Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430211
Enas N. Danial, Walaa A Majrashi, Ahlam O. Bin Afif, Ebtehal S Alamri, Entesar M. Alhatimi, Nowayer J. Alghamdi
Environmental pollution of heavy metals is increasingly becoming a problem and has become of great concern due to the adverse effects it is causing around the world. These inorganic pollutants are being discarded in our waters, soils and into the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing agriculture and metal industries, improper waste disposal, fertilizers, and pesticides. Pollution in industrial areas is a serious environmental concern. Wastewater containing biotoxic substances of heavy metals in the ecosystem is one of the most important environmental and health challenges in our society. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of novel, efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the remediation of inorganic metals (Cr, Hg, Cd, and Pb) released into the environment and to safeguard the ecosystem. Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Review Article Danial et al.; JABB, 24(4): 48-72, 2021; Article no.JABB.68532 49 and lead (Pb) are known to cause damage to living organisms, including human beings. In this regard, recent advances in microbes-base heavy metal have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and could be toxic to microbes. Several microorganisms have evolved to develop detoxification mechanisms to counter the toxic effects of these inorganic metals. Several marine bacteria highly resistant and capable of growing at higher concentrations of Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb and to evaluate their potential to detoxify. Their detoxification efficiency for Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb indicates good potential for application in bioremediation of toxic heavy metals.
{"title":"Cytotoxicity and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Highly Resistant Marine Bacteria","authors":"Enas N. Danial, Walaa A Majrashi, Ahlam O. Bin Afif, Ebtehal S Alamri, Entesar M. Alhatimi, Nowayer J. Alghamdi","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430211","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution of heavy metals is increasingly becoming a problem and has become of great concern due to the adverse effects it is causing around the world. These inorganic pollutants are being discarded in our waters, soils and into the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing agriculture and metal industries, improper waste disposal, fertilizers, and pesticides. Pollution in industrial areas is a serious environmental concern. Wastewater containing biotoxic substances of heavy metals in the ecosystem is one of the most important environmental and health challenges in our society. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of novel, efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the remediation of inorganic metals (Cr, Hg, Cd, and Pb) released into the environment and to safeguard the ecosystem. Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Review Article Danial et al.; JABB, 24(4): 48-72, 2021; Article no.JABB.68532 49 and lead (Pb) are known to cause damage to living organisms, including human beings. In this regard, recent advances in microbes-base heavy metal have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and could be toxic to microbes. Several microorganisms have evolved to develop detoxification mechanisms to counter the toxic effects of these inorganic metals. Several marine bacteria highly resistant and capable of growing at higher concentrations of Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb and to evaluate their potential to detoxify. Their detoxification efficiency for Hg, Cr, Cd and Pb indicates good potential for application in bioremediation of toxic heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"2 1","pages":"48-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83243532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430209
Paul Ndip Besong, T. R. Kinge
Fruits play an essential role in human nutrition by contributing the necessary growth factors like essential minerals and vitamins in human daily diet maintaining a good and normal health. But rot diseases caused by fungi cause severe losses of agricultural and horticultural crops every year. This work aimed to study fungi diversity on some fruits and carry out biological control using two plant extracts. A total of 17 infected fruit samples were collected from two local markets, small pieces of infected parts were inoculated on prepared plates of Potato Dextrose Agar. Incubation was done for 7 days and pure cultures were made, and pure isolated fungi were identified according to the recommended references. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Moringa oleifera were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activities on Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from spoilt tomatoes and banana using the Agar Dilution Method. Eleven different fungi species comprising nine genera were isolated from the 17 fruits collected from the Nkwen and main markets of Bamenda. The fungi were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor sp, Fusarium sp, Mucor racemosus, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp, Nodulisporium sp, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. There was some diversity in isolation frequency of the fungi from the fruits. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the most Original Research Article Besong and Kinge; JABB, 24(4): 24-38, 2021; Article no.JABB.68075 25 common genera that colonized the fruits, with Aspergillus sp. found to be the most dominant fungi responsible for extensive damage of fruits. Ocimum gratissimum and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts had inhibitory activities on the test fungi. The diversity of the fungi identified in this study could be regarded as the most common causes of post-harvest deterioration of fruits. The findings of this study bring further evidence that Moringa oleifera and Ocimum gratissimum leaves extracts have the potential of becoming powerful and safe alternative means of fungi control on fruits instead of the harmful, expensive, environmentally unfriendly chemical fungicides.
