Abstract The advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM) over conventional manufacturing processes are incontestable: complex geometries of obtained parts, wide variety of materials (polymers, composites, low melting metal alloys) used, simple and cost-effective process. Material Extrusion (ME) (piston, filament or screw) is the most widespread AM technology. In this paper, a comparative analysis of different materials used in high reinforcement 3D printing is made. Thus, ceramic and metallic composites, composites with titanium particles, AISI M2 high speed steel powder and Nickel 625 alloy are presented. The conclusion of each study is that increasing powder concentration (up to 65%, by volume) increases parts density (up to 90%), improves sintering process, but narrows process parameters. A balance between raw material properties and processing parameters must be sought to obtain custom parts with optimal properties.
{"title":"Obtaining Metal Parts by Additive Manufacturing, as an Alternative to Traditional Manufacturing Methods – A Review","authors":"Lucian-Corneliu Dârlău","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM) over conventional manufacturing processes are incontestable: complex geometries of obtained parts, wide variety of materials (polymers, composites, low melting metal alloys) used, simple and cost-effective process. Material Extrusion (ME) (piston, filament or screw) is the most widespread AM technology. In this paper, a comparative analysis of different materials used in high reinforcement 3D printing is made. Thus, ceramic and metallic composites, composites with titanium particles, AISI M2 high speed steel powder and Nickel 625 alloy are presented. The conclusion of each study is that increasing powder concentration (up to 65%, by volume) increases parts density (up to 90%), improves sintering process, but narrows process parameters. A balance between raw material properties and processing parameters must be sought to obtain custom parts with optimal properties.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134359078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the influence of the temperature on vertical to the part that has more than 100 mm.
摘要本文介绍了温度对大于100mm的零件垂直度的影响。
{"title":"The Variation of Temperature with the Heights of 3D Printed ABS Parts","authors":"B. Rădulescu, Mara-Cristina Rădulescu","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the influence of the temperature on vertical to the part that has more than 100 mm.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121154689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Due to the multiple advantages of 3D printing, it is used in many industrial fields, from robotics to the food industry, from the automotive industry to the aerospace industry. The results in the paper refer to parts obtained by 3D printing (longitudinal and transverse) from PLA reinforced with wood fibers of 100%, 200% and 300% widths compared to the parts obtained by pressing. The behavior of reinforced parts of the PLA with wood fibers and a bio-additive were also studied. There were no noticeable differences in tensile strength when printing in the transverse direction from the parts obtained by pressing, and in the case of longitudinal printing the behavior is similar. Instead, there is a significant decrease in traction resistance to transverse printing compared to the longitudinal one. The variation in the width of the printed part influences the mechanical behavior in the sense that in the parts printed at 0° a more ductile behavior was recorded with its increase. The adhesion between wood fibers and matrix can be improved using a bioamide, and the addition of only 1.3% of the bio-additive led to an increase in traction resistance due to improved adhesion between wood fibers. There was also a slight increase in the rigidity of the parts due to the increase in Young’s module. The impact resistance was much higher in the case of notchless sample because, as is natural, they can absorb more energy compared to notched sample.
{"title":"The Influence of 3D Printing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Reinforced PLA – A Review","authors":"M. Ilie","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to the multiple advantages of 3D printing, it is used in many industrial fields, from robotics to the food industry, from the automotive industry to the aerospace industry. The results in the paper refer to parts obtained by 3D printing (longitudinal and transverse) from PLA reinforced with wood fibers of 100%, 200% and 300% widths compared to the parts obtained by pressing. The behavior of reinforced parts of the PLA with wood fibers and a bio-additive were also studied. There were no noticeable differences in tensile strength when printing in the transverse direction from the parts obtained by pressing, and in the case of longitudinal printing the behavior is similar. Instead, there is a significant decrease in traction resistance to transverse printing compared to the longitudinal one. The variation in the width of the printed part influences the mechanical behavior in the sense that in the parts printed at 0° a more ductile behavior was recorded with its increase. The adhesion between wood fibers and matrix can be improved using a bioamide, and the addition of only 1.3% of the bio-additive led to an increase in traction resistance due to improved adhesion between wood fibers. There was also a slight increase in the rigidity of the parts due to the increase in Young’s module. The impact resistance was much higher in the case of notchless sample because, as is natural, they can absorb more energy compared to notched sample.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129579069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Digital transformation is a global process that has an impact on all economic, administrative, and social domains. In industrial sectors, particularly in manufacturing industries, the widespread implementation of concepts and principles of Industry 4.0 is underway. Digital transformation involves operationalizing the principles of Industry 4.0, and companies are determined to formulate implementation strategies for the digitization process. A preliminary step in this endeavor is evaluating the level of digital maturity or preparedness for digitization, for which various tools are utilized. This paper discusses some evaluation tools, how they are structured, and the information they provide.
