Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.410
Marwa M. Salem
The decision-making process in Egypt at the ruling time of its fourth president Hosni Mubarak was dominated by the president and a very small core group composed mainly, but not exclusively, of advisers whom he appointed and dismissed. The level of their influence on his decisions was almost wholly dependent on their accessibility to Mubarak himself. Towards the end of his rule, President Mubarak was no longer capable of resuming his duties effectively. Therefore, several of these issues were brought under the responsibility of the ruling elite, whereas other issues were left to be handled by the relevant ministry. It became possible for some parts of the bureaucracy to make a significant impact on foreign policy, particularly on topics not of interest to the ruling elite. This should not negate the effect of the internal dynamics of the foreign ministry on the operationalization of the institution and subsequently on its ability to execute mandates efficiently. Also, some institutions and ‘quasi-foreign policy agencies’ had a role, however small, on foreign policy outcomes and competed with the foreign ministry. Thus, the argument remains that the bureaucratic institution, despite its subordinate role, is partly responsible for Egypt’s foreign policy unhappy ending under Mubarak.
{"title":"The Role of Bureaucratic Politics in Egypt’s Africa Policies under Mubarak","authors":"Marwa M. Salem","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.410","url":null,"abstract":"The decision-making process in Egypt at the ruling time of its fourth president Hosni Mubarak was dominated by the president and a very small core group composed mainly, but not exclusively, of advisers whom he appointed and dismissed. The level of their influence on his decisions was almost wholly dependent on their accessibility to Mubarak himself. Towards the end of his rule, President Mubarak was no longer capable of resuming his duties effectively. Therefore, several of these issues were brought under the responsibility of the ruling elite, whereas other issues were left to be handled by the relevant ministry. It became possible for some parts of the bureaucracy to make a significant impact on foreign policy, particularly on topics not of interest to the ruling elite. This should not negate the effect of the internal dynamics of the foreign ministry on the operationalization of the institution and subsequently on its ability to execute mandates efficiently. Also, some institutions and ‘quasi-foreign policy agencies’ had a role, however small, on foreign policy outcomes and competed with the foreign ministry. Thus, the argument remains that the bureaucratic institution, despite its subordinate role, is partly responsible for Egypt’s foreign policy unhappy ending under Mubarak.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114962857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.405
N. Samoylov, Mariana Muenning
The present paper provides an initial comparison of the image of “the West” in Chinese history teaching materials in the 1950s and 1980s. The focus lies on secondary education, i. e. lower and higher level secondary schools, with an occasional mention of the primary education level and one example drawn from a book directed towards a general readership. School textbooks published in the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s, as well as the accompanying teaching materials, to a large extent, had copied similar textbooks and training programs used in the Soviet Union. This was especially true of textbooks on world history. In the 1950s many Soviet historians visited China and contributed to the development of world history teaching programmes in Chinese universities and schools. It is therefore not surprising that Chinese textbooks on general history sought mostly to emulate Soviet publications. This paper aims to demonstrate the way Chinese textbooks pursued a legitimization of historical materialism by applying it to world (more specifically: western) history. Special emphasis is laid on the Industrial Revolution, which was the driving force behind the development of colonialism. China enters the stage of world history as a victim of Western colonialism, which is seen as the result of capitalism and an expression of worldwide class struggle according to Leninism. It is shown how the West is presented as an aggressor and how Marxism and the Communist Party are seen as legitimate defenders of China. The article concludes with a notable “plot twist” during the Reform and Opening Era, in which the depiction of the Industrial Revolution is altered significantly to give place to the praise of technological progress.