{"title":"Fungi Diversity on Some Fruits and Biological Control using Two Plants Extracts","authors":"Paul Ndip Besong, T. R. Kinge","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430209","url":null,"abstract":"Fruits play an essential role in human nutrition by contributing the necessary growth factors like essential minerals and vitamins in human daily diet maintaining a good and normal health. But rot diseases caused by fungi cause severe losses of agricultural and horticultural crops every year. This work aimed to study fungi diversity on some fruits and carry out biological control using two plant extracts. A total of 17 infected fruit samples were collected from two local markets, small pieces of infected parts were inoculated on prepared plates of Potato Dextrose Agar. Incubation was done for 7 days and pure cultures were made, and pure isolated fungi were identified according to the recommended references. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Moringa oleifera were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activities on Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from spoilt tomatoes and banana using the Agar Dilution Method. Eleven different fungi species comprising nine genera were isolated from the 17 fruits collected from the Nkwen and main markets of Bamenda. The fungi were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor sp, Fusarium sp, Mucor racemosus, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp, Nodulisporium sp, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. There was some diversity in isolation frequency of the fungi from the fruits. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the most Original Research Article Besong and Kinge; JABB, 24(4): 24-38, 2021; Article no.JABB.68075 25 common genera that colonized the fruits, with Aspergillus sp. found to be the most dominant fungi responsible for extensive damage of fruits. Ocimum gratissimum and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts had inhibitory activities on the test fungi. The diversity of the fungi identified in this study could be regarded as the most common causes of post-harvest deterioration of fruits. The findings of this study bring further evidence that Moringa oleifera and Ocimum gratissimum leaves extracts have the potential of becoming powerful and safe alternative means of fungi control on fruits instead of the harmful, expensive, environmentally unfriendly chemical fungicides.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"86 14 1","pages":"24-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84008261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430210
U. A. Adekola, I. Eiroboyi, Y. Yerima, T. E. B. Akinmoji, L. O. Uti
The need for an environmentally friendly energy source in the world has led to major diversification in renewable energy. Biogas provides a renewable energy source that will replace fossil fuel inevitably. The experiment was carried out using a self-designed laboratory-scale anaerobic biogas digester. The study was carried out at room temperature from 25 31°C for 20 days using corn stalk as the main substrate while Pig manure and eggshell were used as co-substrates. The findings showed that the biogas produced from the sample containing a blend of corn stalk, Pig manure, and eggshell resulted in higher biogas volume than the sample containing corn stalk and eggshell, corn stalk, and pig manure as well as the sample containing only corn stalk. This implies that the use of the corn stalk blend is a source of renewable energy. Thus, ensuring the sustainability of biogas production in the future. Original Research Article Adekola et al.; JABB, 24(4): 39-47, 2021; Article no.JABB.68458 40
世界上对环境友好型能源的需要导致了可再生能源的重大多样化。沼气是一种可再生能源，将不可避免地取代化石燃料。实验采用自行设计的实验室规模厌氧沼气池进行。以玉米秸秆为主基质，猪粪和蛋壳为辅基质，在25 ~ 31℃的室温条件下进行了为期20 d的试验。结果表明，玉米秸秆-猪粪-蛋壳混合样品产生的沼气量高于玉米秸秆-蛋壳混合样品、玉米秸秆-猪粪混合样品和仅含玉米秸秆的样品。这意味着使用玉米秸秆混合物是一种可再生能源。从而确保未来沼气生产的可持续性。Adekola et al.;;Jabb, 24(4): 39-47, 2021;文章no.JABB。68458年40
{"title":"Improved Biogas Production from Corn Stalks, Pig Manure and Eggshell","authors":"U. A. Adekola, I. Eiroboyi, Y. Yerima, T. E. B. Akinmoji, L. O. Uti","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430210","url":null,"abstract":"The need for an environmentally friendly energy source in the world has led to major diversification in renewable energy. Biogas provides a renewable energy source that will replace fossil fuel inevitably. The experiment was carried out using a self-designed laboratory-scale anaerobic biogas digester. The study was carried out at room temperature from 25 31°C for 20 days using corn stalk as the main substrate while Pig manure and eggshell were used as co-substrates. The findings showed that the biogas produced from the sample containing a blend of corn stalk, Pig manure, and eggshell resulted in higher biogas volume than the sample containing corn stalk and eggshell, corn stalk, and pig manure as well as the sample containing only corn stalk. This implies that the use of the corn stalk blend is a source of renewable energy. Thus, ensuring the sustainability of biogas production in the future. Original Research Article Adekola et al.; JABB, 24(4): 39-47, 2021; Article no.JABB.68458 40","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"10 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88100277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430207
A. R. Alhassan, C. Saba, S. W. Kpordze
