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Discourse Analysis Of Resistance Uses Linguistic Style In Arabic Social Media 阿拉伯语社交媒体中抵制语言风格的话语分析
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v9i1.35728
Maisa Yahya Mahmoud Abu-Athreh, Ashinida Aladdin
Social media has become a powerful tool for oppressed individuals and communities to express their resilience, protest, and resistance in conflict settings. Focusing on the 2023 Palestine-Israel conflict, this study examines the linguistic techniques used by Palestinians to express resilience, struggle, and solidarity in social media posts published on the Facebook accounts of Al Jazeera Channel and Palestine TV, as well as on the Telegram accounts of Gaza Now and Warlife3. It also examines the role of their language in preserving the identity, religion, and culture of the Palestinian community. Moreover, the study analyzes how linguistic narratives contribute to strengthening solidarity, unity, and hope among the Palestinian people. The study corpus is examined through the lens of Mediated Discourse Analysis proposed by Norris and Jones (2005) and Scollon (2001). The analysis showed a repertoire of linguistic strategies reflecting gender discourse and sociocultural resilience. While Palestinian men employed direct quotations and declarative structure to reinforce a tone of resistance and determination, Palestinian women used emotive language, rhetorical questions, metaphors, vocative forms, and repetition to humanize the struggle. Both genders used religious expressions to solidify cultural and spiritual resistance. Inclusive pronouns and reference to Jihad were used to construct collective solidarity. The findings contribute to the gendered resistance discourse by showing how gendered linguistic styles are used to reinforce resilience and foster solidarity in conflict settings. The findings expand MDA's applicability in examining narratives of resistance and collective empowerment.
社交媒体已成为受压迫的个人和社区在冲突环境中表达韧性、抗议和抵抗的有力工具。本研究以2023年的巴以冲突为重点,研究了巴勒斯坦人在Al Jazeera频道和巴勒斯坦电视台的Facebook账户以及Gaza Now和Warlife3的电报账户上发布的社交媒体帖子中表达坚韧、斗争和团结的语言技巧。它还考察了他们的语言在维护巴勒斯坦社区的身份、宗教和文化方面的作用。此外,该研究还分析了语言叙事如何有助于加强巴勒斯坦人民之间的团结、统一和希望。研究语料库通过Norris and Jones(2005)和Scollon(2001)提出的中介话语分析的视角进行检验。分析显示了一系列反映性别话语和社会文化弹性的语言策略。巴勒斯坦男性使用直接引用和陈述性结构来加强抵抗和决心的基调,而巴勒斯坦女性则使用情感语言、修辞问题、隐喻、呼召形式和重复来使斗争人性化。男女双方都使用宗教表达来巩固文化和精神上的抵抗。包容性代词和对圣战的指称被用来构建集体团结。研究结果通过展示如何使用性别语言风格来增强冲突环境中的复原力和促进团结,为性别抵抗话语做出了贡献。这些发现扩大了MDA在研究抵抗和集体赋权叙事方面的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
The Issue Of Arabic Speaking Skills Among Malay Learners: What Is Missing? 马来语学习者的阿拉伯语口语技能问题:缺失了什么?
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v8i1.26521
Sueraya Binti Che Haron, Nurazzelena Abdullah, Sabrina Che Haron, Mohd Ieruwan Mohamed Mokhtar
The persistent challenges Malay learners face in acquiring Arabic speaking skills have been extensively studied for decades, yet practical solutions remain elusive. Previous research has approached this issue with the intent of solving it from various angles, including curriculum design, teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and extracurricular activities involving both educators and students, yet the problem persists essentially unchanged. This paper adopts a novel approach by examining the gaps in our efforts to address the issue. It seeks to identify where our strategies falter, what crucial elements are lacking, and where we should begin anew. Embracing the notion that returning to Arabic tradition may offer valuable insights, this study delves into Ibn Khaldun's concept of "malakah," which provides a nuanced discussion of Arabic language instruction. This approach inherently emphasizes the practical dimension of language acquisition. The study underscores the deficiencies in current approaches and proposes pragmatic solutions to bridge the gap.
