Anisakis simplex, a parasitic nematode transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, is known to cause gastric anisakidosis, often accompanied by acute inflammatory and allergic responses. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we established a murine model by orally infecting BALB/c mice with live Anisakis larvae to elucidate the host immune response. Repeated infection with live Anisakis larvae, but not with homogenates, induced severe gastric inflammation, accompanied by a marked elevation of total IgE, Anisakis-specific IgE, Ani s 1-specific IgE, and interleukin (IL)-5 in the serum. Active cutaneous anaphylaxis confirmed the presence of functional Anisakis-specific IgE capable of mediating immediate hypersensitivity. Flow cytometry of gastric lamina propria cells showed increased infiltration of IL-5 producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), eosinophils, IL-4 producing T helper (Th) cells and B cells in mice with repeated infection. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed widespread localization of IL-33-positive cells in the gastric mucosa, consistent with the observed increased levels of truncated IL-33 and total IL-33. These findings suggest that Anisakis infection induces a type 2 immune response through IL-33-driven activation of ILC2s followed by Th2 development, thereby promoting eosinophilia and antigen-specific IgE. This model enables new insights of Anisakis-associated allergic inflammation and may serve as future therapeutic studies.
{"title":"Anisakis infection induces IgE responses resulting from ILC2 and Th2 cell activation via IL-33 in the murine stomach","authors":"Shinya Hidano , Kazuhiro Mizukami , Kohei Shirakami , Hideyuki Ito , Kazunori Matsumura , Astri Dewayani , Sotaro Ozaka , Benjawan Saechue , Shimpei Ariki , Takashi Ozaki , Kaori Noguchi , Yomei Kagoshima , Spanuch Ekronarongchai , Masaaki Okamoto , Naganori Kamiyama , Nozomi Sachi , Takashi Sekiya , Satoshi Takaki , Kazunari Murakami , Takashi Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Anisakis simplex</em>, a parasitic nematode transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, is known to cause gastric anisakidosis, often accompanied by acute inflammatory and allergic responses. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we established a murine model by orally infecting BALB/c mice with live <em>Anisakis</em> larvae to elucidate the host immune response. Repeated infection with live <em>Anisakis</em> larvae, but not with homogenates, induced severe gastric inflammation, accompanied by a marked elevation of total IgE, <em>Anisakis</em>-specific IgE, Ani s 1-specific IgE, and interleukin (IL)-5 in the serum. Active cutaneous anaphylaxis confirmed the presence of functional <em>Anisakis</em>-specific IgE capable of mediating immediate hypersensitivity. Flow cytometry of gastric lamina propria cells showed increased infiltration of IL-5 producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), eosinophils, IL-4 producing T helper (Th) cells and B cells in mice with repeated infection. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed widespread localization of IL-33-positive cells in the gastric mucosa, consistent with the observed increased levels of truncated IL-33 and total IL-33. These findings suggest that <em>Anisakis</em> infection induces a type 2 immune response through IL-33-driven activation of ILC2s followed by Th2 development, thereby promoting eosinophilia and antigen-specific IgE. This model enables new insights of <em>Anisakis</em>-associated allergic inflammation and may serve as future therapeutic studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103163
Macarena S. De Martino , Guillermo E. Teran , Patricia M.C. Romero , Felipe Alonso , Melisa Moncada , German Reig Cardarella , Gaston Aguilera , Martin M. Montes
{"title":"Corrigendum to First report of Saccocoelioides nanii (Digenea: Haploporidae) infecting an extremophile host, Jenynsia sulfurica (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) Parasitology International, Volume 110 (2026), 103148","authors":"Macarena S. De Martino , Guillermo E. Teran , Patricia M.C. Romero , Felipe Alonso , Melisa Moncada , German Reig Cardarella , Gaston Aguilera , Martin M. Montes","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Notoedric mange, caused by Notoedres cati (N. cati), is a rare but severe parasitic skin disease primarily affecting stray cats, with zoonotic potential. This case report describes a one-year-old intact male European Shorthair presented with extensive cervico-facial skin lesions and systemic illness signs. Clinical examination revealed severe pruritus, alopecia, thick crusts, bilateral erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa and deep pyoderma, with the maximum severity score on the clinical mange scale. Complementary tests confirmed N. cati infestation through skin scrapings and ear wax examination, alongside concurrent Toxocara cati, Dipylidium spp., and Giardia duodenalis infections. Hematological findings indicated a systemic inflammatory response. Treatment comprised topical and systemic antiparasitics (esafoxolaner, praziquantel, eprinomectin and fenbendazole), oral antibiotics (cephalexin), antipruritic therapy (prednisolone), and supportive skin care. Follow-up examinations at days 8, 12, 15, and 21 demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, with resolution of mange, endoparasitic infections, otitis, and deep pyoderma by the end of treatment. This case highlights the need for early recognition and comprehensive management of notoedric mange, particularly in stray feline populations. The observed association between N. cati infestation and otitis externa suggests that its role in feline ear disease may be underestimated.