{"title":"Particularities of the Digital Transformation of the Manufacturing Industries","authors":"E. Loghin, Adrian Vâlcu, I. Verzea","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Digital transformation is a global process that has an impact on all economic, administrative, and social domains. In industrial sectors, particularly in manufacturing industries, the widespread implementation of concepts and principles of Industry 4.0 is underway. Digital transformation involves operationalizing the principles of Industry 4.0, and companies are determined to formulate implementation strategies for the digitization process. A preliminary step in this endeavor is evaluating the level of digital maturity or preparedness for digitization, for which various tools are utilized. This paper discusses some evaluation tools, how they are structured, and the information they provide.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129984764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents an overview of injection mold failures and alternatives in repairing these expensive tools. During the injection mold operations the main components are subjected to wear and require some form of repair. The typical defects of the components of the plastic injection moulds are cracks and the typical repair route is presented. Among the analyzed processes, namely TIG welding, plasma welding and laser welding, the laser welding process has a number of advantages that make it suitable for linear repairs, for small moulds and for face repairs. For each process a series of specific advantages but also slightly different fields of application are presented. The most advanced welding repair equipment uses ND: YAG laser technology and the main differences compared to TIG welding are presented.
{"title":"An Overview on Advances in Injection Moulding Remanufacturing","authors":"F. Dimitriu, N. Seghedin, D. Chitariu","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents an overview of injection mold failures and alternatives in repairing these expensive tools. During the injection mold operations the main components are subjected to wear and require some form of repair. The typical defects of the components of the plastic injection moulds are cracks and the typical repair route is presented. Among the analyzed processes, namely TIG welding, plasma welding and laser welding, the laser welding process has a number of advantages that make it suitable for linear repairs, for small moulds and for face repairs. For each process a series of specific advantages but also slightly different fields of application are presented. The most advanced welding repair equipment uses ND: YAG laser technology and the main differences compared to TIG welding are presented.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129588258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrian D. Munteanu, Emilian Păduraru, F. Cioată, Madalina Ciobanu
Abstract The analysis of the methods and devices of measuring and verifying the angular dimensions leads to the conclusion that technologies have been developed and can be further developed for the control of angles between flat surfaces, for the application of which existing control equipment can be used, as well as other types, solutions, variants of technological devices for controlling angular dimensions. This diversity is mainly due to the diversity of the parameters and parts to be controlled and the diversity of the technical systems in which the technological devices are integrated, respectively, their constructive and functional parameters. Morphological matrices are one of the most effective tools for structuring, systematizing, combining, and evaluating existing solutions in this specific field and, it aims to make the research activity more efficient, thanks to its creative potential. The present paper considers the solutions for location-positioning with tilting devices using morphological box and presents the main principial solutions to develop the proper constructive solution in this specific field. Both the spatial and the flat morphological matrix are taken into consideration.
{"title":"Morphological Matrices Application in Case of Location-Positioning Devices with Tiltable Plate","authors":"Adrian D. Munteanu, Emilian Păduraru, F. Cioată, Madalina Ciobanu","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The analysis of the methods and devices of measuring and verifying the angular dimensions leads to the conclusion that technologies have been developed and can be further developed for the control of angles between flat surfaces, for the application of which existing control equipment can be used, as well as other types, solutions, variants of technological devices for controlling angular dimensions. This diversity is mainly due to the diversity of the parameters and parts to be controlled and the diversity of the technical systems in which the technological devices are integrated, respectively, their constructive and functional parameters. Morphological matrices are one of the most effective tools for structuring, systematizing, combining, and evaluating existing solutions in this specific field and, it aims to make the research activity more efficient, thanks to its creative potential. The present paper considers the solutions for location-positioning with tilting devices using morphological box and presents the main principial solutions to develop the proper constructive solution in this specific field. Both the spatial and the flat morphological matrix are taken into consideration.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130937220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper studies the effect of the presence of a thermal interface material between a heat source and a heat sink. A heat sink is used as a passive cooling device for a thick film heating element used as a heat source. The heating element is fixed using 2 screws. The temperatures are measured in 2 scenarios: first, where the heating element is placed directly on the heat sink, and second, where a thermal pad is placed between the heat source and heat sink. Using a similar CAD model as the one tested and the same boundary conditions, finite element analysis were solved. The goal is to see if the finite element method delivers similar results as the measured ones and if the method is reliable in predicting the thermal behaviour of the electronic components. Temperature measurements show an improvement in heat source cooling when the thermal interface material is placed between the heat source and heating element. Also, the temperatures from the finite element analysis are similar to the measured ones, making the method reliable for similar applications.