Aim: This research was carried out to determine the prevalence of Salmonella species from smoked fish sold in the three major markets in Tamale Metropolis and examined the isolates resistance patterns to various antibiotics. Study Design: The study was in two parts which include administering questionnaires and collecting samples. The second part was the laboratory analysis to detect Salmonella species from the collected samples. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Spanish laboratory (microbiology section) of the Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, of the University for Development Studies. Methodology: A total of one hundred samples were examined. The samples were enriched on buffered peptone water and inoculated on Modified Semi-Solid Rappaport Vassiliadis. Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate was used to identify the bacteria, and Simons Citrate agar was used for the biochemical test. The antibiotic test was done by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. Original Research Article Alhassan et al.; JABB, 24(4): 1-11, 2021; Article no. JABB.68023 2 Results: After the laboratory analysis, 67 (67%) out of the 100 samples were confirmed to be positive for Salmonella species of which Cut fish (11.9%), Redfish (11.9%), Mudfish (11.9%), and Chale fish (11.9%) recorded the highest contamination, and among the three markets, Central market had the highest fish contamination. The resistance patterns of the isolates to the various antibiotics used were; Ciprofloxacin (2.98%), Ceftriaxone (34.32%), Ampicillin (83.58%), Doxycycline (88.05%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (91.04%), and Oxytetracycline (92.53%). Conclusion: This study revealed that smoked fish sold in the Tamale Metropolis contained Salmonella positive that can cause food poisoning and other gastrointestinal problems.
目的:对塔梅尔市3个主要市场销售的熏鱼中沙门氏菌的流行情况进行调查，并检测其对各种抗生素的耐药性。研究设计:本研究分为问卷调查和样本收集两部分。第二部分是实验室分析，从采集的样品中检测沙门氏菌的种类。研究地点和时间:该研究在发展研究大学生物科学学院生物技术系的西班牙实验室(微生物科)进行。方法:共检查100个样本。将样品用缓冲蛋白胨水富集，接种于改性半固体Rappaport Vassiliadis上。采用木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸酯进行细菌鉴定，柠檬酸西蒙斯琼脂进行生化试验。抗生素试验采用Kirby-Bauer盘扩散试验。Alhassan et al.;Jabb, 24(4): 1- 11,2021;货号。结果:经实验室分析，100份样品中有67份(67%)检出沙门氏菌，其中切鱼(11.9%)、红鱼(11.9%)、泥鱼(11.9%)和Chale鱼(11.9%)的污染最高，其中中环市场的污染最高。分离株对常用抗生素的耐药模式为:环丙沙星(2.98%)、头孢曲松(34.32%)、氨苄西林(83.58%)、多西环素(88.05%)、阿莫西林/克拉维酸(91.04%)、土霉素(92.53%)。结论:本研究发现，在Tamale Metropolis出售的熏鱼含有沙门氏菌，可引起食物中毒和其他胃肠道问题。
{"title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Species","authors":"A. R. Alhassan, C. Saba, S. W. Kpordze","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430207","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This research was carried out to determine the prevalence of Salmonella species from smoked fish sold in the three major markets in Tamale Metropolis and examined the isolates resistance patterns to various antibiotics. Study Design: The study was in two parts which include administering questionnaires and collecting samples. The second part was the laboratory analysis to detect Salmonella species from the collected samples. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Spanish laboratory (microbiology section) of the Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, of the University for Development Studies. Methodology: A total of one hundred samples were examined. The samples were enriched on buffered peptone water and inoculated on Modified Semi-Solid Rappaport Vassiliadis. Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate was used to identify the bacteria, and Simons Citrate agar was used for the biochemical test. The antibiotic test was done by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. Original Research Article Alhassan et al.; JABB, 24(4): 1-11, 2021; Article no. JABB.68023 2 Results: After the laboratory analysis, 67 (67%) out of the 100 samples were confirmed to be positive for Salmonella species of which Cut fish (11.9%), Redfish (11.9%), Mudfish (11.9%), and Chale fish (11.9%) recorded the highest contamination, and among the three markets, Central market had the highest fish contamination. The resistance patterns of the isolates to the various antibiotics used were; Ciprofloxacin (2.98%), Ceftriaxone (34.32%), Ampicillin (83.58%), Doxycycline (88.05%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (91.04%), and Oxytetracycline (92.53%). Conclusion: This study revealed that smoked fish sold in the Tamale Metropolis contained Salmonella positive that can cause food poisoning and other gastrointestinal problems.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73704146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208
Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Etuh Monday Alexander, Jacob Mekidani Salu
Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts in D. melanogaster (fruit flies) by carrying out a survival study, locomotor, fecundity and biochemical assays. Place of study: This study was carried out in the Drosophila laboratory of Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos. Methods: Extraction of A. indica extract was carried using hydroethanolic solvent (70:30 v/v ethanol: water). Flies were treated with 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 5000 mg A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts per 10 g fly food for 7 days, to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). The survival assay was carried out for 28 days by treating flies with 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg/10 g fly food of the extract. Young flies were treated with several concentrations of Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(4): 12-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.68352 13 the extract for 7 days, to determine the effect of the extract on the fecundity and locomotion. Thereafter, flies exposed to the extracts for 7 days were immobilized, weighed, homogenized, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to assay for acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities. The experiment was replicated 3 times and data was presented as mean ± SEM with statistical value at “P < 0.05” considered significant. Results: The percentage yield was calculated to be 12.7 % and the phytochemicals present in A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. The LC50 was determined to be 1499 mg/10 g diet and the result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the survival of the flies, when compared to the control group. Further results showed a non-significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the fecundity, as well as the locomotor, acetylcholinesterase, and catalase activities of the flies, compared to the control. Conclusion: This study concludes that A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract, at certain concentrations, may not be safe for consumption as it showed some level of toxicity in D. melanogaster.
{"title":"Toxicity of Azadirachta indica Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract in Adult Drosophila melanogaster (Harwich Strain)","authors":"Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Etuh Monday Alexander, Jacob Mekidani Salu","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts in D. melanogaster (fruit flies) by carrying out a survival study, locomotor, fecundity and biochemical assays. Place of study: This study was carried out in the Drosophila laboratory of Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos. Methods: Extraction of A. indica extract was carried using hydroethanolic solvent (70:30 v/v ethanol: water). Flies were treated with 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 5000 mg A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts per 10 g fly food for 7 days, to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). The survival assay was carried out for 28 days by treating flies with 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg/10 g fly food of the extract. Young flies were treated with several concentrations of Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(4): 12-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.68352 13 the extract for 7 days, to determine the effect of the extract on the fecundity and locomotion. Thereafter, flies exposed to the extracts for 7 days were immobilized, weighed, homogenized, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to assay for acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities. The experiment was replicated 3 times and data was presented as mean ± SEM with statistical value at “P < 0.05” considered significant. Results: The percentage yield was calculated to be 12.7 % and the phytochemicals present in A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. The LC50 was determined to be 1499 mg/10 g diet and the result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the survival of the flies, when compared to the control group. Further results showed a non-significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the fecundity, as well as the locomotor, acetylcholinesterase, and catalase activities of the flies, compared to the control. Conclusion: This study concludes that A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract, at certain concentrations, may not be safe for consumption as it showed some level of toxicity in D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90174267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in diabetic Drosophila melanogaster with emphasis on survival, phytochemical, biochemical and fecundity assays as well as locomotor activities. Methodology: S. occidentalis leaves was collected and prepared for extraction using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and the lethal dose (LD50) was Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 48-63, 2021; Article no.JABB.68207 49 carried out on D. melanogaster for 7 days. Survival study was conducted by treating fruit flies with different concentration of the extracts for 28 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by feeding the flies with food containing 30% of sucrose for 10 days, and thereafter treated with different concentration of the extract and metformin (positive control) for 7 days. Diabetic flies were used for the negative geotaxis and fecundity assays. The homogenates of flies from the different groups of the treatment and control were prepared and used to quantify the glucose content and the antioxidant activities which included the thiol content, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence 8 different phytochemicals. The LD50 was determined to be 277.8 mg/10 g fly food of S. occidentalis. Supplementation with S. occidentalis ethanolic extracts showed a non-significant increase (P> 0.05) in the survival of D melanogaster when compared to the baseline group. Diabetic flies treated with the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose which was significant (P< 0.05) at 100 mg when compared to the negative control group(untreated). Negative geotaxis, fecundity and catalase activities of treated flies showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) when compared to flies in the negative control group. S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract significantly elevated (P< 0.05) the total thiol content and glutathione-s-transferase activities at certain concentration in a non-linear manner. Conclusion: From the findings, S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract contained several phytochemicals and it is relatively safe; possessing hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties when administered to diabetic D. melanogaster.