马来语学习者在获得阿拉伯语口语技能方面所面临的持续挑战已经被广泛研究了几十年,但实际的解决方案仍然难以捉摸。以往的研究试图从课程设计、教学方法、学习策略、教师与学生共同参与的课外活动等多个角度来解决这一问题,但这一问题基本没有改变。本文采用了一种新颖的方法,通过研究我们在解决这一问题的努力中的差距。它试图确定我们的战略在哪里出现问题,缺乏哪些关键因素,以及我们应该从哪里重新开始。拥抱回归阿拉伯传统可能提供有价值的见解的概念,本研究深入研究了伊本·赫勒敦的“马拉卡”概念,这为阿拉伯语教学提供了微妙的讨论。这种方法本质上强调了语言习得的实践维度。该研究强调了当前方法的不足之处,并提出了缩小差距的务实解决办法。
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引用次数: 1
Communicative Functions in Arabic Grammatical Structures In Primary School Textbooks (KSSR) 2017 Malaysia/ الوظائف التواصلية في الأساليب النحوية العربية من خلال الكتب المدرسية الابتدائية 2017 بماليزيا 通过马来西亚2017年小学课本,支持2017年阿拉伯文字教学方法交流功能
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v8i1.28243
Siti Norlailasari Mat Saaid, Mohd Nizwan Musling
Communication is the primary function of any language in the world, including Arabic, which is expressed in the form of sentences. Early Arab scholars recognized the importance of the communicative aspect in the structure of Arabic grammar. However, later scholars focus on only one aspect of grammar: inflexion. In contrast, grammar is not limited to the conditions at the ends of words. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the communicative functions through grammatical structures in Arabic language textbooks for primary schools in Malaysia (KSSR) for 2017. This study relies on the descriptive method to achieve its main objectives, utilizing Roman Jakobson's theory of language functions as an analytical framework to uncover the communication process and its functions as realized in the language materials presented in the textbook. The study found that using simple grammatical structures is of utmost importance in enhancing communicative competence among students, which aligns with the curriculum's goal of enabling students to use Arabic communicatively with precision in various situations. The study also shows five communicative functions applied in the Arabic grammatical structures in these books: referential, expressive, conative, phatic, and metalinguistic functions. This study may provide new insights for developers of Arabic curricula, presenting Arabic grammatical sentences from a more comprehensive communicative perspective, theoretically and practically, to improve the quality of Arabic language education in primary schools in particular.
交流是世界上任何语言的主要功能,包括阿拉伯语,它以句子的形式表达。早期的阿拉伯学者认识到交际方面在阿拉伯语语法结构中的重要性。然而,后来的学者只关注语法的一个方面:拐点。相反,语法并不局限于词尾的条件。因此,本研究旨在分析2017年马来西亚小学阿拉伯语教科书(KSSR)中的语法结构的交际功能。本研究以描述的方法来实现其主要目的,利用罗曼·雅各布森的语言功能理论作为分析框架,揭示教材中语言材料所实现的交际过程及其功能。研究发现,使用简单的语法结构对于提高学生的交际能力至关重要,这与课程的目标是一致的,即使学生能够在各种情况下准确地使用阿拉伯语进行交际。研究还显示了这些书中阿拉伯语语法结构中运用的五种交际功能:指称功能、表达功能、意蕴功能、修辞功能和元语言功能。本研究可以为阿拉伯语课程的开发者提供新的见解,从更全面的交际角度呈现阿拉伯语语法句子,在理论和实践上,以提高特别是小学阿拉伯语教育的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Bringing Meanings: AI And Human Collaboration In Unveiling Qur’anic Synonymy and Polysemy 带来意义:人工智能和人类合作揭示古兰经的同义词和一词多义
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v8i1.29910
Abdulrahman Fahad Albalawi
The rich linguistic texture of the Holy Qur’an presents unique difficulties in maintaining the integrity of meanings across languages, especially given the complex interplay of synonyms that often carry subtle distinctions. This study aims to elucidate the contextual meanings, analyse the polysemous nature of بأس (ba’s) (punishment), and investigate the semantic distinctions between the near-synonymous terms بأس (ba’s) and بطش batsha (assault) and their AI-generated and post-edited English translations of the Qur’an. Adopting the Relation by Contrast Approach to Synonyms (RC-S) by Murphy (2003), the study utilises a qualitative approach to identify the semantic layers of meanings of the selected Qur’anic synonyms. The analysis reveals that بأس (ba’s) is polysemous in the Qur’anic text, capturing diverse meanings like punishment, battle, and hardship, reflecting its complex usage in enhancing thematic and rhetorical aspects of verses, unlike its near-synonym بطش (batsha) which is more narrowly defined as "assault." While ChatGPT’s translations of بأس (ba’s) vary in accuracy, highlighting the AI’s challenge in capturing context-specific meanings, the translation of بطش (batsha) as "grasp" fails to convey the aggressive connotations of "assault," which necessitates significant refinements by human editors to align renderings more closely with the original’s military and theological contexts.
