Flexible titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanofibers are gaining considerable attention in bone tissue engineering owing to their superior biocompatibility, extensive surface area, and structural adaptability. This study explores the synthesis of flexible TiO2 nanofibers and its in vitro evaluation for biomineralization capability. The Flexible TiO2 NFM was fabricated employing electrospinning technique followed by controlled calcination. The SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis were done to characterize and to confirm the biomineralization of the flexible TiO2 NFM. Surface analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the progressive formation of apatite-like layers. Elemental confirmation was provided by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which identified the presence of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), with Ca/P ratios nearing the ideal value for stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (~1.64). EDS spectra displayed characteristic peaks for oxygen at~0.52 keV, calcium at 3.69 keV & 4.01 keV, and phosphate 2.01 keV, confirming the deposition of calcium phosphate and the effectiveness of the biomineralization process. XRD analysis for biomineralized NFM showed distinct peaks at 2θ values of 28.5°, 31.7°, and 66.3°. Likewise FTIR analysis showed notable alterations with characteristics peaks at 3418 cm⁻¹ suggesting increased hydrophilicity, and 1625.96 cm⁻¹, 1394.55 cm⁻¹, 1034.65 cm⁻¹ for confirmation of calcium phosphate phase, such as hydroxyapatite. The presence of granular textures on the fiber surface indicated the successful formation of apatite-like structures. TEM analysis revealed a well-defined crystalline core surrounded by a biomineralized layer, closely resembling the mineral composition of natural bone. The results of XRD and FTIR peaks further confirmed the biomineralization of flexible TiO2 NFM.
{"title":"Shish-Kebab Nanohydroxyapatite-TiO₂ Nanofiber: A Biomimetic Platform for Regenerative Medicine","authors":"Shiva Pandeya, Shiv Kumar Sah, Ziliang Li, Mahesh Kumar Joshi","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v45i2.83036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v45i2.83036","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanofibers are gaining considerable attention in bone tissue engineering owing to their superior biocompatibility, extensive surface area, and structural adaptability. This study explores the synthesis of flexible TiO2 nanofibers and its in vitro evaluation for biomineralization capability. The Flexible TiO2 NFM was fabricated employing electrospinning technique followed by controlled calcination. The SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis were done to characterize and to confirm the biomineralization of the flexible TiO2 NFM. Surface analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the progressive formation of apatite-like layers. Elemental confirmation was provided by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which identified the presence of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), with Ca/P ratios nearing the ideal value for stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (~1.64). EDS spectra displayed characteristic peaks for oxygen at~0.52 keV, calcium at 3.69 keV & 4.01 keV, and phosphate 2.01 keV, confirming the deposition of calcium phosphate and the effectiveness of the biomineralization process. XRD analysis for biomineralized NFM showed distinct peaks at 2θ values of 28.5°, 31.7°, and 66.3°. Likewise FTIR analysis showed notable alterations with characteristics peaks at 3418 cm⁻¹ suggesting increased hydrophilicity, and 1625.96 cm⁻¹, 1394.55 cm⁻¹, 1034.65 cm⁻¹ for confirmation of calcium phosphate phase, such as hydroxyapatite. The presence of granular textures on the fiber surface indicated the successful formation of apatite-like structures. TEM analysis revealed a well-defined crystalline core surrounded by a biomineralized layer, closely resembling the mineral composition of natural bone. The results of XRD and FTIR peaks further confirmed the biomineralization of flexible TiO2 NFM.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"45 2","pages":"64-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNCS/article/download/83036/63471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147888662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62686
Jony Timalsina, Sunena Dhukuchhu, Jina Dhukuchhu, Alisha Bhattarai, Rajan Shrestha, R. Gyawali