{"title":"A Study on the Influence of Thermal Interface Material in Passively Cooled Electrical Components with Attached Heatsink","authors":"G. Chiriac, C. Dumitraș, Ionuţ Mertic","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper studies the effect of the presence of a thermal interface material between a heat source and a heat sink. A heat sink is used as a passive cooling device for a thick film heating element used as a heat source. The heating element is fixed using 2 screws. The temperatures are measured in 2 scenarios: first, where the heating element is placed directly on the heat sink, and second, where a thermal pad is placed between the heat source and heat sink. Using a similar CAD model as the one tested and the same boundary conditions, finite element analysis were solved. The goal is to see if the finite element method delivers similar results as the measured ones and if the method is reliable in predicting the thermal behaviour of the electronic components. Temperature measurements show an improvement in heat source cooling when the thermal interface material is placed between the heat source and heating element. Also, the temperatures from the finite element analysis are similar to the measured ones, making the method reliable for similar applications.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123982315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents a study on the determination of the tool paths in manufacturing by external or internal 2D contour milling (using an end mill cutter as tool) of a cycloidal disc and a cycloidal ring used inside a cycloidal reducer in two versions: with rotary pins as gear teeth placed on stator (in gear with cycloidal disc) and with rotary pins placed on rotor (in gear with cycloidal ring). These tool paths should be described by the Cartesian coordinates of the points on the 2D closed trajectory of the tool axis. The 2D profiles of a cycloidal disc (or a cycloidal ring) in transverse section and an analytic geometric approach are used in order to find out these tool paths, having a shape of distorted epicycloids or hypocycloids. Even though this goal is simply solvable on CNC milling machines by cutting radius compensation, some particularities of 2D profiles for a cycloidal disc (or a cycloidal ring) impose a specific theoretical approach on this topic. Some algorithms for tool path detection were proposed, verified and validated by simulation in Matlab on both 2D profiles.
{"title":"A Study on Tool Path Generation in 2D Contour Milling of Cycloidal Discs and Rings Used in Cycloidal Reducers","authors":"M. Horodinca","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a study on the determination of the tool paths in manufacturing by external or internal 2D contour milling (using an end mill cutter as tool) of a cycloidal disc and a cycloidal ring used inside a cycloidal reducer in two versions: with rotary pins as gear teeth placed on stator (in gear with cycloidal disc) and with rotary pins placed on rotor (in gear with cycloidal ring). These tool paths should be described by the Cartesian coordinates of the points on the 2D closed trajectory of the tool axis. The 2D profiles of a cycloidal disc (or a cycloidal ring) in transverse section and an analytic geometric approach are used in order to find out these tool paths, having a shape of distorted epicycloids or hypocycloids. Even though this goal is simply solvable on CNC milling machines by cutting radius compensation, some particularities of 2D profiles for a cycloidal disc (or a cycloidal ring) impose a specific theoretical approach on this topic. Some algorithms for tool path detection were proposed, verified and validated by simulation in Matlab on both 2D profiles.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125109970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the paper are present a practical procedure involving the determination of crack propagation rate using da/dN software. The procedure of the tests, the presentation of the da/dN software and its operation, the hypothesis and the conditions of the experiment and the results obtained from the experiment were presented. The determination of the yield strength and elastic characteristics was used, in which the steps for carrying out an experiment in the laboratory were explained. This was carried out by choosing the materials, presenting the apparatus and the specimen to be analyzed, and the results obtained from the experiment. It should be mentioned that da/dN software was used to obtain the results. The paper illustrates the dependencies between crack growth and the number of loading cycles, demonstrated by two experimental methods. The theoretical part underlying the two experimental methods, the calculation relations used, the importance and role of the da/dN software in their realization are discussed, and the conclusions of the study are presented at the end.
{"title":"Determination of Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate by Two Methods","authors":"Fayez Samara, Layth Al-Kisswani, V. Goanță","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the paper are present a practical procedure involving the determination of crack propagation rate using da/dN software. The procedure of the tests, the presentation of the da/dN software and its operation, the hypothesis and the conditions of the experiment and the results obtained from the experiment were presented. The determination of the yield strength and elastic characteristics was used, in which the steps for carrying out an experiment in the laboratory were explained. This was carried out by choosing the materials, presenting the apparatus and the specimen to be analyzed, and the results obtained from the experiment. It should be mentioned that da/dN software was used to obtain the results. The paper illustrates the dependencies between crack growth and the number of loading cycles, demonstrated by two experimental methods. The theoretical part underlying the two experimental methods, the calculation relations used, the importance and role of the da/dN software in their realization are discussed, and the conclusions of the study are presented at the end.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133925775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, we will discover the importance of the stress calculation method with the help of finite elements in design. The aim is to reduce the stress concentration factor, and this is achieved by subjecting to analysis several 3D models that highlight different particular cases. It will be possible to observe different finite element analyzes for different bars with different stress concentrators. This way we can compare the different results obtained and we will be able to make a suitable decision in the case of a design calculation, choosing the most advantageous constructive solution.
{"title":"Designing to Minimize the Influence of Stress Concentrators","authors":"Layth Al-Kisswani, Fayez Samara, V. Goanță","doi":"10.2478/bipcm-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we will discover the importance of the stress calculation method with the help of finite elements in design. The aim is to reduce the stress concentration factor, and this is achieved by subjecting to analysis several 3D models that highlight different particular cases. It will be possible to observe different finite element analyzes for different bars with different stress concentrators. This way we can compare the different results obtained and we will be able to make a suitable decision in the case of a design calculation, choosing the most advantageous constructive solution.","PeriodicalId":244525,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133214321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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