{"title":"The Phytochemical Constituents, Hypoglycemic, and Antioxidant Activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extract in High Sucrose Diet Fed Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Ogbonna Abigail, Etuh Monday Alexander, Sani Peter Ugbedeojo","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330206","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in diabetic Drosophila melanogaster with emphasis on survival, phytochemical, biochemical and fecundity assays as well as locomotor activities. Methodology: S. occidentalis leaves was collected and prepared for extraction using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and the lethal dose (LD50) was Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 48-63, 2021; Article no.JABB.68207 49 carried out on D. melanogaster for 7 days. Survival study was conducted by treating fruit flies with different concentration of the extracts for 28 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by feeding the flies with food containing 30% of sucrose for 10 days, and thereafter treated with different concentration of the extract and metformin (positive control) for 7 days. Diabetic flies were used for the negative geotaxis and fecundity assays. The homogenates of flies from the different groups of the treatment and control were prepared and used to quantify the glucose content and the antioxidant activities which included the thiol content, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence 8 different phytochemicals. The LD50 was determined to be 277.8 mg/10 g fly food of S. occidentalis. Supplementation with S. occidentalis ethanolic extracts showed a non-significant increase (P> 0.05) in the survival of D melanogaster when compared to the baseline group. Diabetic flies treated with the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose which was significant (P< 0.05) at 100 mg when compared to the negative control group(untreated). Negative geotaxis, fecundity and catalase activities of treated flies showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) when compared to flies in the negative control group. S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract significantly elevated (P< 0.05) the total thiol content and glutathione-s-transferase activities at certain concentration in a non-linear manner. Conclusion: From the findings, S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract contained several phytochemicals and it is relatively safe; possessing hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties when administered to diabetic D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"159 1","pages":"48-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76103603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205
J. Emakoua, Mesmine Kuissu Teukam Mimosette, A. P. Amang, Mbida Désirée Essama, Otto Gustave Lebeau Ndji, C. Mezui, Enow-Orock George Enonchong, P. V. Tan
Aims: The antisecretory, antibacterial on Helicobacter, and antacid properties of Eremomastax speciosa ( E. speciosa ) and MY41g clay respectively, led us to evaluate the potential use of this clay in the anti-ulcer tri-therapy formulated with Eremomastax speciosa. and Materials and Methods: In vitro antacid were evaluated by studying: Fordtran's method, and the influence of temperature on the pH values. I n vivo activity was studied on chronic gastric ulcers induced by injection of 0.05 ml of acetic acid (30%) into the stomach wall. Rats were treated daily for 10 days after ulcer induction with a combination of E. speciosa and MY41g (ESMY) ; (ESMY 100+250 and 200+250 mg/kg). The model of "unhealed" gastric ulcers was also used: from day 5 to day 18 of experimentation, rats were given ESMY orally concomitantly with indomethacin (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. Ulcer index, percentage of healing, mucus secretion, gastric acidity, histological, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Results: ESMY showed good neutralizing capacity in vitro in Fordtran’s method. Treatment with ESMY accelerated the spontaneous healing of chronic gastric ulcers (93.82-96.14%). However, administration of indomethacin did not induce significant variations in the percentage of healing (90.73-94.60%). For both ulcer models performed, ulcer healing was accompanied by a significant ( P = 0.001) increase in mucus mass at 200/250 mg/kg. ESMY increased antioxidant activity, decreased gastric acidity, lipid peroxidation, and maintained hematological balance. Conclusion: In addition to its buffering properties, the healing mechanism of ESMY includes reduced gastric acidity, enhanced mucus production, re-epithelialization of gastric mucosa, improvement of hematological and antioxidant status. ESMY can be used in traditional medicine, as a therapeutic regimen against gastric ulcers.