This study explores the formulation and assessment of herbal antioxidant tablets derived from Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) extracts for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. Various extraction methods were compared, revealing that 100% dehydrated ethanol at 45 degrees Celsius for four hours in a Soxhlet apparatus resulted in an 89% phenolic extraction. Although ethyl acetate yielded the highest phenolic extract (187%), its toxicity led to the selection of ethanol for further extraction. The Folin-Ciocalteu method determined the total phenolic content. The DPPH assay demonstrated positive antioxidant activity of the Urtica dioica ethanolic extract, with an IC50 value of 37.5761201 μg/mL, compared to the standard ascorbic acid with an IC50 value of 21.23506 μg/ml. Herbal tablets were formulated using the direct compression method. The findings highlight the potential of Urtica dioica extracts as effective herbal antioxidants for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. This research enhances our understanding of natural remedies and their therapeutic applications. Future investigations should delve into the clinical efficacy and safety of these herbal antioxidant tablets, paving the way for their potential integration into clinical settings. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of alternative therapies for managing arthritic conditions, emphasizing the importance of exploring nature's remedies in healthcare.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Antioxidant Tablets of Urtica Dioica Extract","authors":"Jony Timalsina, Sunena Dhukuchhu, Jina Dhukuchhu, Alisha Bhattarai, Rajan Shrestha, R. Gyawali","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62686","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the formulation and assessment of herbal antioxidant tablets derived from Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) extracts for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. Various extraction methods were compared, revealing that 100% dehydrated ethanol at 45 degrees Celsius for four hours in a Soxhlet apparatus resulted in an 89% phenolic extraction. Although ethyl acetate yielded the highest phenolic extract (187%), its toxicity led to the selection of ethanol for further extraction. The Folin-Ciocalteu method determined the total phenolic content. The DPPH assay demonstrated positive antioxidant activity of the Urtica dioica ethanolic extract, with an IC50 value of 37.5761201 μg/mL, compared to the standard ascorbic acid with an IC50 value of 21.23506 μg/ml. Herbal tablets were formulated using the direct compression method. The findings highlight the potential of Urtica dioica extracts as effective herbal antioxidants for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. This research enhances our understanding of natural remedies and their therapeutic applications. Future investigations should delve into the clinical efficacy and safety of these herbal antioxidant tablets, paving the way for their potential integration into clinical settings. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of alternative therapies for managing arthritic conditions, emphasizing the importance of exploring nature's remedies in healthcare.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"144 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62677
Dirgha Raj Karki, Sushant Bhujel, Kshama Parajuli, Ramesh Raj Pant, M. L. Sharma
Bone replacements and repairs often encounter infections from diverse microbes, necessitating costly and painful secondary surgeries and treatments. Developing antimicrobial bone implants is crucial to mitigate these complications and enhance regeneration. Moreover, the biological synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO₄)6(OH)2, a primary component of human bone, presents advantages over chemically synthesized alternatives due to lower impurity and cost. This study focuses on synthesizing hydroxyapatite powders from buffalo and goat femoral bones, with the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Analyzed via XRD and FTIR, the prepared powder exhibited potent antimicrobial properties against various bacterial strains. Specifically, the hydroxyapatite powder doped with ZnO nanoparticles displayed superior antimicrobial activity. Consequently, this synthesized material holds significant promise for applications in bone tissue engineering and related fields.