{"title":"Notoedres cati-induced bilateral erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa in a cat","authors":"Lorena-Eliza Mastan , Andrada-Silvia Cârstolovean , Lavinia-Alexandra Lipan , Ligia-Rebeca Muntean , Ioana-Mădălina Moraru , Aurora-Livia Ursache , Bogdan Sevastre , Viorica Mircean","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Notoedric mange, caused by <em>Notoedres cati</em> (<em>N. cati</em>), is a rare but severe parasitic skin disease primarily affecting stray cats, with zoonotic potential. This case report describes a one-year-old intact male European Shorthair presented with extensive cervico-facial skin lesions and systemic illness signs. Clinical examination revealed severe pruritus, alopecia, thick crusts, bilateral erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa and deep pyoderma, with the maximum severity score on the clinical mange scale. Complementary tests confirmed <em>N. cati</em> infestation through skin scrapings and ear wax examination, alongside concurrent <em>Toxocara cati</em>, <em>Dipylidium</em> spp., and <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> infections. Hematological findings indicated a systemic inflammatory response. Treatment comprised topical and systemic antiparasitics (esafoxolaner, praziquantel, eprinomectin and fenbendazole), oral antibiotics (cephalexin), antipruritic therapy (prednisolone), and supportive skin care. Follow-up examinations at days 8, 12, 15, and 21 demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, with resolution of mange, endoparasitic infections, otitis, and deep pyoderma by the end of treatment. This case highlights the need for early recognition and comprehensive management of notoedric mange, particularly in stray feline populations. The observed association between <em>N. cati</em> infestation and otitis externa suggests that its role in feline ear disease may be underestimated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103179
Eduardo Montalvo , Camila Lara-Cazorla , V. Neira , Eder Cano-Pérez , M. Páez , Byron Fuertes-Flores , Tatiana Guevara-Bahamonde , Gabriela Echeverría-Garcés , E. Castro-Lalangui , E. Rivadeneira , Diego Álvarez Pico , Nery Giler Zambrano , Génesis García-Díaz
This report describes the first documented case in Ecuador of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri, in coinfection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). A 23-year-old male with a history of severe traumatic brain injury developed central nervous system infection symptoms after VPS placement. Despite targeted antibiotics for MRSA, clinical deterioration continued. Whole genome sequencing confirmed N. fowleri, prompting antiparasitic treatment with amphotericin B and fluconazole, resulting in partial improvement. This case underscores the need to consider rare pathogens in atypical neurological cases and highlights the diagnostic value of genome sequencing in complex infections.