{"title":"From Imperialist to Innovator: Some remarks on the use of “the West” in PRC history curricula and textbooks during the 1950s and 1980s","authors":"N. Samoylov, Mariana Muenning","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.405","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper provides an initial comparison of the image of “the West” in Chinese history teaching materials in the 1950s and 1980s. The focus lies on secondary education, i. e. lower and higher level secondary schools, with an occasional mention of the primary education level and one example drawn from a book directed towards a general readership. School textbooks published in the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s, as well as the accompanying teaching materials, to a large extent, had copied similar textbooks and training programs used in the Soviet Union. This was especially true of textbooks on world history. In the 1950s many Soviet historians visited China and contributed to the development of world history teaching programmes in Chinese universities and schools. It is therefore not surprising that Chinese textbooks on general history sought mostly to emulate Soviet publications. This paper aims to demonstrate the way Chinese textbooks pursued a legitimization of historical materialism by applying it to world (more specifically: western) history. Special emphasis is laid on the Industrial Revolution, which was the driving force behind the development of colonialism. China enters the stage of world history as a victim of Western colonialism, which is seen as the result of capitalism and an expression of worldwide class struggle according to Leninism. It is shown how the West is presented as an aggressor and how Marxism and the Communist Party are seen as legitimate defenders of China. The article concludes with a notable “plot twist” during the Reform and Opening Era, in which the depiction of the Industrial Revolution is altered significantly to give place to the praise of technological progress.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"21 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125890357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.407
Magomed A. Gizbulaev
This paper provides information on the 6th–8th centuries Dagestan history on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic historical work Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings) of at-Tabari which contains data related to the history of the peoples of North Caucasus. In his multi-volume work Abu Ja’far at-Tabari (d.922) gives in detail a world history: describing events from the creation of world and covering through it the history of ancient civilizations known to Muslims. For the most part of the book at-Tabari relates the events in annual reports within the hijra space up to 302/915. The historical work of at-Tabari served as a source for the most of his successors who authored works on universal history in Muslim historiography. At-Tabari’s reports significantly add to his predecessors’ data on the relationships between the Caliphate and polities in the Eastern Caucasus, particularly, the important parts dedicated to Qabq (Caucasus), including al-Bab (Darband), from the time of its conquest (in 40s of the 7th century). Moreover, I compared reports on Dagestan from at-Tabari’s Tarikh ar-rusul and al-Balathuri’s Futuh albudan in order to find out whether the origin of the material is the same for both authors. As a result, only two passages were found that overlap. It should be noted that at-Tabari, in contrast to al-Balathuri, relates the story and events taken in Caliphate in chronological order without attempting to reconcile conflicting messages. The results of this research can further source study in writing the medieval history of Eastern Caucasus.
本文通过对塔巴里的阿拉伯历史著作《先知和国王的历史》(Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk)的翻译、评注和比较分析，提供了6 - 8世纪达吉斯坦历史的信息，该著作包含了与北高加索民族历史相关的数据。在他的多卷本著作中，阿布·贾法尔·塔巴里(公元922年)详细地描述了世界历史:描述了从世界创造开始的事件，并通过它涵盖了穆斯林所知的古代文明的历史。在这本书的大部分篇幅中，at-Tabari讲述了在海吉拉空间的年度报告中的事件，直到302/915年。阿特-塔巴里的历史著作为他的大多数继任者提供了一个资料来源，这些人撰写了关于穆斯林史学中普遍历史的著作。At-Tabari的报告大大增加了他的前任关于哈里发与东高加索政治之间关系的数据，特别是关于Qabq(高加索)的重要部分，包括al-Bab(达尔班德)，从它被征服(7世纪40年代)开始。此外，我还比较了at-Tabari的Tarikh ar-rusul和al-Balathuri的Futuh albudan关于达吉斯坦的报道，以确定两位作者的材料来源是否相同。结果，只有两个段落被发现有重叠。应该指出的是，与al-Balathuri相反，at-Tabari按照时间顺序讲述了发生在哈里发的故事和事件，而没有试图调和相互矛盾的信息。这项研究的结果可以为撰写东高加索中世纪历史提供进一步的研究来源。
{"title":"Reports on Dagestan in the Arabic Historical Work: Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk of at-Tabari","authors":"Magomed A. Gizbulaev","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.407","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides information on the 6th–8th centuries Dagestan history on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic historical work Tarikh ar-rusul wa al-muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings) of at-Tabari which contains data related to the history of the peoples of North Caucasus. In his multi-volume work Abu Ja’far at-Tabari (d.922) gives in detail a world history: describing events from the creation of world and covering through it the history of ancient civilizations known to Muslims. For the most part of the book at-Tabari relates the events in annual reports within the hijra space up to 302/915. The historical work of at-Tabari served as a source for the most of his successors who authored works on universal history in Muslim historiography. At-Tabari’s reports significantly add to his predecessors’ data on the relationships between the Caliphate and polities in the Eastern Caucasus, particularly, the important parts dedicated to Qabq (Caucasus), including al-Bab (Darband), from the time of its conquest (in 40s of the 7th century). Moreover, I compared reports on Dagestan from at-Tabari’s Tarikh ar-rusul and al-Balathuri’s Futuh albudan in order to find out whether the origin of the material is the same for both authors. As a result, only two passages were found that overlap. It should be noted that at-Tabari, in contrast to al-Balathuri, relates the story and events taken in Caliphate in chronological order without attempting to reconcile conflicting messages. The results of this research can further source study in writing the medieval history of Eastern Caucasus.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122322882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.406