{"title":"Study of Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Dopped Natural Hydroxyapatites","authors":"Dirgha Raj Karki, Sushant Bhujel, Kshama Parajuli, Ramesh Raj Pant, M. L. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62677","url":null,"abstract":"Bone replacements and repairs often encounter infections from diverse microbes, necessitating costly and painful secondary surgeries and treatments. Developing antimicrobial bone implants is crucial to mitigate these complications and enhance regeneration. Moreover, the biological synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO₄)6(OH)2, a primary component of human bone, presents advantages over chemically synthesized alternatives due to lower impurity and cost. This study focuses on synthesizing hydroxyapatite powders from buffalo and goat femoral bones, with the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Analyzed via XRD and FTIR, the prepared powder exhibited potent antimicrobial properties against various bacterial strains. Specifically, the hydroxyapatite powder doped with ZnO nanoparticles displayed superior antimicrobial activity. Consequently, this synthesized material holds significant promise for applications in bone tissue engineering and related fields.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"116 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study highlights the water quality of two important Ramsar sites of western Nepal (Ghodaghodi and Rara lakes) in terms of irrigation use. Based on land use patterns and location accessibility, 13 sites in Ghodaghodi and 18 in Rara were considered and the samplings were performed in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Different physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), major cations, and anion (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3-) were measured. The calculated indices were permeability index percentage (PI), sodium percentage (%Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelly’s index (KI). Major ions were analyzed using ion chromatography including field and procedural blanks to maintain quality standards, whereas on-site parameters were measured by using standard multi-meter probes. The studied irrigation water quality parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH) and indices (PI, MAR, RSC, KI, SAR, and %Na) fall within the permissible limit in both lakes, indicating the suitability of such water for irrigation purposes. In addition, based on the SAR vs. EC plot, all the results from both lakes fall in the S1 category, signifying low sodium hazard. Concerning EC, most of the samples demonstrate the C1 category and few are in the C2 category (in Ghodaghodi) whereas the C1 category predominates for Rara. According to IWQI, all water samples in both lakes fall in the class I category, which supports the results of other indices indicating the suitability of water for irrigation purposes.
{"title":"Index Based Irrigation Suitability of Ramsar Sites (Rara and Ghodaghodi) in Western Nepal","authors":"R. Bhatta, S. Gurung, Rajendra Joshi, Shrija Tuladhar, Dikshya Regmi, Lekhendra Tripathee, Rukumesh Paudyal, Junming Guo, Shichang Kang, Chhatra Mani Sharma","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62685","url":null,"abstract":"The present study highlights the water quality of two important Ramsar sites of western Nepal (Ghodaghodi and Rara lakes) in terms of irrigation use. Based on land use patterns and location accessibility, 13 sites in Ghodaghodi and 18 in Rara were considered and the samplings were performed in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Different physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), major cations, and anion (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3-) were measured. The calculated indices were permeability index percentage (PI), sodium percentage (%Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelly’s index (KI). Major ions were analyzed using ion chromatography including field and procedural blanks to maintain quality standards, whereas on-site parameters were measured by using standard multi-meter probes. The studied irrigation water quality parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH) and indices (PI, MAR, RSC, KI, SAR, and %Na) fall within the permissible limit in both lakes, indicating the suitability of such water for irrigation purposes. In addition, based on the SAR vs. EC plot, all the results from both lakes fall in the S1 category, signifying low sodium hazard. Concerning EC, most of the samples demonstrate the C1 category and few are in the C2 category (in Ghodaghodi) whereas the C1 category predominates for Rara. According to IWQI, all water samples in both lakes fall in the class I category, which supports the results of other indices indicating the suitability of water for irrigation purposes.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"216 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62680
Jasana Maharjan, P. Shakya
Chocolates are among the sweet food items consumed by all age groups particularly children in Nepal. However, this foodstuff may be contaminated with heavy metals from the raw ingredients, production, and packaging methods, which could bring serious health issues. Therefore, this study aimed to determine cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) in a total of thirty-seven different brands of milk-based, cocoa-based, and sugar-based chocolates available in local grocery shops of Kathmandu city, Nepal and to evaluate associated health risks in children and adults using USEPA deterministic approaches. The results revealed concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the range of 0.021 – 0.585, 1.90 – 7.24, and 0.57 – 4.29 mg/kg respectively in studied chocolates and an overall mean concentration of 0.199, 4.22, and 1.94 mg/kg respectively. The observed concentrations exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by FAO/WHO (2001). A higher concentration of all studied metals was found in cocoa-based chocolate compared to milk-based and sugar-based chocolates. The positive and significant correlations (p < 0.05) among Cd, Ni, and Pb in studied chocolates indicate the possibility of contamination from common sources. Similarly, the estimated ADDing values were higher for all metals in cocoa-based chocolate for both children and adults. However, children were more prone to metals exposure than adults since their dietary intake was higher than adults. Cocoa-based chocolate in this study posed a non-carcinogenic risk to both children and adults since their hazard index (HI) values exceeded the acceptable limit (>1.0). In addition, Cd and Ni posed carcinogenic risks to both receptor groups through the consumption of all three categories of chocolate. Therefore, this study suggested the use of less contaminated raw materials in chocolates as well as regular monitoring of the production chain as an attempt to ensure the quality and safety of the food products.