{"title":"In-vitro Antacid Properties of Cameroonian Clay (MY41g) and its Potential Use in Anti-ulcer Triple Therapy Regimen Formulated with Eremomastax speciosa Extract","authors":"J. Emakoua, Mesmine Kuissu Teukam Mimosette, A. P. Amang, Mbida Désirée Essama, Otto Gustave Lebeau Ndji, C. Mezui, Enow-Orock George Enonchong, P. V. Tan","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The antisecretory, antibacterial on Helicobacter, and antacid properties of Eremomastax speciosa ( E. speciosa ) and MY41g clay respectively, led us to evaluate the potential use of this clay in the anti-ulcer tri-therapy formulated with Eremomastax speciosa. and Materials and Methods: In vitro antacid were evaluated by studying: Fordtran's method, and the influence of temperature on the pH values. I n vivo activity was studied on chronic gastric ulcers induced by injection of 0.05 ml of acetic acid (30%) into the stomach wall. Rats were treated daily for 10 days after ulcer induction with a combination of E. speciosa and MY41g (ESMY) ; (ESMY 100+250 and 200+250 mg/kg). The model of \"unhealed\" gastric ulcers was also used: from day 5 to day 18 of experimentation, rats were given ESMY orally concomitantly with indomethacin (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. Ulcer index, percentage of healing, mucus secretion, gastric acidity, histological, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Results: ESMY showed good neutralizing capacity in vitro in Fordtran’s method. Treatment with ESMY accelerated the spontaneous healing of chronic gastric ulcers (93.82-96.14%). However, administration of indomethacin did not induce significant variations in the percentage of healing (90.73-94.60%). For both ulcer models performed, ulcer healing was accompanied by a significant ( P = 0.001) increase in mucus mass at 200/250 mg/kg. ESMY increased antioxidant activity, decreased gastric acidity, lipid peroxidation, and maintained hematological balance. Conclusion: In addition to its buffering properties, the healing mechanism of ESMY includes reduced gastric acidity, enhanced mucus production, re-epithelialization of gastric mucosa, improvement of hematological and antioxidant status. ESMY can be used in traditional medicine, as a therapeutic regimen against gastric ulcers.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"359 1","pages":"28-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76428321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-14DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204
Kliff Eldry G. Ibañez, L. Padilla
experimentation data acquisition, data statistical the experiment and data data statistical ABSTRACT Aims: Malayan box turtles’ ( Cuora amboinensis ) ecological niche are essential in an ecosystem but are often overlooked. This study investigated the germination of selected seeds that in the study. Seed shadowing was also conducted to evaluate the turtle’s seed dispersal capacity (endozoochory). Results: Results showed that after gut passage, seed GR and %GR were enhanced on Lycopersicon esculentum, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, and Muntingia calabura . However, Germination Rate and Percent Germination of Passiflora quadrangularis decreased after gut passage. Statistical analyses revealed that there is a significant difference in the GR and %G of M. calabura and %G of L. esculentum , and P. quadrangularis . Thread trailing method showed that C. amboinensis can disperse seeds at a distance of 24.8 to 52.8 meters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the important role of C. amboinensis in the ecosystem through its contribution to plant seed germination and dispersal. It showed that Malayan box turtles are not only seed dispersal agents but are also important in the germination of seeds that they have ingested and defecated.
