Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-06-01DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432
Zihang Zhou;Shouhei Kidera
This study presents a multidimensional point cloud-based pedestrian activity recognition framework for millimeter-wave (mmW) pedestrian collision avoidance sensors. While many existing methods exploit range-velocity-angle data through Fourier-based processing along array or slow-time dimensions, such approaches face fundamental limitations including a high-frequency mmW radar systems, particularly in the 79-GHz band. These include across-range-unit (ARU) range walk due to high range resolution, a limited unambiguous velocity range, and the inherent tradeoff between temporal and velocity resolutions. To address these issues, we propose a $k$ -decomposed weighted kernel density (WKD)-based range-Doppler velocity estimation method that directly extracts the range, Doppler velocity, direction-of-arrival (DOA) angles, and reflection intensity from point cloud data to overcome the shortcomings of short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based analysis. Furthermore, for pedestrian motion estimation and future trajectory prediction at crosswalks, the proposed framework combines this multidimensional point cloud representation with a Transformer-based model. Specifically, it employs a 12-class classification scheme comprising three walking speed states and four trajectory patterns, and enables accurate prediction of a pedestrian’s final position (1-2 seconds ahead) using only short-term slow-time observations.
{"title":"Pedestrian Activity Recognition and Prediction With Multi-Dimensional Point Cloud-Based Deep Learning for Millimeter Wave Radar","authors":"Zihang Zhou;Shouhei Kidera","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a multidimensional point cloud-based pedestrian activity recognition framework for millimeter-wave (mmW) pedestrian collision avoidance sensors. While many existing methods exploit range-velocity-angle data through Fourier-based processing along array or slow-time dimensions, such approaches face fundamental limitations including a high-frequency mmW radar systems, particularly in the 79-GHz band. These include across-range-unit (ARU) range walk due to high range resolution, a limited unambiguous velocity range, and the inherent tradeoff between temporal and velocity resolutions. To address these issues, we propose a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-decomposed weighted kernel density (WKD)-based range-Doppler velocity estimation method that directly extracts the range, Doppler velocity, direction-of-arrival (DOA) angles, and reflection intensity from point cloud data to overcome the shortcomings of short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based analysis. Furthermore, for pedestrian motion estimation and future trajectory prediction at crosswalks, the proposed framework combines this multidimensional point cloud representation with a Transformer-based model. Specifically, it employs a 12-class classification scheme comprising three walking speed states and four trajectory patterns, and enables accurate prediction of a pedestrian’s final position (1-2 seconds ahead) using only short-term slow-time observations.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1370-1385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11541098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-04-06DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933
Zhenyi Shou;Nianyao Chai;Xiao Yang;Lin Li;Kewen Pan
In this paper, a novel tri-mode hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. Through a special DRA design, the antenna profile is compressed to $0.05~mathrm {lambda }_{{0}}$ . TE${}^{text {y}}_{text {1+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ and TE${}^{text {y}}_{text {2+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ modes of a complex, irregular dielectric resonator are merged to provide the coverage of WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands, while a quarter-wavelength monopole mode of an F-shaped metal strip is excited for the WLAN 2.4-GHz band. Meanwhile, a hybrid fabrication method has been developed including stereolithography (SLA)-based ceramic 3D printing for irregular dielectric resonator fabrication and laser-based selective metal patterning to achieve high-precision integration of metal strip lines ($mathrm {lt }~20~mathrm {mu }$ m accuracy). Measured and simulated results of reflection coefficients along with radiation patterns show good agreement. 6.87% and 23.16% bandwidth coverage have been achieved for WLAN 2.4-GHz and WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands respectively.
提出了一种用于无线局域网的新型三模混合介质谐振器天线（DRA）。通过特殊的DRA设计，将天线轮廓压缩到$0.05~mathrm {lambda }_{{0}}$。将复杂的不规则介电谐振腔的TE ${}^{text {y}}_{text {1+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$和TE ${}^{text {y}}_{text {2+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$模式合并为WLAN提供5.2/5.8 ghz频段的覆盖，同时在WLAN 2.4 ghz频段激发f形金属条的四分之一波长单极子模式。同时，开发了一种混合制造方法，包括基于立体光刻（SLA）的陶瓷3D打印，用于不规则介电谐振器的制造和基于激光的选择性金属图像化，以实现金属带线的高精度集成（$mathrm {lt }~20~mathrm {mu }$ m精度）。反射系数的测量和模拟结果与辐射方向图吻合较好。6.87% and 23.16% bandwidth coverage have been achieved for WLAN 2.4-GHz and WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands respectively.
