neuroinflammatory outcomes across experimental models. The review further identifies emerging synergistic strategies combining TCHMs with microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and dietary modulation, which enhance correction of dysbiosis and attenuation of neuroinflammatory cascades. Nonetheless, heterogeneity in study design, herbal formulations, and microbiome profiling limits clinical translation. Future progress will require standardized methodologies, multi-omics integration, and precision-based approaches. Overall, this review positions Chinese herbal medicines as promising systems-level modulators of the gut–brain axis for neurological disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 66-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning models for predicting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: A step toward personalized dosing","authors":"Paridhi Gupta,&nbsp;Rishab Chaudhary,&nbsp;Falguni Goel","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning (ML) has become increasingly integrated within pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) modeling in recent years, and represents a new paradigm in precision medicine, enabling medically-relevant prediction of drug profile and drug response from data. Many conventional PK/PD models and tools have historically been either incapable of accommodating the complexity of PK/PD as demonstrated in individual patients, for whom genetic, physiological, and environmental factors can increase variability with drug disposition, effectiveness, and safety; therefore, requiring some level of medical judgement, often based on rich personal experience, subjectivity, and uncertainty. Machine learning can efficiently and effectively leverage large datasets of heterogeneous data, unveil subtextual behavior patterns, and facilitate the development of predictive models as research tools that are suited for personalized dosage regimens. In this review, we comprehensively summarize advances in recent ML algorithms such as random forests, support vector machines, neural networks and ensemble methods applied to PK/PD prediction and prediction as parameterized, and in estimation, of ADME parameters, as well as efficacy and toxicity profiles. We also discuss critical challenges such as data quality and representativeness, how the properties of medical research impact model interpretation, clinical integration of ML, and future elements of research opportunities. In summary, bridging computational intelligence with pharmacology is an important step forward for inferences for personalized and individualized optimized therapies to improve clinical outcomes via definitive interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 223-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147540190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of research on plant exosomes/extracellular vesicles: current status, hotspots, and trends","authors":"Fuxing Shu ,&nbsp;Fengjian Liu ,&nbsp;Leilei Jin ,&nbsp;Guoguang Chen ,&nbsp;Jishuang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on 1373 valid publications of plant exosomes/extracellular vesicles from 2010 to 2026, retrieved from CNKI, WoSCC and PubMed and screened manually. Microsoft Excel 2019 and CiteSpace 6.3. R1 were used for data analysis, including literature trend statistics, collaborative network mapping, and keyword and co-cited reference mining, to clarify the field's research status, hotspots and evolutionary trends. The results showed a significant exponential growth in annual publications (R² = 0.983), peaking in 2025 (25.1% of total output), indicating the field's rapid development. Geographically, research spans 55 countries/regions, with China (405 publications, leading in output) and the US (179 publications, centrality = 0.6, core bridging role) as the core, forming a close collaboration; Germany, Italy and South Korea are important nodes, constructing a multi-country cross-regional collaboration pattern. Cited journals reflect strong interdisciplinarity, with Scientific Reports ranking first in citations, and high-impact comprehensive journals (Science, Nature) and professional journals in plant science, nanomedicine both being highly cited. Author collaboration presents a core-periphery structure, with Cai Qiang, Emiliani Carla as core scholars; different teams focus on mechanism-based basic research and function-based applied research, complementing each other. Keyword analysis identified drug delivery, anti-tumor therapy and plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles as core hotspots; the research focus has shifted from early structural identification and basic mechanism research to molecular regulation exploration, and recently to application-oriented research, with plant-derived exosome-related keywords showing continuous citation bursts since 2025. Co-cited references revealed the field's core knowledge base formed in 2017–2022, covering biological function validation, structural characterization and engineering application. Further analysis found the field is supported by isolation technique optimization, green drug delivery platform development and clinical indication expansion; plant exosomes have unique advantages over animal-derived ones in cost, biocompatibility and gastrointestinal stability. This study comprehensively outlines the global research landscape of plant exosomes/extracellular vesicles, revealing its application-driven, mechanism-supported development trend, and provides scientific references for subsequent fundamental and translational research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 212-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147540191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From traditional herb to modern therapeutics: phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical translation challenges of Cyperus rotundus L","authors":"Yuyang Wang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Lv ,&nbsp;Yingfei Liu ,&nbsp;Yongfu Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Di Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L. (<em>C. rotundus</em>.), widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, is a perennial herb with a long history of application in traditional medical systems for treating emotional disturbances, digestive disorders, and gynecological diseases. Despite its extensive traditional use, a systematic integration of its modern phytochemistry and pharmacology is essential for its further development. This review summarizes the research progress over the past decade regarding the chemical constituents, pharmacological mechanisms, and toxicological profile of <em>C. rotundus</em>. Phytochemical investigations have revealed a diverse array of bioactive compounds, primarily volatile oils (e.g., <em>α</em>-cyperone, cyperotundone) and non-volatile constituents