Yafia Hana, A. Mokrushina
The article “Lāmiyya by al-Shanfarā and its commentaries: Copies available in the holdings of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Oriental Department collection, Gorky Research Library” reviews the problem of studying and describing oriental manuscripts, which gains more relevance in recent times. This research presents life facts of the famous pre-Islamic poet al-Shanfarā and the features of his most famous work, Lāmiyya. The study focus on the copies of this work, as well as copies of its commentaries stored in the holdings of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Oriental Department collection, Gorky Research Library, SPbSU. The poetry of al-Shanfarā is traditionally compared with classical muallaq, where the authors praise tribal patriotism against the main idea — a life in exile. Lāmiyya got its name for the special repetitive rhyme. Among European researchers, this qaṣīda is also known as “The Desert Song”. The authors analyze the features of various copies of al-Shanfarā’s work and discuss the most important aspects of various commentaries on his work. The article provides illustrations of some sheets of al-Shanfarā’s copies and copies of Lāmiyya commentaries. The writing by al-Shanfarā was subjected to extensive research by national, Western and Arab experts. Through analyzing the most well-known commentaries on Lāmiyyat al-arab, it is possible to evaluate exactly what features call the attention of scholars. In addition, copies of Lāmiyya commentaries stored in manuscript collections deserve an independent careful study and description.
文章“Lāmiyya by al-Shanfarā及其评论:高尔基研究图书馆东方手稿研究所和东方部收藏的副本”回顾了研究和描述东方手稿的问题，这在最近的时代获得了更多的相关性。本研究介绍了著名的前伊斯兰诗人al-Shanfarā的生活事实和他最著名的作品Lāmiyya的特点。研究的重点是这部作品的副本，以及存放在东方手稿研究所和高尔基研究图书馆东方部收藏的评论副本。传统上，al-Shanfarā的诗歌与古典的穆阿拉克(muallaq)相比较，后者的作者赞美部落的爱国主义，而反对其主要思想——流亡生活。Lāmiyya因其特殊的重复韵律而得名。在欧洲研究人员中，这首qaṣīda也被称为“沙漠之歌”。作者分析了山法拉伊作品的各种版本的特点，并讨论了对他的作品的各种评论的最重要的方面。这篇文章提供了al- shanfarha的一些副本和Lāmiyya评论副本的插图。al-Shanfarā的著作经过了各国、西方和阿拉伯专家的广泛研究。通过分析Lāmiyyat al-arab上最著名的评论，可以准确地评估哪些特征引起了学者们的注意。此外，存放在手稿收藏中的Lāmiyya评论副本值得独立仔细的研究和描述。
{"title":"Lamiyya by al-Shanfara and its Commentaries: Copies Available in the Holdings of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Oriental Department Collection, Gorky Research Library","authors":"Yafia Hana, A. Mokrushina","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.406","url":null,"abstract":"The article “Lāmiyya by al-Shanfarā and its commentaries: Copies available in the holdings of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Oriental Department collection, Gorky Research Library” reviews the problem of studying and describing oriental manuscripts, which gains more relevance in recent times. This research presents life facts of the famous pre-Islamic poet al-Shanfarā and the features of his most famous work, Lāmiyya. The study focus on the copies of this work, as well as copies of its commentaries stored in the holdings of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Oriental Department collection, Gorky Research Library, SPbSU. The poetry of al-Shanfarā is traditionally compared with classical muallaq, where the authors praise tribal patriotism against the main idea — a life in exile. Lāmiyya got its name for the special repetitive rhyme. Among European researchers, this qaṣīda is also known as “The Desert Song”. The authors analyze the features of various copies of al-Shanfarā’s work and discuss the most important aspects of various commentaries on his work. The article provides illustrations of some sheets of al-Shanfarā’s copies and copies of Lāmiyya commentaries. The writing by al-Shanfarā was subjected to extensive research by national, Western and Arab experts. Through analyzing the most well-known commentaries on Lāmiyyat al-arab, it is possible to evaluate exactly what features call the attention of scholars. In addition, copies of Lāmiyya commentaries stored in manuscript collections deserve an independent careful study and description.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121360391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.403
Nadezhda Makeeva
This paper deals with the etymology and the evolution path of one of the two future tense constructions (the First Future construction) in Kla-Dan, a South Mande language. In order to propose a hypothesis on the origin of the construction and its semantic evolution, firstly, the data of other languages of the same subgroup are involved, and secondly, an analysis of the meaning of the First Future displaced to the past by a retrospective shift marker is provided. The First Future construction is reconstructed for the proto-language of the Dan-Mano-Goo-Tura subgroup. In Goo and Tura, it has the standard prospective meaning; in Mano and Dan-Gweta, the construction has extended its use towards the area of the futural meanings. Dan-Blo is the only language of the subgroup where the reflex of the prospective construction is absent; in this language, it has apparently been replaced by a new periphrastic prospective construction. In combination with the retrospective shift marker, the First Future construction in Kla-Dan has an avertive meaning and is also used in the two parts of irreal conditional constructions. This path of semantic evolution is typical for prospectives in the past. The First Future construction shares the semantic domain of the future with another construction which is also reconstructed for the Proto-Dan-Mano-Goo-Tura and has recently extended its use over a wide range of futural meanings. Based on the data of the closely related languages, this construction should be considered as progressive. From the synchronic point of view, no difference in meaning of the two future tense constructions of Kla-Dan can be found. At the same time the first construction, which is originally prospective can be considered as the main way to express the meaning of the future, whereas the Second Future construction is much less frequent and is only attested in elicited examples.