{"title":"Tri-Mode Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna Fabricated via Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for WLAN Applications","authors":"Zhenyi Shou;Nianyao Chai;Xiao Yang;Lin Li;Kewen Pan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel tri-mode hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. Through a special DRA design, the antenna profile is compressed to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.05~mathrm {lambda }_{{0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. TE<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{text {y}}_{text {1+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{text {y}}_{text {2+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes of a complex, irregular dielectric resonator are merged to provide the coverage of WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands, while a quarter-wavelength monopole mode of an F-shaped metal strip is excited for the WLAN 2.4-GHz band. Meanwhile, a hybrid fabrication method has been developed including stereolithography (SLA)-based ceramic 3D printing for irregular dielectric resonator fabrication and laser-based selective metal patterning to achieve high-precision integration of metal strip lines (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {lt }~20~mathrm {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m accuracy). Measured and simulated results of reflection coefficients along with radiation patterns show good agreement. 6.87% and 23.16% bandwidth coverage have been achieved for WLAN 2.4-GHz and WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands respectively.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1158-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11474904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-06-02DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215
Fábio S. Borges;Letícia T. Lima;Tales C. Pimenta;Daniel C. Nascimento;Renan A. Santos
This paper presents a general spectral-domain synthesis framework for high-gain microstrip patch antenna arrays operating in arbitrary odd ${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ modes. Unlike previous higher-order-mode antennas, whose designs are typically geometry- and mode-dependent, the proposed approach establishes a systematic and scalable methodology that directly links surface-current distribution to radiation characteristics. Within this framework, a conventional ${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ patch is synthesized into a high-gain radiator through suppression of out-of-phase current regions and introduction of parasitic sections that enlarge the effective in-phase radiating aperture, leading to enhanced directivity and reduced sidelobes. To experimentally validate the proposed methodology, a ${mathrm {TM}}_{70}^{z}$ -like element is designed and implemented, achieving a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.63% (7.92–8.05 GHz) for $|$ $S_{11}|leq -10$ dB, a realized gain of 15.3 dBi, and sidelobe levels below −16.6 dB. Building upon this element, a compact four-element array is developed, demonstrating that very-high-order operation enables high gain with a reduced number of radiators and a simplified feeding network. The array achieves a measured impedance bandwidth of 3.8% (7.83–8.13 GHz) and a realized gain of 19.2 dBi, with good agreement between simulations and measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a general and efficient methodology for compact high-gain planar arrays based on arbitrary odd higher-order modes, with reduced complexity compared to conventional low-order-mode arrays.
本文提出了一种用于工作在任意奇数${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$模式下的高增益微带贴片天线阵列的通用谱域合成框架。与以前的高阶模天线不同，其设计通常是几何和模式相关的，所提出的方法建立了一个系统和可扩展的方法，直接将表面电流分布与辐射特性联系起来。在该框架内，通过抑制异相电流区域和引入寄生部分（扩大有效同相辐射孔径），将传统的${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$贴片合成为高增益辐射体，从而增强指向性并减少副瓣。为了实验验证所提出的方法，设计并实现了一个类似${mathrm {TM}}_{70}^{z}$的元件，实现了1.63的测量阻抗带宽% (7.92–8.05 GHz) for $|$ $S_{11}|leq -10$ dB, a realized gain of 15.3 dBi, and sidelobe levels below −16.6 dB. Building upon this element, a compact four-element array is developed, demonstrating that very-high-order operation enables high gain with a reduced number of radiators and a simplified feeding network. The array achieves a measured impedance bandwidth of 3.8% (7.83–8.13 GHz) and a realized gain of 19.2 dBi, with good agreement between simulations and measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a general and efficient methodology for compact high-gain planar arrays based on arbitrary odd higher-order modes, with reduced complexity compared to conventional low-order-mode arrays.
