Wheat is a critically important crop in the Kangra district, serving as a primary source of food security and livelihood for a large portion of the population. The need to analyze its processing costs, returns, and value addition stems from the necessity to improve farmer incomes and make the local agricultural economy more resilient. Thus, an attempt has been made in this research script toanalyse the costs and return from processing of wheat and degree of value addition at each stage of the supply chain in wheat in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that processing of wheat in the study area incurred both variable and fixed costs, which influenced the overall cost structure. Study indicated that raw material (grain), energy expenses, labour and packaging costs, staff salary were the important components of variable costs which accounted to Rs. 2,619,95 per quintal while, interest on term loans and depreciation were the constituents of variable costs which amounted to Rs. 135.68 per quintal. As a result, the total processing cost was Rs. 2,755.63 per quintal. The returns from processing in the study area showed processing add value to the final product. The processing unit was functioned at a utilization capacity of 0.96, which means the unit is operated at 96 per cent of its capacity. The gross return was Rs. 3400 per quintal. After deducting processing and marketing costs from gross return, the net revenue was Rs. 494.37 per quintal. The degree of value addition in wheat differs across the different supply chains. According to the results, at processor’s stage, the degree of value addition in channel III was highest which was worked out to be 23.79 per cent and lowest at trader’s level which was found to be 4.9 per cent. Consequently, the highest degree of value addition was exhibited in the processing channel i.e. channel III. In channel II, the intermediaries added 5.50 per cent value at retailer level to 7.28 per cent value at secondary wholesaler level whereas in channel III, it varied from 4.90 per cent at traders stage to 23.79 per cent at flour millers stage before reaching to retailer and then to ultimate consumers. This suggested that longer marketing chain involving traders and processors exhibited higher degree of value addition in wheat in the study area. Therefore, farmers can and should be encouraged to directly link with processors or flour mills so that they can take part in value added activities that can augment their returns and revenues by effectively capturing value along the chain.
{"title":"Profitability and Value Addition in Wheat Supply Chain in Kangra Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India","authors":"Girish Mahajan, Kshitij Mandial","doi":"10.22161/ijeab.106.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.106.15","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat is a critically important crop in the Kangra district, serving as a primary source of food security and livelihood for a large portion of the population. The need to analyze its processing costs, returns, and value addition stems from the necessity to improve farmer incomes and make the local agricultural economy more resilient. Thus, an attempt has been made in this research script toanalyse the costs and return from processing of wheat and degree of value addition at each stage of the supply chain in wheat in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that processing of wheat in the study area incurred both variable and fixed costs, which influenced the overall cost structure. Study indicated that raw material (grain), energy expenses, labour and packaging costs, staff salary were the important components of variable costs which accounted to Rs. 2,619,95 per quintal while, interest on term loans and depreciation were the constituents of variable costs which amounted to Rs. 135.68 per quintal. As a result, the total processing cost was Rs. 2,755.63 per quintal. The returns from processing in the study area showed processing add value to the final product. The processing unit was functioned at a utilization capacity of 0.96, which means the unit is operated at 96 per cent of its capacity. The gross return was Rs. 3400 per quintal. After deducting processing and marketing costs from gross return, the net revenue was Rs. 494.37 per quintal. The degree of value addition in wheat differs across the different supply chains. According to the results, at processor’s stage, the degree of value addition in channel III was highest which was worked out to be 23.79 per cent and lowest at trader’s level which was found to be 4.9 per cent. Consequently, the highest degree of value addition was exhibited in the processing channel i.e. channel III. In channel II, the intermediaries added 5.50 per cent value at retailer level to 7.28 per cent value at secondary wholesaler level whereas in channel III, it varied from 4.90 per cent at traders stage to 23.79 per cent at flour millers stage before reaching to retailer and then to ultimate consumers. This suggested that longer marketing chain involving traders and processors exhibited higher degree of value addition in wheat in the study area. Therefore, farmers can and should be encouraged to directly link with processors or flour mills so that they can take part in value added activities that can augment their returns and revenues by effectively capturing value along the chain.","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"10 6","pages":"109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147915154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imad Khan, Mudassar Hussain, Adil Khan, Bangzhi Jiang, Lei Zheng, Shamim Hossan, Waleed AL‐Ansi, Xiaoqiang Zou
Novel MLCTs-rich SLs, enriched with n-3 PUFAs, were synthesized to combine the benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and medium-chain FAs (MCFAs). However, these SLs were susceptible to oxidative degradation. To solve this issue, the MLCT-rich SLs were microencapsulated using different wall materials through spray drying technique. Initially, in this study three formulations of different wall materials were designed: modified starch/maltodextrin [MS/MD (2:1)], gum Arabic/maltodextrin [GA/MD (2:1)], and mixed [MIX (MS:GA:MD, 1:1:1)]. Subsequently, all the three formulations were analysed. The analysis included encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, hygroscopicity, water activity, density properties, Carr's index, cohesiveness, flowability, porosity, wettability, solubility, color, and relative crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the microcapsule powder. The moisture content ranged from 1.71% to 3.45%, while water activity ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 of all formulations, indicating suitability for long-term storage. Additionally, the highest microencapsulation yield (93.23%) and microencapsulation efficiency (93.74%) were achieved with GA/MD formulation. GA/MD also exhibited the highest relative crystallinity (32.50%). Moreover, FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of the oil in the microcapsules. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical shapes without any visible cracking on the surfaces of the microcapsules. Besides, GA/MD formulation demonstrated better results in density properties, flowability, porosity, and wettability. During the oxidative stability, GA/MD microencapsulation provided the best protection against lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the effectiveness of using GA/MD formulation for the production of microcapsule powders containing MLCTs-rich SLs.