{"title":"Endozoochory and Germination of Selected Ingested Seeds by Malayan Box Turtles (Cuoraamboinensis) from Laguna Province, Philippines","authors":"Kliff Eldry G. Ibañez, L. Padilla","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204","url":null,"abstract":"experimentation data acquisition, data statistical the experiment and data data statistical ABSTRACT Aims: Malayan box turtles’ ( Cuora amboinensis ) ecological niche are essential in an ecosystem but are often overlooked. This study investigated the germination of selected seeds that in the study. Seed shadowing was also conducted to evaluate the turtle’s seed dispersal capacity (endozoochory). Results: Results showed that after gut passage, seed GR and %GR were enhanced on Lycopersicon esculentum, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, and Muntingia calabura . However, Germination Rate and Percent Germination of Passiflora quadrangularis decreased after gut passage. Statistical analyses revealed that there is a significant difference in the GR and %G of M. calabura and %G of L. esculentum , and P. quadrangularis . Thread trailing method showed that C. amboinensis can disperse seeds at a distance of 24.8 to 52.8 meters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the important role of C. amboinensis in the ecosystem through its contribution to plant seed germination and dispersal. It showed that Malayan box turtles are not only seed dispersal agents but are also important in the germination of seeds that they have ingested and defecated.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90738952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203
Boudjeka Guemkam Vanessa, Djeukeu Asongni William, Loé-Etame Gisèle, Dongho Dongmo Fabrice Fabien, C. Bolea, N. Stănciuc, Tchiaze Ifoue Alice, G. Iordăchescu, G. Inocent
Aims: This study aims to assess the effect of steam blanching on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Cucurbita moschata pulp, obtained with the use of three biological fertilizers. Study Design: The study was done on five samples of pumpkin pulp grown in different conditions. All the samples were evaluated before and after steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. study seven March 2018. Methodology: Pumpkin were grown in May-September 2018 using the following fertilizers: ash at 10kg/25m 2 ; bovine compost at 62.5 kg/25m 2 ; ash + bovine compost (1:1). Besides negative control without fertilizers and positive control represented by NPK (20-10-10) at 2 kg/25m 2 have been done. After harvesting, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were determined using standard methods before and after a steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying process. Results: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash, after a steam blanching treatment had the highest contents of total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene respectively of 696.03 ± 7.57; 584.86 ± 15.50 and 115.00 ± 1.25 mg/100g of edible portion and the lowest percentages of loss of these bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp fertilized with bovine compost and ash showed the lowest rates of loss of total phenolic compounds, respectively 0.62% and 4.25%, while those fertilized with the positive control (NPK) showed the highest rate of loss of total phenolic compounds (60%). Steam blanching treatment had a significant impact on phytonutrient contents and total phenolic compounds extracted from dried pumpkin pulp exert greater antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash provides the highest carotenoids content after steam blanching treatment and this treatment increases the antioxidant activity and probably the shelf life of dried pumpkin pulp.