{"title":"High-Gain Microstrip Patch Arrays Using Odd TMZM0 Modes","authors":"Fábio S. Borges;Letícia T. Lima;Tales C. Pimenta;Daniel C. Nascimento;Renan A. Santos","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a general spectral-domain synthesis framework for high-gain microstrip patch antenna arrays operating in arbitrary odd <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes. Unlike previous higher-order-mode antennas, whose designs are typically geometry- and mode-dependent, the proposed approach establishes a systematic and scalable methodology that directly links surface-current distribution to radiation characteristics. Within this framework, a conventional <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch is synthesized into a high-gain radiator through suppression of out-of-phase current regions and introduction of parasitic sections that enlarge the effective in-phase radiating aperture, leading to enhanced directivity and reduced sidelobes. To experimentally validate the proposed methodology, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{70}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-like element is designed and implemented, achieving a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.63% (7.92–8.05 GHz) for <inline-formula> <tex-math>$|$ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{11}|leq -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB, a realized gain of 15.3 dBi, and sidelobe levels below −16.6 dB. Building upon this element, a compact four-element array is developed, demonstrating that very-high-order operation enables high gain with a reduced number of radiators and a simplified feeding network. The array achieves a measured impedance bandwidth of 3.8% (7.83–8.13 GHz) and a realized gain of 19.2 dBi, with good agreement between simulations and measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a general and efficient methodology for compact high-gain planar arrays based on arbitrary odd higher-order modes, with reduced complexity compared to conventional low-order-mode arrays.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1396-1407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11547196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479
Xie He;Jianya Zhang;Qiang Zhou;Changfeng Liang
Rotating magnet based mechanical antenna (RMBMA) is a novel super low frequency electromagnetic transmitting technology. It uses the mechanical rotary motion of permanent magnet to directly excite electromagnetic waves and is expected to achieve the miniaturization of the super low frequency ground-transparent transmitting system. To reveal the ground-transparent propagation characteristics of the RMBMA, this paper establishes a four-layer medium model of air - reinforced concrete - air - underground rock layer. By using the Helmholtz equations and the Sommerfeld integral, the analytical expression of the RMBMA in the four-layer medium is given. Based on the electromagnetic field simulation software FEKO, the correctness of the proposed four-layer medium propagation model is verified, and the directional characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation are analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the reinforced concrete layer conductivity and operating frequency on the propagation characteristics of the RMBMA are investigated, and a method for extending the horizontal transmission distance is provided. A prototype of the RMBMA is set up to conduct ground-transparent propagation and communication experiments. This verifies the feasibility of the scheme and lays a foundation for the realization of efficient and miniaturized ground-transparent communication.
{"title":"A Super-Low-Frequency Transmitter for Ground-Transparent Communication Across a Four-Layer Medium","authors":"Xie He;Jianya Zhang;Qiang Zhou;Changfeng Liang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","url":null,"abstract":"Rotating magnet based mechanical antenna (RMBMA) is a novel super low frequency electromagnetic transmitting technology. It uses the mechanical rotary motion of permanent magnet to directly excite electromagnetic waves and is expected to achieve the miniaturization of the super low frequency ground-transparent transmitting system. To reveal the ground-transparent propagation characteristics of the RMBMA, this paper establishes a four-layer medium model of air - reinforced concrete - air - underground rock layer. By using the Helmholtz equations and the Sommerfeld integral, the analytical expression of the RMBMA in the four-layer medium is given. Based on the electromagnetic field simulation software FEKO, the correctness of the proposed four-layer medium propagation model is verified, and the directional characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation are analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the reinforced concrete layer conductivity and operating frequency on the propagation characteristics of the RMBMA are investigated, and a method for extending the horizontal transmission distance is provided. A prototype of the RMBMA is set up to conduct ground-transparent propagation and communication experiments. This verifies the feasibility of the scheme and lays a foundation for the realization of efficient and miniaturized ground-transparent communication.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1257-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11508163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an efficient method is presented for computing electromagnetic scattering from objects coated with thin graphene-filled honeycomb structures. In the proposed approach, the graphene-filled honeycomb coating is first homogenized as an anisotropic medium characterized by $3times 3$ tensorial relative permittivity and permeability. The homogenized model is then reduced to an equivalent impedance surface described by a $3times 3$ surface-impedance tensor derived from the effective material parameters. Based on this model, a general self-dual combined field integral equation for anisotropic surface impedance, referred to as G-C-SDIE, is formulated. Several representative targets coated with graphene-filled honeycomb structures are investigated. Numerical results are compared with those obtained using the conventional surface integral equation (SIE) method and the hybrid finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. In addition, an electrically large aircraft model is analyzed to demonstrate the flexibility and computational efficiency of the method.