{"title":"Evaluation of heavy metals in different brands of chocolates marketed in Kathmandu, Nepal, and their associated health risks","authors":"Jasana Maharjan, P. Shakya","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62680","url":null,"abstract":"Chocolates are among the sweet food items consumed by all age groups particularly children in Nepal. However, this foodstuff may be contaminated with heavy metals from the raw ingredients, production, and packaging methods, which could bring serious health issues. Therefore, this study aimed to determine cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) in a total of thirty-seven different brands of milk-based, cocoa-based, and sugar-based chocolates available in local grocery shops of Kathmandu city, Nepal and to evaluate associated health risks in children and adults using USEPA deterministic approaches. The results revealed concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb in the range of 0.021 – 0.585, 1.90 – 7.24, and 0.57 – 4.29 mg/kg respectively in studied chocolates and an overall mean concentration of 0.199, 4.22, and 1.94 mg/kg respectively. The observed concentrations exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by FAO/WHO (2001). A higher concentration of all studied metals was found in cocoa-based chocolate compared to milk-based and sugar-based chocolates. The positive and significant correlations (p < 0.05) among Cd, Ni, and Pb in studied chocolates indicate the possibility of contamination from common sources. Similarly, the estimated ADDing values were higher for all metals in cocoa-based chocolate for both children and adults. However, children were more prone to metals exposure than adults since their dietary intake was higher than adults. Cocoa-based chocolate in this study posed a non-carcinogenic risk to both children and adults since their hazard index (HI) values exceeded the acceptable limit (>1.0). In addition, Cd and Ni posed carcinogenic risks to both receptor groups through the consumption of all three categories of chocolate. Therefore, this study suggested the use of less contaminated raw materials in chocolates as well as regular monitoring of the production chain as an attempt to ensure the quality and safety of the food products.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"22 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62690
Chandradip Kumar Yadav, Tulasi Prasad Niraula, S. Neupane, Amar Prasad Yadav, A. Bhattarai
Surfactant is a surface-active agent. Surfactants have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) portions in their molecular structure, effective inhibitors for the protection of mild steel in an acidic medium, the weight loss methods were used at lab temperature to evaluate the effect of surfactant cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the corrosion protection behavior of Mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Inhibition efficiency, weight loss, corrosion rate, and surface coverage area of Mild steel in different concentrations of surfactant were studied. The results showed that the Inhibition efficiency of cetyl pyridinium chloride is 99.86%, which is greater than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (99.85%) in the presence of 0.5 M H2SO4.
表面活性剂是一种表面活性剂。表面活性剂的分子结构中既有亲水（吸水）部分，也有疏水（拒水）部分，是保护酸性介质中低碳钢的有效抑制剂。在实验室温度下，采用失重法评估了表面活性剂十六烷基吡啶氯化物（CPC）和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对 0.5 M H2SO4 溶液中低碳钢腐蚀保护行为的影响。研究了不同浓度表面活性剂对低碳钢的抑制效率、重量损失、腐蚀速率和表面覆盖面积。结果表明，在 0.5 M H2SO4 溶液中，十六烷基氯化吡啶的抑制效率为 99.86%，高于十二烷基硫酸钠的抑制效率（99.85%）。
{"title":"Study of Anti-Corrosion Properties of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride","authors":"Chandradip Kumar Yadav, Tulasi Prasad Niraula, S. Neupane, Amar Prasad Yadav, A. Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62690","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactant is a surface-active agent. Surfactants have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) portions in their molecular structure, effective inhibitors for the protection of mild steel in an acidic medium, the weight loss methods were used at lab temperature to evaluate the effect of surfactant cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the corrosion protection behavior of Mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Inhibition efficiency, weight loss, corrosion rate, and surface coverage area of Mild steel in different concentrations of surfactant were studied. The results showed that the Inhibition efficiency of cetyl pyridinium chloride is 99.86%, which is greater than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (99.85%) in the presence of 0.5 M H2SO4.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"36 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62687
A. Bhattarai, Man Singh
The precise measurements of petrol interfacial tension (IFT) in the presence of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at room temperature by Mansingh Survismeter are reported. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate was varied from above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) to cover the minimum and maximum concentrations of the investigated surfactant. Petrol was taken from the dealer in Nepal and used without purification. Therefore, when surfactant is added to the system, the surfactant decreases its free energy, thus decreasing its surface tension