{"title":"Post-neurosurgical meningitis by Naegleria fowleri and Staphylococcus aureus in Ecuador: A case report","authors":"Eduardo Montalvo , Camila Lara-Cazorla , V. Neira , Eder Cano-Pérez , M. Páez , Byron Fuertes-Flores , Tatiana Guevara-Bahamonde , Gabriela Echeverría-Garcés , E. Castro-Lalangui , E. Rivadeneira , Diego Álvarez Pico , Nery Giler Zambrano , Génesis García-Díaz","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report describes the first documented case in Ecuador of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by <em>Naegleria fowleri</em>, in coinfection with methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). A 23-year-old male with a history of severe traumatic brain injury developed central nervous system infection symptoms after VPS placement. Despite targeted antibiotics for MRSA, clinical deterioration continued. Whole genome sequencing confirmed <em>N. fowleri</em>, prompting antiparasitic treatment with amphotericin B and fluconazole, resulting in partial improvement. This case underscores the need to consider rare pathogens in atypical neurological cases and highlights the diagnostic value of genome sequencing in complex infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103151
Yifei Li , Hongsen Yu , Xiaolin Zeng , Tianyu Li , Xuhai Li , Ting Wu , Xiangyu Yan , Qixi Li , Chenhan Bu , Qi Sun , Jingjing Wang , Ershun Zhou , Zhengtao Yang
Assemblage E of Giardia duodenalis, primarily infecting ruminants, has been relatively understudied both in vivo and in vitro. Due to unsuccessful attempts at in vitro cultivation, this study focused on establishing an economical, stable, and clinically relevant experimental animal model for Assemblage E infections. Cysts were purified from bovine feces via 33 % zinc sulfate flotation, with Assemblage E identity confirmed by gdh gene sequencing. Nine five – day - old Mongolian gerbils were randomly allocated into control group (PBS), low-dose group (5 × 104cysts), and high-dose group (1 × 105cysts) averagely, Gerbils were received bovine-derived Assemblage E cysts via oral gavage, all infected subjects were undergone of necropsy at 8 days post-infection. Longitudinal monitoring result demonstrated that gerbils in infected groups exhibited growth retardation and excreted soft feces compared with controls. Histopathological examination result revealed that massive trophozoite were colonized on atrophied duodenal villi, meanwhile, enterocyte boundary was effacement in high-dose group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) detection result were showed that the trophozoite density decline along the intestinal tract: duodenum>jejunum>ileum. That could be confirmed the characteristic of trophozoite duodenal tropism. Encystation dynamics analysis was identified bile acid-mediated morphological transformation in the ileum through SEM, the process of encystation with trophozoite rounding, ventral disc degeneration and cyst wall formation. These results could recapitulate the complete life cycle of Assemblage E in experimental hosts, this study provided a validated model for investigating host-specific about giardiasis pathogenesis.
{"title":"Observation of Giardia duodenalis infection in Mongolian gerbils: Cysts isolated from bovine feces","authors":"Yifei Li , Hongsen Yu , Xiaolin Zeng , Tianyu Li , Xuhai Li , Ting Wu , Xiangyu Yan , Qixi Li , Chenhan Bu , Qi Sun , Jingjing Wang , Ershun Zhou , Zhengtao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assemblage E of <em>Giardia duodenalis</em>, primarily infecting ruminants, has been relatively understudied both in vivo and in vitro. Due to unsuccessful attempts at in vitro cultivation, this study focused on establishing an economical, stable, and clinically relevant experimental animal model for Assemblage E infections. Cysts were purified from bovine feces via 33 % zinc sulfate flotation, with Assemblage E identity confirmed by gdh gene sequencing. Nine five – day - old Mongolian gerbils were randomly allocated into control group (PBS), low-dose group (5 × 10<sup>4</sup>cysts), and high-dose group (1 × 10<sup>5</sup>cysts) averagely, Gerbils were received bovine-derived Assemblage E cysts via oral gavage, all infected subjects were undergone of necropsy at 8 days post-infection. Longitudinal monitoring result demonstrated that gerbils in infected groups exhibited growth retardation and excreted soft feces compared with controls. Histopathological examination result revealed that massive trophozoite were colonized on atrophied duodenal villi, meanwhile, enterocyte boundary was effacement in high-dose group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) detection result were showed that the trophozoite density decline along the intestinal tract: duodenum>jejunum>ileum. That could be confirmed the characteristic of trophozoite duodenal tropism. Encystation dynamics analysis was identified bile acid-mediated morphological transformation in the ileum through SEM, the process of encystation with trophozoite rounding, ventral disc degeneration and cyst wall formation. These results could recapitulate the complete life cycle of Assemblage E in experimental hosts, this study provided a validated model for investigating host-specific about giardiasis pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199
Supipi H. Wijesundara , T.C. Weeraratne , F. Noordeen , W.A. Priyanka P. de Silva