{"title":"Novel medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols rich structured lipids enriched in n-3 polysaturated fatty acids encapsulated by spray drying: Characterization and stability","authors":"Imad Khan, Mudassar Hussain, Adil Khan, Bangzhi Jiang, Lei Zheng, Shamim Hossan, Waleed AL‐Ansi, Xiaoqiang Zou","doi":"10.22161/ijeab.92.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.92.12","url":null,"abstract":"Novel MLCTs-rich SLs, enriched with n-3 PUFAs, were synthesized to combine the benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and medium-chain FAs (MCFAs). However, these SLs were susceptible to oxidative degradation. To solve this issue, the MLCT-rich SLs were microencapsulated using different wall materials through spray drying technique. Initially, in this study three formulations of different wall materials were designed: modified starch/maltodextrin [MS/MD (2:1)], gum Arabic/maltodextrin [GA/MD (2:1)], and mixed [MIX (MS:GA:MD, 1:1:1)]. Subsequently, all the three formulations were analysed. The analysis included encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, hygroscopicity, water activity, density properties, Carr's index, cohesiveness, flowability, porosity, wettability, solubility, color, and relative crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the microcapsule powder. The moisture content ranged from 1.71% to 3.45%, while water activity ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 of all formulations, indicating suitability for long-term storage. Additionally, the highest microencapsulation yield (93.23%) and microencapsulation efficiency (93.74%) were achieved with GA/MD formulation. GA/MD also exhibited the highest relative crystallinity (32.50%). Moreover, FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of the oil in the microcapsules. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical shapes without any visible cracking on the surfaces of the microcapsules. Besides, GA/MD formulation demonstrated better results in density properties, flowability, porosity, and wettability. During the oxidative stability, GA/MD microencapsulation provided the best protection against lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the effectiveness of using GA/MD formulation for the production of microcapsule powders containing MLCTs-rich SLs.","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"9 2","pages":"110-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ijeab.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJEAB-103202419-Novel.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147890332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.11
Poonam Maurya
{"title":"A Deep Insight into Physiological Disorders of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)- A Review","authors":"Poonam Maurya","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72766801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.4
C. Patel
{"title":"Assessment of Avoidable losses due to Insect-pests in Staggered Sown Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (l.) Moench Crop","authors":"C. Patel","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73798325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.7
Sivala Kumar
{"title":"Optimization of Process Parameters for Quick Cooking Rice","authors":"Sivala Kumar","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83504395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.8
Shika Neekher, A. Jyotishi, J. Mehra, S. Singh, D. Malviya
A fled experiment was conducted during the Kharif Season of 2009-10 at Research farm, project coordinating Unit (Sesame and Niger). Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to study the effect of Pre-emergence herbicides, alone or in conjunction with manual weeding on weed pressure, productivity and economics of Tit (Sesame indicum L.) Podiumthaliana @ 0.50 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS, reduced the weed biomass similar to recommended practice of weed control i.e. hand weeding twice done at 20 & 40 DAS. Application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 Kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) was found more remunerative as it recorded the higher value of NMR and B:C ratio (6446 and 1.64) as compared to other treatments.
{"title":"Effect of Weed Management Practices on growth and Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum l.)","authors":"Shika Neekher, A. Jyotishi, J. Mehra, S. Singh, D. Malviya","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"A fled experiment was conducted during the Kharif Season of 2009-10 at Research farm, project coordinating Unit (Sesame and Niger). Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to study the effect of Pre-emergence herbicides, alone or in conjunction with manual weeding on weed pressure, productivity and economics of Tit (Sesame indicum L.) Podiumthaliana @ 0.50 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) + one hand weeding at 40 DAS, reduced the weed biomass similar to recommended practice of weed control i.e. hand weeding twice done at 20 & 40 DAS. Application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 Kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) was found more remunerative as it recorded the higher value of NMR and B:C ratio (6446 and 1.64) as compared to other treatments.","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84770691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.10
A. Sharma
{"title":"Biofertilizer – A Key Player in Enhancing Soil Fertility and Agricultural Sustainability","authors":"A. Sharma","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"55 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83665100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.3
V. Yadav
{"title":"green Economy Challenges and Feasible Opportunities of the Mountainous state Uttrakhand in India","authors":"V. Yadav","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"344 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79613534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.1
Pankaj Karmali
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Developmental Competence of Immature Cattle Oocytes in Three Different Culture Media","authors":"Pankaj Karmali","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79189603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.6
Vinay Kumar Singh
{"title":"A Study on Constraints Faced by Rural Community in Implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission in Hadoti Region of Rajasthan","authors":"Vinay Kumar Singh","doi":"10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.02.2023.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14038,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77567647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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