《古兰经》丰富的语言结构给保持跨语言意义的完整性带来了独特的困难,特别是考虑到同义词之间复杂的相互作用,往往带有微妙的区别。本研究旨在阐明《古兰经》中بأس (ba’s)(惩罚)的语境意义,分析其多义词性质,并研究近同义词بأس (ba’s)和بطش batsha(殴打)及其人工智能生成和编辑后的英文翻译之间的语义差异。本研究采用Murphy(2003)的同义词对比关系法(RC-S),采用定性的方法对选取的《古兰经》同义词进行语义层的识别。分析表明,بأس (ba’s)在古兰经文本中是多义的,包含了惩罚、战斗和困难等多种含义,反映了它在增强经文主题和修辞方面的复杂用法,而它的近义词بطش (batsha)则更狭义地定义为“攻击”。虽然ChatGPT翻译的بأس (ba’s)的准确性各不相同,突出了人工智能在捕捉特定上下文含义方面的挑战,但将بطش (batsha)翻译为“抓住”(grasp)未能传达“攻击”(assault)的激进内涵,这需要人类编辑进行重大改进,以使翻译更贴近原文的军事和神学背景。
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引用次数: 4
Comparative Analysis Of AI And Human Translations Of Qur’anic Legal Verses In Surah Al-Ma’idah 人工智能与人工翻译《古兰经》律文的比较分析
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v8i1.28804
Hussein Fahim Abdalhussein
Translation of Qur'anic legal verses, mainly from Surah Al-Mā'idah, poses significant challenges due to its complex legal, theological, and cultural context. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of AI compared to human translation of these verses, highlighting the challenges faced in translating these complex texts into English. Utilizing Rosa's (2010) Approach to Descriptive Translation Studies, this study identifies contextual norms and influences on translation decisions, providing a framework for comparing translation strategies used by AI and human translators. The study adopts a qualitative design, analyzing ten purposefully selected verses from Surah Al-Mā'idah, translated by AI (ChatGPT) and Abdullah Yusuf Ali. This comparative analysis illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of AI and human translation in capturing the detailed nuances of Qur'anic legal verses. Findings indicate that AI translations demonstrate speed and consistency but lack the depth needed to convey theological and legal subtleties accurately. Human translations, on the other hand, exhibit more significant variability. However, they are more adept at reflecting the complex contextual meanings inherent in the original text. These results are of great importance for translation studies, particularly in understanding the capabilities and limitations of AI in translating complex religious texts. The translation of the legal verses of the Qur'an, especially from Surah Al-Mā'idah, poses significant challenges due to its complex legal, theological, and cultural context. The implications of the current study extend to scholars, translators, and religious educators who aim to improve the quality and reliability of Qur'an translations for diverse audiences. This contribution is significant in bridging the gap between traditional translation methods and emerging digital technologies in translating religious texts.