Aedes albopictus is a key vector of arboviral transmission, and its widespread adaptability to diverse breeding habitats makes control efforts challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial communities and physicochemical characteristics of Ae. albopictus breeding sites across selected localities in Sri Lanka and to assess their potential influence on adult mosquito fitness using adult body size as an indicator. A total of 133 positive breeding sites were surveyed across eight districts. Breeding sites were categorized by premise type, container type, nature (natural or artificial), and as indoor or outdoor. From a subset of 73 representing breeding sites, microbial cultures were isolated, and bacterial diversities were assessed. Adult emergence rate was recorded under standardized rearing conditions, and female body size was estimated using wing length measurements. Physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, were reported for each breeding site. Each breeding site consisted of 2–6 distinct bacterial morphotypes, with Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter proteolyticus, and Bacillus subtilis as the most frequently reported species. The physicochemical properties of the breeding water (temperature, conductivity, TDS, and DO) were significantly different between sites (P < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the diversity of bacteria and the wing length of mosquitoes. A relatively weak correlation was noted between the body size measurements and the bacterial abundance. A moderate explanatory power was present between water quality parameters, microbial composition, and the adult Ae. albopictus body size (R2 = 27.7 %).
{"title":"Microbiome and physicochemical properties of breeding waters of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Sri Lanka","authors":"Supipi H. Wijesundara , T.C. Weeraratne , F. Noordeen , W.A. Priyanka P. de Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aedes albopictus</em> is a key vector of arboviral transmission, and its widespread adaptability to diverse breeding habitats makes control efforts challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial communities and physicochemical characteristics of <em>Ae. albopictus</em> breeding sites across selected localities in Sri Lanka and to assess their potential influence on adult mosquito fitness using adult body size as an indicator. A total of 133 positive breeding sites were surveyed across eight districts. Breeding sites were categorized by premise type, container type, nature (natural or artificial), and as indoor or outdoor. From a subset of 73 representing breeding sites, microbial cultures were isolated, and bacterial diversities were assessed. Adult emergence rate was recorded under standardized rearing conditions, and female body size was estimated using wing length measurements. Physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, were reported for each breeding site. Each breeding site consisted of 2–6 distinct bacterial morphotypes, with <em>Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter proteolyticus</em>, and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> as the most frequently reported species. The physicochemical properties of the breeding water (temperature, conductivity, TDS, and DO) were significantly different between sites (<em>P</em> < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the diversity of bacteria and the wing length of mosquitoes. A relatively weak correlation was noted between the body size measurements and the bacterial abundance. A moderate explanatory power was present between water quality parameters, microbial composition, and the adult <em>Ae. albopictus</em> body size (R<sup>2</sup> = 27.7 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145564964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166
Romana Teixeira , João Lozano , Isilda Flor , Carlos Pinto , Maria Constança Pomba , Luís Madeira de Carvalho
In the Azores archipelago, data regarding environmental contamination by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is inexistent till the moment. The current study aimed to assess the environmental contamination with helminth eggs, in soil samples collected from public parks/gardens and beaches from three islands belonging to the Azores archipelago (Portugal): Faial, Terceira and São Miguel. Between June–December 2024, a total of 37 soil samples were collected from 26 public parks/gardens and 11 public beaches, and processed using the Mini-FLOTAC method to calculate parasites' prevalences and burdens (eggs/oocysts per gram of soil, EPG/OPG). Overall, a total of 35 % of the sampled sites were contaminated with helminth eggs, with the environmental contamination being higher in public parks or gardens (46 %), in comparison with beach areas (9 %). The majority of positive sites were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs (30 %), followed by Ancylostomatidae (11 %) and Trichuris spp. (11 %) eggs. São Miguel and Terceira islands presented higher rates of soil contamination, when compared to Faial Island. The overall helminth egg intensity was the following: Toxocara spp. (157 EPG), Trichuris spp. (59 EPG) and Ancylostomatidae (38 EPG). Faial island presented the lowest EPG levels, regarding all parasite species, being Toxocara spp. EPG levels significantly lower than the remaining islands surveyed (p = 0.02). The present study provides new and relevant data concerning environmental contamination by STHs with zoonotic potential in the Azores archipelago, and revealed that the analysis of soil samples is an important approach to be included in integrated pet parasite control programs.