{"title":"The interfacial tension at the liquid junction of petrol and Sodium dodecyl sulphate solution","authors":"A. Bhattarai, Man Singh","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62687","url":null,"abstract":"The precise measurements of petrol interfacial tension (IFT) in the presence of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at room temperature by Mansingh Survismeter are reported. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate was varied from above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) to cover the minimum and maximum concentrations of the investigated surfactant. Petrol was taken from the dealer in Nepal and used without purification. Therefore, when surfactant is added to the system, the surfactant decreases its free energy, thus decreasing its surface tension","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62684
Khageshwari Bhatta, Gauri Devi Sharma, K. Bohara, Mahesh Kumar Joshi
Plastic debris is one of the most significant organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. Researchers are currently focusing on the impact of micro and nano-scale plastic waste on aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated the distribution of plastic pellets and fragments present in the freshwater ecosystem. The goal was to assess microplastic (MP) abundance in the Hanumante River, a tributary of the Bagmati River, and analyze their properties. Sample collection involved the bottle sampling method. Filtration, wet peroxide oxidation, density separation, gravimetric analysis, and microscopic examination were performed to study the characteristics of microplastics. The study was conducted by following the guidelines of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) protocol. Gravimetric analysis was applied to calculate the reduced mass of the sample after total organic carbon reduction. Results showed that the maximum amount of reduced sample was obtained from the sample taken from sample taken from Madhyapur Thimi area (~3.593g) and the minimum amount of reduced sample was obtained from the sample taken from the Shiva temple Jagati area (~2.130g). Microscopic inspection showed that samples taken from different locations were composed of an average of 14–23 microplastics per liter of sample. FT-IR analysis was performed to analyze the characteristics of microplastics and the type of polymers present in the sample which showed the abundance of polymer materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycarbonates. The findings imply that appropriate plastic waste management measures be implemented in the communities to safeguard the ecosystem benefits derived from the river.
{"title":"Assessment of Microplastics in Hanumante River of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Khageshwari Bhatta, Gauri Devi Sharma, K. Bohara, Mahesh Kumar Joshi","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62684","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic debris is one of the most significant organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. Researchers are currently focusing on the impact of micro and nano-scale plastic waste on aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated the distribution of plastic pellets and fragments present in the freshwater ecosystem. The goal was to assess microplastic (MP) abundance in the Hanumante River, a tributary of the Bagmati River, and analyze their properties. Sample collection involved the bottle sampling method. Filtration, wet peroxide oxidation, density separation, gravimetric analysis, and microscopic examination were performed to study the characteristics of microplastics. The study was conducted by following the guidelines of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) protocol. Gravimetric analysis was applied to calculate the reduced mass of the sample after total organic carbon reduction. Results showed that the maximum amount of reduced sample was obtained from the sample taken from sample taken from Madhyapur Thimi area (~3.593g) and the minimum amount of reduced sample was obtained from the sample taken from the Shiva temple Jagati area (~2.130g). Microscopic inspection showed that samples taken from different locations were composed of an average of 14–23 microplastics per liter of sample. FT-IR analysis was performed to analyze the characteristics of microplastics and the type of polymers present in the sample which showed the abundance of polymer materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycarbonates. The findings imply that appropriate plastic waste management measures be implemented in the communities to safeguard the ecosystem benefits derived from the river.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62688
Gan B. Bajracharya, Rabina Dhakal, Sulochana Timalsina
Under microwave irradiation conditions, 2'-hydroxy chalcones 1a-c underwent AcOH-mediated cyclization in an oxa-Michael addition manner to afford flavanones 2a-c in acceptable yields (up to 82%). These reactions proceeded in a shorter reaction time (~ 30 min) through microwave activation; otherwise, the reaction would take several days and even weeks, if a conventional heating process was employed. For example, cyclization of (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (1a) has required 4 days of stirring with AcOH (0.25 M), under conventional heating at 100 °C, to produce 2-phenylchroman-4-one (2a), in 75% yield; while under microwave conditions, the reaction has yielded 82% of compound 2a, after 30 min. Thus obtained products 2a-c were fully characterized by recording of melting point together with UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra.