《古兰经》法律经文的翻译,主要来自《马伊达章》,由于其复杂的法律、神学和文化背景,提出了重大挑战。本研究旨在评估人工智能翻译这些经文的准确性和有效性,并强调将这些复杂的文本翻译成英语所面临的挑战。利用Rosa(2010)的描述翻译研究方法,本研究确定了语境规范及其对翻译决策的影响,为比较人工智能和人类译者使用的翻译策略提供了一个框架。该研究采用定性设计,分析了由AI (ChatGPT)和阿卜杜拉·优素福·阿里(Abdullah Yusuf Ali)翻译的《古兰经》中有目的地选择的十节经文。这一比较分析说明了人工智能和人工翻译在捕捉古兰经法律经文细节的细微差别方面的优势和劣势。研究结果表明,人工智能翻译表现出速度和一致性,但缺乏准确传达神学和法律微妙之处所需的深度。另一方面,人类翻译则表现出更大的可变性。然而,他们更善于反映原文中固有的复杂语境意义。这些结果对于翻译研究,特别是理解人工智能在翻译复杂宗教文本中的能力和局限性具有重要意义。古兰经的法律经文的翻译,特别是从苏拉马伊达,提出了重大的挑战,由于其复杂的法律,神学和文化背景。当前研究的意义延伸到学者、翻译人员和宗教教育者,他们的目标是为不同的受众提高古兰经翻译的质量和可靠性。这一贡献在弥合传统翻译方法与新兴数字技术在翻译宗教文本方面的差距方面具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 2
Exploring New Arabic Semantic Paradigms For Understanding The Quran Addressing Interpretive Gaps and Hidden Meanings 探索新的阿拉伯语语义范式以理解《古兰经》,解决解释差距和隐藏意义
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v7i3.27123
Ahmad Ismail
This research proposes a new semantic approach to enhance the understanding of Arabic text in the Quran context. The aim is to bridge the existing gap in interpretation, which primarily relies on semantic web ontology and the linguistic framework developed by Toshihiko Izutsu. This philosophical research seeks to provide new paradigms and transcend the conventional semantic. It argues for the adoption of five methodical steps to uncover the deeper meanings behind the literal text of the Quran: (a) textual context analysis, (b) situational context analysis, (c) integration of intrinsic and extrinsic elements of the Quran, (d) syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, and (e) constructing the meaning of the past and present. This new paradigm challenges the traditional semantic approach to the Quran and facilitates a deeper understanding.
本研究提出了一种新的语义方法,以提高对古兰经语境中阿拉伯语文本的理解。其目的是弥合现有的解释差距,这主要依赖于语义网络本体和由Toshihiko Izutsu开发的语言框架。这一哲学研究旨在提供新的范式,超越传统的语义学。它主张采用五个有条理的步骤来揭示古兰经字面文本背后的更深层次的含义:(a)文本上下文分析,(b)情景上下文分析,(c)古兰经内在和外在元素的整合,(d)综合和范例分析,以及(e)构建过去和现在的意义。这种新的范式挑战了古兰经的传统语义方法,并促进了更深层次的理解。
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引用次数: 1
Student's Perceptions Towards Learning Arabic Language Through Digital Game 学生对通过数字游戏学习阿拉伯语的认知
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v7i3.27873
Wan Ab Aziz Wan Daud
In the current age of widespread digitization, technology has become an essential aspect of our everyday existence, significantly transforming how we gain knowledge and interact with our environment. This study aims to explore students' viewpoints on acquiring the Arabic language by employing digital games. This study used a qualitative methodology and performed semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected 30 college students. Their Arabic language program exposed These students to a digital game for five weeks. The findings revealed that students responded well to learning Arabic using digital games, consistently expressing their experiences in a unique and engaging educational environment. The post-implementation semi-structured interviews indicated that students recognized the integration of digital games as a valuable and advantageous approach, providing a distinct and captivating aspect to conventional learning methods. Hence, the results indicate that incorporating digital games into language teaching improves learning and benefits teachers and students in many courses that adopt this creative method.