在亚速尔群岛，目前还没有关于土壤传播蠕虫（STHs）污染环境的数据。目前的研究旨在评估从亚速尔群岛（葡萄牙）的三个岛屿（Faial， Terceira和s o Miguel）的公园/花园和海滩收集的土壤样本中的蠕虫卵对环境的污染。在2024年6月至12月期间，从26个公园/花园和11个公共海滩收集了37份土壤样本，并使用Mini-FLOTAC方法进行处理，计算寄生虫的流行率和负担（每克土壤中卵/卵囊，EPG/OPG）。总体而言，35%的采样地点被蠕虫卵污染，与海滩地区（9%）相比，公园或花园的环境污染程度更高（46%）。以弓形虫虫卵污染最多（30%），其次是钩虫虫卵（11%）和毛滴虫虫卵（11%）。与法亚尔岛相比，米格尔岛和特塞拉岛的土壤污染率更高。虫卵总密度依次为：弓形虫（157 EPG）、毛虫（59 EPG）和钩虫（38 EPG）。在所有寄生虫种类中，法亚尔岛的EPG水平最低，为弓形虫，显著低于其他岛屿（p = 0.02）。本研究提供了亚速尔群岛具有人畜共患潜力的海生虫污染环境的最新相关数据，并揭示了土壤样品分析是宠物寄生虫综合控制计划的重要方法。
{"title":"Soil-transmitted helminth eggs in public areas of Azores archipelago, Portugal","authors":"Romana Teixeira , João Lozano , Isilda Flor , Carlos Pinto , Maria Constança Pomba , Luís Madeira de Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Azores archipelago, data regarding environmental contamination by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is inexistent till the moment. The current study aimed to assess the environmental contamination with helminth eggs, in soil samples collected from public parks/gardens and beaches from three islands belonging to the Azores archipelago (Portugal): Faial, Terceira and São Miguel. Between June–December 2024, a total of 37 soil samples were collected from 26 public parks/gardens and 11 public beaches, and processed using the Mini-FLOTAC method to calculate parasites' prevalences and burdens (eggs/oocysts per gram of soil, EPG/OPG). Overall, a total of 35 % of the sampled sites were contaminated with helminth eggs, with the environmental contamination being higher in public parks or gardens (46 %), in comparison with beach areas (9 %). The majority of positive sites were contaminated with <em>Toxocara</em> spp. eggs (30 %), followed by Ancylostomatidae (11 %) and <em>Trichuris</em> spp. (11 %) eggs. São Miguel and Terceira islands presented higher rates of soil contamination, when compared to Faial Island. The overall helminth egg intensity was the following: <em>Toxocara</em> spp. (157 EPG), <em>Trichuris</em> spp. (59 EPG) and Ancylostomatidae (38 EPG). Faial island presented the lowest EPG levels, regarding all parasite species, being <em>Toxocara</em> spp. EPG levels significantly lower than the remaining islands surveyed (<em>p</em> = 0.02). The present study provides new and relevant data concerning environmental contamination by STHs with zoonotic potential in the Azores archipelago, and revealed that the analysis of soil samples is an important approach to be included in integrated pet parasite control programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Echinorhynchids are a group of globally distributed acanthocephalan parasites mainly of freshwater, brackish and marine fishes and occasionally, reptiles and amphibians. During several parasitology surveys in the Gulf of Mexico and Northeast Pacific, Mexico, acanthocephalans were recovered from two marine fish species. The specimens from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as Caballerorhynchus lamothei (Cavisomidae), a typical parasite of the striped mojarra, whereas adult acanthocephalans from the Northeast Pacific, Mexico, from the Garibaldi fish exhibited morphological characteristics belonging to the family Transvenidae. Sequences from the small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) of mitochondrial DNA were obtained for both species. The new sequences were aligned with other sequences available in the GenBank dataset from Echinorhynchida. Phylogenetic trees inferred with the combined (SSU + LSU), concatenated (SSU + LSU+ cox 1), and cox 1 datasets consistently placed the two species into two independent lineages. The species C. lamothei from Cavisomidae was placed in a clade together with members from Spinulacorpidae, Rhadinorhynchidae and Transvenidae, suggesting that Cavisomidae is paraphyletic. The unidentified specimens were nested inside a clade formed by members of Transvenidae. Morphologically, the new samples presented a combination of unique diagnostic traits, which was not observed in other members of the Transvenidae family. Therefore, the genus Darwinorhynchus was created to accommodate a new species named herein as Darwinorhynchus bajacaliforniaensis n. gen., n. sp. The current record from a transvenid acanthocephalan expands its distribution range to the northern Pacific in the Americas, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf.