{"title":"Fast Computation of Electromagnetic Scattering by Graphene-Filled Honeycomb Coated Target","authors":"Wei-Jia He;Yong-Xiang Zheng;Xue Yang;Bi-Yi Wu;Sheng Sun;Ming-Lin Yang;Xin-Qing Sheng","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient method is presented for computing electromagnetic scattering from objects coated with thin graphene-filled honeycomb structures. In the proposed approach, the graphene-filled honeycomb coating is first homogenized as an anisotropic medium characterized by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tensorial relative permittivity and permeability. The homogenized model is then reduced to an equivalent impedance surface described by a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> surface-impedance tensor derived from the effective material parameters. Based on this model, a general self-dual combined field integral equation for anisotropic surface impedance, referred to as G-C-SDIE, is formulated. Several representative targets coated with graphene-filled honeycomb structures are investigated. Numerical results are compared with those obtained using the conventional surface integral equation (SIE) method and the hybrid finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. In addition, an electrically large aircraft model is analyzed to demonstrate the flexibility and computational efficiency of the method.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1408-1415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11550178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A planar embedded magneto-electric (ME) circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna achieving symmetrical axial-ratio (AR) beamwidth is presented for mm-wave Satcom applications. Although AR beamwidth is a critical parameter governing polarization stability over wide angular coverage, it is often overlooked in favor of impedance and AR bandwidth. While maintaining symmetric AR beamwdith along two principal cutplanes is preferred for certain applications, such issues have rarely been discussed. In conventional air-cavity-based ME dipoles, the absence of dielectric loading results in symmetrical AR beamwidth across both principal planes due to negligible surface-wave (SW) excitation, thereby preserving a stable quadrature condition. In contrast, planar embedded ME dipoles, which are more suitable for compact front-end integration, introduce significant SW modes at mm-wave frequencies. These SWs capture a portion of the radiated power and coherently re-couple to the radiating currents, resulting in amplitude and phase imbalance between orthogonal field components, thereby degrading AR beamwidth symmetry across the principal planes. To address this limitation, the dipole patches are intentionally placed asymmetrically to disrupt the coherent buildup of surface waves, effectively modifying their coupling with the radiating modes. This approach restores symmetric CP radiation without the need for additional structures or multilayer complexity. Based on this principle, two antenna configurations are developed to realize left-hand and right-hand circular polarization, respectively. Both designs demonstrate symmetrical AR beamwidth, stable CP performance, and a fully planar PCB-compatible structure.
{"title":"Planar CP ME-Dipole Antenna With Surface-Wave Compensation for Symmetric Axial-Ratio Beamwidth in mm-Wave Frontend Systems","authors":"Arpan Desai;Nirbhay Bhojani;Yi-Fan Tsao;Heng-Tung Hsu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","url":null,"abstract":"A planar embedded magneto-electric (ME) circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna achieving symmetrical axial-ratio (AR) beamwidth is presented for mm-wave Satcom applications. Although AR beamwidth is a critical parameter governing polarization stability over wide angular coverage, it is often overlooked in favor of impedance and AR bandwidth. While maintaining symmetric AR beamwdith along two principal cutplanes is preferred for certain applications, such issues have rarely been discussed. In conventional air-cavity-based ME dipoles, the absence of dielectric loading results in symmetrical AR beamwidth across both principal planes due to negligible surface-wave (SW) excitation, thereby preserving a stable quadrature condition. In contrast, planar embedded ME dipoles, which are more suitable for compact front-end integration, introduce significant SW modes at mm-wave frequencies. These SWs capture a portion of the radiated power and coherently re-couple to the radiating currents, resulting in amplitude and phase imbalance between orthogonal field components, thereby degrading AR beamwidth symmetry across the principal planes. To address this limitation, the dipole patches are intentionally placed asymmetrically to disrupt the coherent buildup of surface waves, effectively modifying their coupling with the radiating modes. This approach restores symmetric CP radiation without the need for additional structures or multilayer complexity. Based on this principle, two antenna configurations are developed to realize left-hand and right-hand circular polarization, respectively. Both designs demonstrate symmetrical AR beamwidth, stable CP performance, and a fully planar PCB-compatible structure.