在当今广泛数字化的时代,技术已经成为我们日常生活的一个重要方面,极大地改变了我们获取知识和与环境互动的方式。本研究旨在探讨学生对利用数码游戏习得阿拉伯语的看法。本研究采用定性研究方法,对30名大学生进行了半结构化访谈。他们的阿拉伯语课程让这些学生玩了五周的数字游戏。调查结果显示,学生们对使用数字游戏学习阿拉伯语反应良好,在独特且引人入胜的教育环境中不断表达自己的经历。实施后的半结构化访谈表明,学生们认识到数字游戏的整合是一种有价值和有利的方法,为传统的学习方法提供了独特而迷人的方面。因此,研究结果表明,在许多采用这种创造性方法的课程中,将数字游戏融入语言教学可以提高学习效果,并使教师和学生受益。
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引用次数: 1
Vocabulary Learning Strategies Among Malaysian Arabic Foreign Language Learners With Different Gender 不同性别马来西亚阿拉伯语外语学习者词汇学习策略研究
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v7i2.22983
Nadhilah Abdul Pisal, Majdah Chulan, Ummi Syarah Ismail, Noraini Ismail, Nurul Labanihuda Abdull Rahman
Having problems expanding vocabulary in a foreign language is one of the most common worries among students. Teaching students the right approach to learning is one way to assist them in overcoming this issue. Nevertheless, teachers must first be aware of the diverse vocabulary learning strategies used by students with varied preferences before disclosing the specific strategies to them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the types and levels of vocabulary learning strategies employed by students of different genders. Furthermore, it investigates whether there were significant differences in the use of strategies based on gender. The data was gathered using a vocabulary learning strategies questionnaire from 220 Arabic foreign language learners at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perlis Branch, Malaysia. The findings showed that male and female students used strategies at a moderate level. The dictionary strategy was the most frequently used among male and female students. However, these two groups of students utilized different least used strategies: metacognitive strategies for male students and practice strategies for female students. The findings also revealed no significant difference in the overall use of vocabulary learning strategies based on gender. This shows that the pattern of strategies used by male and female students was almost the same. Thus, educators can expose students to a variety of vocabulary learning strategies that serve as reinforcement from the beginning to help students' memory (memory strategies), improve their language skills (practice strategies), and manage their progression in vocabulary learning (metacognitive strategies).
在扩大外语词汇量方面遇到困难是学生们最常见的担忧之一。教学生正确的学习方法是帮助他们克服这个问题的一种方法。然而,教师在向学生透露具体的词汇学习策略之前,必须首先了解不同偏好的学生使用的不同的词汇学习策略。因此,本研究旨在确定不同性别学生使用的词汇学习策略的类型和水平。此外,它还调查了基于性别的策略使用是否存在显着差异。数据收集使用词汇学习策略问卷调查220名阿拉伯语外语学习者在马来西亚理工大学玛拉分校(UiTM) Perlis分校,马来西亚。研究结果表明,男女学生的策略使用水平均为中等水平。男女学生最常使用的是“查字典”策略。然而,这两组学生使用了不同的最少使用策略:男学生的元认知策略和女学生的练习策略。研究结果还显示,性别在词汇学习策略的总体使用上没有显著差异。这表明男女学生使用的策略模式几乎相同。因此,教育者可以让学生接触到各种词汇学习策略,这些策略从一开始就起到强化的作用,帮助学生记忆(记忆策略),提高他们的语言技能(练习策略),并管理他们在词汇学习中的进展(元认知策略)。
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引用次数: 0
International Posture Of Malaysian Learners In Arabic Programme 马来西亚学习者在阿拉伯语项目中的国际姿态
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v6i3.23842
Kaseh Abu Bakar, Lily Hanefarezan Asbulah, Nor Fatini Aqilah Mohamad Soad, Mohd Farhan Ahmad
Language learners with a solid international posture are generally more willing to communicate in the foreign language they learn. However, studies on global posture could have been conducted better, especially for Arabic language learners. Therefore, this study aims to examine the level of readiness of students of Arabic studies programs in terms of international posture. This study uses a quantitative design by distributing online questionnaire instruments to 180 final-year students of the bachelor’s degree from three public universities in Malaysia, namely Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), and International Islamic University (UIA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that students in tertiary Arabic Studies programs in Malaysia report that international posture is in the moderate range but relatively lower. Students need to capitalize on all these aspects, which will directly and indirectly contribute to better achievement in learning Arabic.