棘球绦虫是一种分布于全球的棘头类寄生虫，主要寄生于淡水、咸淡鱼和海洋鱼类，偶尔也寄生于爬行动物和两栖动物。在墨西哥湾和墨西哥东北太平洋的几次寄生虫学调查中，从两种海鱼中发现了棘头类。来自墨西哥湾的棘头鱼标本被鉴定为条纹鱼的典型寄生虫Caballerorhynchus lamothei (Cavisomidae)，而来自墨西哥东北太平洋的加里波第鱼（Garibaldi fish）的棘头鱼成虫的形态特征属于Transvenidae科。从两个物种的核糖体DNA的小亚基（SSU）和大亚基（LSU）以及线粒体DNA的细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1 （cox 1）中获得序列。新序列与来自Echinorhynchida的GenBank数据集中的其他序列进行了比对。用组合（SSU + LSU）、串联（SSU + LSU+ cox 1）和cox 1数据集推断的系统发育树一致地将这两个物种置于两个独立的谱系中。家鼠科的家鼠与棘足科、鼠足科和Transvenidae的成员被放在一个分支中，表明家鼠科是附生的。这些身份不明的标本被嵌套在一个由Transvenidae成员组成的分支中。形态学上，新样本呈现出独特的诊断特征组合，这在其他Transvenidae家族成员中没有观察到。因此，Darwinorhynchus属的创建是为了容纳一个新物种，本文将其命名为Darwinorhynchus bajacaliforniaensis n. gen., n. sp.。目前记录的跨venid棘头虫将其分布范围扩大到北太平洋、美洲、印度洋和阿拉伯湾。
{"title":"Morphological and molecular data reveal a new genus and species from the family Transvenidae (Echinorhynchida: Palaeacanthocephala) from Bahía de Todos los Santos, Northeast Pacific, Mexico","authors":"Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar , Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García , Martín García-Varela","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Echinorhynchids are a group of globally distributed acanthocephalan parasites mainly of freshwater, brackish and marine fishes and occasionally, reptiles and amphibians. During several parasitology surveys in the Gulf of Mexico and Northeast Pacific, Mexico, acanthocephalans were recovered from two marine fish species. The specimens from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as <em>Caballerorhynchus lamothei</em> (Cavisomidae), a typical parasite of the striped mojarra, whereas adult acanthocephalans from the Northeast Pacific, Mexico, from the Garibaldi fish exhibited morphological characteristics belonging to the family Transvenidae. Sequences from the small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) of mitochondrial DNA were obtained for both species. The new sequences were aligned with other sequences available in the GenBank dataset from Echinorhynchida. Phylogenetic trees inferred with the combined (SSU + LSU), concatenated (SSU + LSU+ cox 1), and cox 1 datasets consistently placed the two species into two independent lineages. The species <em>C. lamothei</em> from Cavisomidae was placed in a clade together with members from Spinulacorpidae, Rhadinorhynchidae and Transvenidae, suggesting that Cavisomidae is paraphyletic. The unidentified specimens were nested inside a clade formed by members of Transvenidae. Morphologically, the new samples presented a combination of unique diagnostic traits, which was not observed in other members of the Transvenidae family. Therefore, the genus <em>Darwinorhynchus</em> was created to accommodate a new species named herein as <em>Darwinorhynchus bajacaliforniaensis</em> n. gen., n. sp. The current record from a transvenid acanthocephalan expands its distribution range to the northern Pacific in the Americas, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103188
Sugandika Bulumulla , Amanda Ash , Una Ryan , Barry Combs , Andrew Larkins , Nevada Pingault , Damien Bradford , Amanda D. Barbosa