such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Pharmacological studies have corroborated its broad therapeutic potential, demonstrating significant antitumor, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and reproductive-regulating activities. Toxicological assessments indicate that aqueous and ethanolic extracts possess a favorable safety profile with high LD₅₀ values, although systematic clinical safety data remain limited. Finally, future perspectives are proposed to facilitate the clinical translation of this herb, emphasizing the importance of standardized quality control, structure-activity relationship (SAR) elucidation, nanotechnology-based delivery, and rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147406193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats via the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway","authors":"Xinyu Zhu,&nbsp;Wen Rui,&nbsp;Yanmei Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aim to investigate the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides from <em>Anemarrhena asphodeloides</em> Bge. (DT) on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats and explore its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat and high-sucrose diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The T2DM rats were randomly divided into the model control (DM) group and different DT administration groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured. Then, serum inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were quantified. Hepatic histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue was detected via immunohistochemistry, while hepatic TGF-β1 and NF-κB mRNA levels were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DT significantly reduced the FBG, FINS, and dyslipidemia, such as TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in T2DM rats, along with decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. HE staining revealed attenuated hepatic damage in DT-treated groups. Mechanistically, DT downregulated hepatic TGF-β1 and NF-κB expression while upregulating PPAR-γ in adipose tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DT may ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in T2DM rats by modulating the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway, with suppressing hepatic inflammatory responses via TGF-β1/NF-κB inhibition and enhancing adipose tissue metabolic regulation via PPAR-γ activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of Commelina maculata between the aboveground and underground parts","authors":"Zhenyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ni Ye ,&nbsp;Xiuying Zhang ,&nbsp;Ningning Han ,&nbsp;Huijie Li ,&nbsp;Xuhao Gong ,&nbsp;Boyao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Ye Guo ,&nbsp;Lidan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinhua Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to clarify the biosynthesis related genes of <em>Commelina maculata</em>, perform transcriptome sequencing on <em>Commelina maculata</em>, and provide more data for the further research of <em>Commelina maculata</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>RNA was extracted from fresh tissues and library based sequencing was performed. The data were assembled and sequenced. By analyzing the expression levels, expression differences, and GO analysis of transcriptome data of <em>Commelina maculata</em>, the basic biological information of transcriptome was explained.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>This study completed transcriptome sequencing of <em>Commelina maculata</em> and detected 27546 expressed genes, including 24286 known genes and 3260 new genes; There are a total of 39340 expressed transcripts, including 23182 known transcripts and 16158 new transcripts. There are certain differences between the aboveground and underground parts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The transcriptome data of <em>Commelina maculata</em> is complete and contains a large number of new genes, making it an important gene dataset for studying synthetic biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 469-479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating pharmacokinetics and network pharmacology to reveal mechanism of Shuangxia decoction in the treatment of insomnia","authors":"Ke Meng ,&nbsp;Miao Xu ,&nbsp;Yanping Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue He ,&nbsp;Chenning Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Shuangxia Decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine classic formula used clinically to treat insomnia, consisting of <em>Pinellia ternata</em> (Banxia) and <em>Prunella vulgaris</em> (Xiakucao). The aim of this study is to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the main core components in Shuangxia Decoction based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, as well as to preliminarily investigate its mechanisms of action in treating insomnia using quantitative targeted network pharmacology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this research, an LC-MS/MS method was established to analyze four main core components in Shuangxia Decoction: rosmarinic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyllactic acid (HMLA), danshensu, and liquiritigenin. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these phenolic compounds were investigated after oral administration of Shuangxia Decoction in rats. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to identify the underlying mechanism of Shuangxia Decoction in treating insomnia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that the analysis of the four components was completed within 6 ​min. The T_max for danshensu, HMLA, rosmarinic acid, and liquiritigenin were 0.79 ​± ​0.09, 0.63 ​± ​0.12, 0.51 ​± ​0.21, and 0.38 ​± ​0.19 ​h, respectively; their C_max were 110.83 ​± ​10.98, 25.20 ​± ​4.13, 37.57 ​± ​7.70, and 22.27 ​± ​8.75 ​μg/L, respectively; and their T_1/2 were 1.20 ​± ​0.24, 0.79 ​± ​0.26, 4.93 ​± ​1.08, and 2.85 ​± ​0.11 ​h, respectively. Danshensu exhibited the highest peak concentration (C_max: 110.83 ​± ​10.98 ​μg/L), while liquiritigenin showed the lowest C_max (37.57 ​± ​7.70 ​μg/L), likely due to hydrolysis by intestinal carboxylesterases. Network pharmacology results indicated that the main active components of Shuangxia Decoction exert their effects primarily through neuro-signaling pathways such as the dopaminergic synapse and glutamatergic synapse.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study is the first to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the four core components in Shuangxia Decoction and to provide preliminary predictions of its mechanisms in treating insomnia, laying a foundation for further exploration of its pharmacological mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 389-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}