具有扎实国际姿态的语言学习者通常更愿意用他们所学的外语进行交流。然而,关于全球姿态的研究本可以做得更好,尤其是针对阿拉伯语学习者。因此,本研究旨在考察阿拉伯研究项目的学生在国际姿态方面的准备水平。本研究采用定量设计,向马来西亚三所公立大学,即马来西亚国民大学(UKM)、马来西亚伊斯兰大学(USIM)和国际伊斯兰大学(UIA)的180名本科毕业班学生发放在线问卷。数据分析采用SPSS version 25。结果显示,马来西亚高等教育阿拉伯研究课程的学生报告说,国际姿态处于中等范围,但相对较低。学生需要利用所有这些方面,这将直接或间接地有助于更好地学习阿拉伯语。
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引用次数: 1
The Analysis of Google Translate Translation Error From Indonesian To Arabic And Tips For Using It /Analisis Kesalahan Terjemahan Google Bahasa Indonesia-Arab Dan Tips Penggunaannya 谷歌翻译从印尼语到阿拉伯语的翻译错误分析及使用技巧 / 谷歌翻译印尼语到阿拉伯语的翻译错误分析及使用技巧
Q4 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.18860/ijazarabi.v6i1.16299
Muhammad Nuruzzaman Syam, Rohmatun Lukluk Isnaini, Lailatu Rohmah, Sofi Naila Sa'adah
The use of Google Translate in translating Indonesian to Arabic still needs improvement. This study aims to analyze various forms of Google Translate errors in translation from Indonesian to Arabic and identify tips for using Google Translate to reduce the mistakes in translation results. This research is descriptive qualitative research using the library research method. The data analysis technique used in this research is content analysis. The discussion in this study includes a definition of translation, the urgency of translation, problematic translation and basis in translating, forms of translation errors using Google Translate, and tips for using Google Translate. The results showed that the results of the Google Translate translation from Indonesian to Arabic still cannot be said to be accurate. Several forms of errors occur, such as nakirah ma'rifat errors, mudzakkar muannats errors, errors in using meaningful harf, errors in using dhomir, mufrad errors, mutsanna jama ', errors in i'rab, errors in the use of fi'il, inaccuracies in translating the subject, predicate, conjunction, and several other positions. Several steps can be taken to minimize the mistakes in the translation results: rearranging the language structure, determining the limits of the sentences to be translated, and adjusting and editing the translation results.
使用谷歌翻译将印尼语翻译成阿拉伯语仍然需要改进。本研究旨在分析印尼语到阿拉伯语翻译中各种形式的谷歌翻译错误,并找出使用谷歌翻译减少翻译结果错误的提示。本研究采用图书馆研究方法进行描述性质的研究。本研究使用的数据分析技术是内容分析。本文讨论了翻译的定义、翻译的紧迫性、问题翻译和翻译依据、使用谷歌翻译的翻译错误形式以及使用谷歌翻译的注意事项。结果表明,谷歌翻译从印尼语到阿拉伯语的翻译结果仍然不能说是准确的。有几种形式的错误,如nakirah ma'rifat错误、mudzakkar muannats错误、使用有意义的harf错误、使用dhomir错误、mufrad错误、mutsanna jama '错误、i'rab错误、使用fi'il错误、翻译主语、谓语、连词和其他几个位置的错误。为了尽量减少翻译结果中的错误,可以采取以下几个步骤:重新安排语言结构,确定要翻译的句子的范围,调整和编辑翻译结果。
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引用次数: 0
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Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning
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