Cryptosporidium species are an important cause of diarrhoeal disease worldwide. Many countries reported declines in cryptosporidiosis incidence during COVID-19 restrictions, followed by marked increases post-COVID. A similar pattern has been observed in Australia, with record-high case numbers reported across multiple states in 2024–2025, including Western Australia (WA), where an outbreak occurred in 2025. Between 1st January – 30th June 2025, WA reported a statewide total of 1110 human cryptosporidiosis cases, which is substantially higher than the previous years. In the present study, a subset of WA cases from 2025 was investigated using contact tracing and molecular typing and compared with subtypes circulating in 2023 and 2024. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and gp60 loci identified three Cryptosporidium species: C. hominis (91.5 %, 108/118), C. parvum (6.8 %, 8/118), and C. meleagridis (1.7 %, 2/118), comprising 13 distinct subtypes, over the three years. Notably, a previously rare C. hominis subtype, IeA11G3T3, emerged in 2023 and by 2025 had become the dominant subtype (92.1 %, 70/76) of samples typed. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of a representative subset of IeA11G3T3 isolates (n = 13) showed that all sequences were identical, except for one isolate from 2024, which contained three insertions: an 18-bp repeat in the cp-47 gene and both a 12-bp and a 6-bp repeat in the dz-hrgp gene. The C. hominis IeA11G3T3 subtype has also recently emerged as a dominant subtype in several other countries, although the factors driving its emergence remain unclear.
{"title":"Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species in Western Australian human populations (2023–2025), and the emergence of rare C. hominis IeA11G3T3 subtype","authors":"Sugandika Bulumulla , Amanda Ash , Una Ryan , Barry Combs , Andrew Larkins , Nevada Pingault , Damien Bradford , Amanda D. Barbosa","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> species are an important cause of diarrhoeal disease worldwide. Many countries reported declines in cryptosporidiosis incidence during COVID-19 restrictions, followed by marked increases post-COVID. A similar pattern has been observed in Australia, with record-high case numbers reported across multiple states in 2024–2025, including Western Australia (WA), where an outbreak occurred in 2025. Between 1st January – 30th June 2025, WA reported a statewide total of 1110 human cryptosporidiosis cases, which is substantially higher than the previous years. In the present study, a subset of WA cases from 2025 was investigated using contact tracing and molecular typing and compared with subtypes circulating in 2023 and 2024. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and <em>gp60</em> loci identified three <em>Cryptosporidium</em> species: <em>C. hominis</em> (91.5 %, 108/118), <em>C. parvum</em> (6.8 %, 8/118), and <em>C. meleagridis</em> (1.7 %, 2/118), comprising 13 distinct subtypes, over the three years. Notably, a previously rare <em>C. hominis</em> subtype, IeA11G3T3, emerged in 2023 and by 2025 had become the dominant subtype (92.1 %, 70/76) of samples typed. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of a representative subset of IeA11G3T3 isolates (<em>n</em> = 13) showed that all sequences were identical, except for one isolate from 2024, which contained three insertions: an 18-bp repeat in the <em>cp-47</em> gene and both a 12-bp and a 6-bp repeat in the <em>dz-hrgp</em> gene. The <em>C. hominis</em> IeA11G3T3 subtype has also recently emerged as a dominant subtype in several other countries, although the factors driving its emergence remain unclear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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