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1416-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11554070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents a mixed multilayered cavity-backed slot array antenna for the 27 GHz band, fed by a substrate-integrated groove gap waveguide (SIGGW). The proposed antenna structure is based on a three-layer design, consisting of two dielectric substrates for the feeding network and cavity distribution layer, and a metal layer for a corrugated slot array antenna. In the presented multilevel antenna design, the feeding network and cavity layer are implemented by periodic “Mushroom”-type surfaces, creating electromagnetic band gap properties. This allows for easy assembly of the distinct printed layers without requiring an electrical contact or a bonding layer. Simultaneously, we address the potential issue of energy leakage due to surface roughness or non-flat surfaces. Measurements show good agreement with the simulation results. An impedance bandwidth of 11.7%, ranging from 25.6 to 28.8 GHz, is achieved. The measured normalized radiation patterns are symmetrical, with sidelobe levels below −10 dB at both $varphi $ = 0° and $varphi $ = 90° planes. Finally, the maximum peak gain is measured at 17.72 dBi, along with a radiation efficiency of 84% and an aperture efficiency of 77% at the central operating frequency.
{"title":"A Hybrid Multilayered Slot Array Antenna-Cavity Backed and Fed by Substrate-Integrated Groove Gap Waveguide (SIGGW) Network","authors":"Panagiotis Petroutsos;Sofia Bakogianni;Stavros Koulouridis","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a mixed multilayered cavity-backed slot array antenna for the 27 GHz band, fed by a substrate-integrated groove gap waveguide (SIGGW). The proposed antenna structure is based on a three-layer design, consisting of two dielectric substrates for the feeding network and cavity distribution layer, and a metal layer for a corrugated slot array antenna. In the presented multilevel antenna design, the feeding network and cavity layer are implemented by periodic “Mushroom”-type surfaces, creating electromagnetic band gap properties. This allows for easy assembly of the distinct printed layers without requiring an electrical contact or a bonding layer. Simultaneously, we address the potential issue of energy leakage due to surface roughness or non-flat surfaces. Measurements show good agreement with the simulation results. An impedance bandwidth of 11.7%, ranging from 25.6 to 28.8 GHz, is achieved. The measured normalized radiation patterns are symmetrical, with sidelobe levels below −10 dB at both <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0° and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 90° planes. Finally, the maximum peak gain is measured at 17.72 dBi, along with a radiation efficiency of 84% and an aperture efficiency of 77% at the central operating frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1176-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11494044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522
Ziqi Liu;Wei Yu;Sean Victor Hum
This paper presents a physics-based channel modeling and optimization framework for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) communication systems in site-specific environments. A hybrid ray-tracing (RT) and full-wave electromagnetic analysis approach is developed to construct a deterministic channel model that explicitly captures multipath propagation, RIS scattering behavior, and mutual coupling effects through a non-diagonal load impedance representation. Based on this model, an alternating optimization scheme jointly updates the base-station (BS) beamformer and RIS load impedances to maximize the minimum achievable rate under a total transmit power constraint and practical capacitance limits. The objective of the proposed framework is to provide a reliable initial assessment of the system-level impact of RIS deployment in realistic propagation scenarios. To evaluate this capability, the RIS is operated in a column-paired 1-bit control mode that enables exhaustive evaluation of all realizable configurations in both simulation and measurement. Performance is compared at the distribution level through achievable-rate histograms across all configurations and further examined under small user-location variations. The observed agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates that the proposed framework reliably captures practical performance trends and provides useful guidance for the design and deployment of RIS-assisted MU-MISO systems in site-specific environments.