{"title":"Microwave-Accelerated Synthesis of Flavanones through Oxidative Cyclization of 2'-Hydroxychalcones Using Acetic Acid as a Sole Catalyst","authors":"Gan B. Bajracharya, Rabina Dhakal, Sulochana Timalsina","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62688","url":null,"abstract":"Under microwave irradiation conditions, 2'-hydroxy chalcones 1a-c underwent AcOH-mediated cyclization in an oxa-Michael addition manner to afford flavanones 2a-c in acceptable yields (up to 82%). These reactions proceeded in a shorter reaction time (~ 30 min) through microwave activation; otherwise, the reaction would take several days and even weeks, if a conventional heating process was employed. For example, cyclization of (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (1a) has required 4 days of stirring with AcOH (0.25 M), under conventional heating at 100 °C, to produce 2-phenylchroman-4-one (2a), in 75% yield; while under microwave conditions, the reaction has yielded 82% of compound 2a, after 30 min. Thus obtained products 2a-c were fully characterized by recording of melting point together with UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"5 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62683
Bigyan Joshi, N. L. Bhandari, S. Shyaula, Uttam Budathoki, R. Gyawali, Panna Thapa
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. As it belongs to the biopharmaceutical classification system IV due to its poor water solubility and permeability restricts its use in clinical application. So, the research is focused on the development of hydrogel containing encapsulated liposomes of ursolic acid to increase its permeability. The ursolic acid liposomal gel was prepared with a 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% mixture of carbopol 934P and HPMC K4M as gelling agents. The pH and spreadability of liposomal gel were found to be in the range of (6.93±0.035 to 7.12±0.03) and (15.41±0.36 to 24.47±0.90) g.cm/sec respectively. The drug content was found to be in (19.77±0.02 to 20.11±0.02)%. The study of drug release kinetics showed Higuchi release followed by a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The result of the permeation study by Franz diffusion cell showed 1.55 times higher compared to the plain gel at the 5th hour of the study with a flux value of 0.455(mg/cm2/hr). It resolved the fast and enhanced delivery of liposomal ursolic acid through the skin membrane.
{"title":"Design of Hydrogel for the Drug Delivery of Less Permeable Ursolic Acid Isolated from Rhododendron arboreum Flower in Animal Skin Membrane","authors":"Bigyan Joshi, N. L. Bhandari, S. Shyaula, Uttam Budathoki, R. Gyawali, Panna Thapa","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62683","url":null,"abstract":"Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. As it belongs to the biopharmaceutical classification system IV due to its poor water solubility and permeability restricts its use in clinical application. So, the research is focused on the development of hydrogel containing encapsulated liposomes of ursolic acid to increase its permeability. The ursolic acid liposomal gel was prepared with a 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% mixture of carbopol 934P and HPMC K4M as gelling agents. The pH and spreadability of liposomal gel were found to be in the range of (6.93±0.035 to 7.12±0.03) and (15.41±0.36 to 24.47±0.90) g.cm/sec respectively. The drug content was found to be in (19.77±0.02 to 20.11±0.02)%. The study of drug release kinetics showed Higuchi release followed by a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The result of the permeation study by Franz diffusion cell showed 1.55 times higher compared to the plain gel at the 5th hour of the study with a flux value of 0.455(mg/cm2/hr). It resolved the fast and enhanced delivery of liposomal ursolic acid through the skin membrane.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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