{"title":"Effect of Steam Blanching on Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Pumpkin’s Pulp (Cucurbita moschata) Farmed with Three Biological Fertilizers","authors":"Boudjeka Guemkam Vanessa, Djeukeu Asongni William, Loé-Etame Gisèle, Dongho Dongmo Fabrice Fabien, C. Bolea, N. Stănciuc, Tchiaze Ifoue Alice, G. Iordăchescu, G. Inocent","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aims to assess the effect of steam blanching on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Cucurbita moschata pulp, obtained with the use of three biological fertilizers. Study Design: The study was done on five samples of pumpkin pulp grown in different conditions. All the samples were evaluated before and after steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. study seven March 2018. Methodology: Pumpkin were grown in May-September 2018 using the following fertilizers: ash at 10kg/25m 2 ; bovine compost at 62.5 kg/25m 2 ; ash + bovine compost (1:1). Besides negative control without fertilizers and positive control represented by NPK (20-10-10) at 2 kg/25m 2 have been done. After harvesting, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were determined using standard methods before and after a steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying process. Results: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash, after a steam blanching treatment had the highest contents of total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene respectively of 696.03 ± 7.57; 584.86 ± 15.50 and 115.00 ± 1.25 mg/100g of edible portion and the lowest percentages of loss of these bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp fertilized with bovine compost and ash showed the lowest rates of loss of total phenolic compounds, respectively 0.62% and 4.25%, while those fertilized with the positive control (NPK) showed the highest rate of loss of total phenolic compounds (60%). Steam blanching treatment had a significant impact on phytonutrient contents and total phenolic compounds extracted from dried pumpkin pulp exert greater antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash provides the highest carotenoids content after steam blanching treatment and this treatment increases the antioxidant activity and probably the shelf life of dried pumpkin pulp.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"7-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79005846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202
U. Nicholas, Nwachukwu, Augusta Añuli, Ogbulie Tochukwu Ekwutosi, Anyalogbu Ernest Anayochukwu
Enormous quantities of plant biomass are generated annually, as agricultural wastes. Lignocellulose is the main structural constituent of plants and represents the primary source of renewable organic matter on earth. This study was carried out to evaluate the lignocellulose composition, proximate and selected physicochemical characteristics of some selected plant-based substrates for biogas production. The substrates were: Corn cobs, Rice straw and Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). They were collected, cut, dried for 72 hours at 32C, milled and subjected to hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose compositional analyses, using the standard Sox let extraction method. Standard methods were employed for proximate and physicochemical analyses. Results of the compositional evaluation showed that corn cob has the highest percentages of cellulose (42.0%), while extractives content was least (2.18%) in Rice straw. For the proximate analysis, the percentage carbohydrates (24.22) and ash (24.40) were highest in rice straw, while fat content had the least values of 0.65% recorded in corn cobs. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that Rice straw had the highest values of TS (94.55%) and phosphorus (928.57mg/kg), Corn cob had the highest TVS Original Research Article Ugwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 1-6, 2021; Article no.JABB.67948 2 (85.53%) and organic carbon (50.46%) while Water hyacinth recorded the highest Nitrogen content (2.33%). They are good substrates for energy generation, and lignocellulosic biomass holds a huge potential to meet the current energy demand of the modern world. The knowledge of the lignocellulosic composition of the biomass would help in choosing appropriate pretreatment measures to achieve better hydrolysis which would translate to higher biogas yield.
{"title":"Compositional Assessment of Selected Plant-based Substrates for Biogas Production","authors":"U. Nicholas, Nwachukwu, Augusta Añuli, Ogbulie Tochukwu Ekwutosi, Anyalogbu Ernest Anayochukwu","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202","url":null,"abstract":"Enormous quantities of plant biomass are generated annually, as agricultural wastes. Lignocellulose is the main structural constituent of plants and represents the primary source of renewable organic matter on earth. This study was carried out to evaluate the lignocellulose composition, proximate and selected physicochemical characteristics of some selected plant-based substrates for biogas production. The substrates were: Corn cobs, Rice straw and Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). They were collected, cut, dried for 72 hours at 32C, milled and subjected to hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose compositional analyses, using the standard Sox let extraction method. Standard methods were employed for proximate and physicochemical analyses. Results of the compositional evaluation showed that corn cob has the highest percentages of cellulose (42.0%), while extractives content was least (2.18%) in Rice straw. For the proximate analysis, the percentage carbohydrates (24.22) and ash (24.40) were highest in rice straw, while fat content had the least values of 0.65% recorded in corn cobs. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that Rice straw had the highest values of TS (94.55%) and phosphorus (928.57mg/kg), Corn cob had the highest TVS Original Research Article Ugwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 1-6, 2021; Article no.JABB.67948 2 (85.53%) and organic carbon (50.46%) while Water hyacinth recorded the highest Nitrogen content (2.33%). They are good substrates for energy generation, and lignocellulosic biomass holds a huge potential to meet the current energy demand of the modern world. The knowledge of the lignocellulosic composition of the biomass would help in choosing appropriate pretreatment measures to achieve better hydrolysis which would translate to higher biogas yield.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84645356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：