{"title":"Site-Specific Channel Modeling and Optimization of RIS-Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems","authors":"Ziqi Liu;Wei Yu;Sean Victor Hum","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a physics-based channel modeling and optimization framework for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) communication systems in site-specific environments. A hybrid ray-tracing (RT) and full-wave electromagnetic analysis approach is developed to construct a deterministic channel model that explicitly captures multipath propagation, RIS scattering behavior, and mutual coupling effects through a non-diagonal load impedance representation. Based on this model, an alternating optimization scheme jointly updates the base-station (BS) beamformer and RIS load impedances to maximize the minimum achievable rate under a total transmit power constraint and practical capacitance limits. The objective of the proposed framework is to provide a reliable initial assessment of the system-level impact of RIS deployment in realistic propagation scenarios. To evaluate this capability, the RIS is operated in a column-paired 1-bit control mode that enables exhaustive evaluation of all realizable configurations in both simulation and measurement. Performance is compared at the distribution level through achievable-rate histograms across all configurations and further examined under small user-location variations. The observed agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates that the proposed framework reliably captures practical performance trends and provides useful guidance for the design and deployment of RIS-assisted MU-MISO systems in site-specific environments.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1356-1369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A compact, simple, low-cost, and practical three-in-one antenna architecture, via hybrid integration of a thin PCB-based FR2 millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna array module and a metal-frame-based FR1 microwave antenna, is proposed for the first time for metal-framed 5G and 6G smartphones featuring satellite-direct-to-cell (SDTC) communications. The three-in-one integrated antenna architecture, supporting FR1 cellular/non-cellular, FR2 cellular, and FR1 SDTC functions, is realized by connecting a $1times 4$ mm-wave antenna array module operating in the 5G FR2 band n261 with a maximum scan angle of 45° to the top metal frame of a smartphone, thereby supporting various 5G FR1 bands, such as n1, n2, n5, n7, n13, n20, n25, n26, n29, n30, n34, n38, n39, n40, n41, and n65. In addition to covering the listed 5G FR1 and FR2 cellular bands, the proposed integrated antenna architecture can further support multiple 4G long-term evolution (LTE) bands, including B6, B19, B23, B27, B33, B35, B36, and B37, as well as the non-cellular 2.4-GHz band for WLAN and Bluetooth. Moreover, it is important to note that at 1900 MHz, approximately the center frequency of LTE bands B2 and B25, the radiation pattern from the proposed integrated FR1 microwave antenna is primarily directed upward toward the sky, achieving a high upper-hemisphere power ratio (UHPR) of 70.2%, effectively enhancing SDTC performance. Therefore, the core contribution of this work is to first strategically propose an innovative three-in-one integrated antenna architecture serving as an antenna total solution for smartphones in both current and future generations of mobile communications, in turn strengthening product competitiveness.
{"title":"Compact Three-in-One Integrated Millimeter-Wave and Microwave Antenna Architecture for Metal-Framed 5G/6G Smartphones Featuring Satellite-Direct-to-Cell Communications","authors":"Huan-Chu Huang;Jie Wu;Shuang Cui;Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","url":null,"abstract":"A compact, simple, low-cost, and practical three-in-one antenna architecture, via hybrid integration of a thin PCB-based FR2 millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna array module and a metal-frame-based FR1 microwave antenna, is proposed for the first time for metal-framed 5G and 6G smartphones featuring satellite-direct-to-cell (SDTC) communications. The three-in-one integrated antenna architecture, supporting FR1 cellular/non-cellular, FR2 cellular, and FR1 SDTC functions, is realized by connecting a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm-wave antenna array module operating in the 5G FR2 band n261 with a maximum scan angle of 45° to the top metal frame of a smartphone, thereby supporting various 5G FR1 bands, such as n1, n2, n5, n7, n13, n20, n25, n26, n29, n30, n34, n38, n39, n40, n41, and n65. In addition to covering the listed 5G FR1 and FR2 cellular bands, the proposed integrated antenna architecture can further support multiple 4G long-term evolution (LTE) bands, including B6, B19, B23, B27, B33, B35, B36, and B37, as well as the non-cellular 2.4-GHz band for WLAN and Bluetooth. Moreover, it is important to note that at 1900 MHz, approximately the center frequency of LTE bands B2 and B25, the radiation pattern from the proposed integrated FR1 microwave antenna is primarily directed upward toward the sky, achieving a high upper-hemisphere power ratio (UHPR) of 70.2%, effectively enhancing SDTC performance. Therefore, the core contribution of this work is to first strategically propose an innovative three-in-one integrated antenna architecture serving as an antenna total solution for smartphones in both current and future generations of mobile communications, in turn strengthening product competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1244-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11505825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-08-06DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Instructions for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11644006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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