{"title":"Prospective Construction in Kla-Dan from a Diachronic Perspective","authors":"Nadezhda Makeeva","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.403","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the etymology and the evolution path of one of the two future tense constructions (the First Future construction) in Kla-Dan, a South Mande language. In order to propose a hypothesis on the origin of the construction and its semantic evolution, firstly, the data of other languages of the same subgroup are involved, and secondly, an analysis of the meaning of the First Future displaced to the past by a retrospective shift marker is provided. The First Future construction is reconstructed for the proto-language of the Dan-Mano-Goo-Tura subgroup. In Goo and Tura, it has the standard prospective meaning; in Mano and Dan-Gweta, the construction has extended its use towards the area of the futural meanings. Dan-Blo is the only language of the subgroup where the reflex of the prospective construction is absent; in this language, it has apparently been replaced by a new periphrastic prospective construction. In combination with the retrospective shift marker, the First Future construction in Kla-Dan has an avertive meaning and is also used in the two parts of irreal conditional constructions. This path of semantic evolution is typical for prospectives in the past. The First Future construction shares the semantic domain of the future with another construction which is also reconstructed for the Proto-Dan-Mano-Goo-Tura and has recently extended its use over a wide range of futural meanings. Based on the data of the closely related languages, this construction should be considered as progressive. From the synchronic point of view, no difference in meaning of the two future tense constructions of Kla-Dan can be found. At the same time the first construction, which is originally prospective can be considered as the main way to express the meaning of the future, whereas the Second Future construction is much less frequent and is only attested in elicited examples.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124150172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.411
K. Pantserev, G. Sidorova, N. Zherlitsina
The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring security of North and Central African countries in the age of informational globalization. Today there is a new up-and-coming social and economic order based on telecommunications. The central place in this new system of public relations belongs to information and communication technologies. One can observe the situation when the creation of the knowledge-based economy is turning into the main strategic priority of the policy of every country, which considers ICT as an effective tool, which can ensure a sustainable social and economic growth. But at the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that information technologies, when used effectively, are able to destroy existing orders, to overthrow political regimes that used to be rather stable and influential. Based on case studies of North African countries, authors show key instruments that have been used in those countries in order to manage public opinion. Among those instruments authors highlight: 1) aiming for bad expectations which entails the notion of an impending disaster and mass depression; 2) substitution of definitions which supposes that in order to create positive images of the opposition that resist the governmental forces, Western mass media calls militants and terrorists “rebels”; 3) implementation of mass dissatisfaction which means the situation when popular bloggers or representatives of opposition movements begin to promote the dissatisfaction of legal power; 4) use of biased materials. In this way, authors conclude that the effective resistance in the information warfare strictly depends on the presence of a national idea on the one hand and on the level of the informational culture of the society on the other. The last point seems to be the key element that can guarantee the survival of the State, especially if it pretends to pursue self-reliant political line based on its national interests and cultural values.
{"title":"African Countries in the Epoch of Information Globalization: New Challenges in the New Age","authors":"K. Pantserev, G. Sidorova, N. Zherlitsina","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.411","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring security of North and Central African countries in the age of informational globalization. Today there is a new up-and-coming social and economic order based on telecommunications. The central place in this new system of public relations belongs to information and communication technologies. One can observe the situation when the creation of the knowledge-based economy is turning into the main strategic priority of the policy of every country, which considers ICT as an effective tool, which can ensure a sustainable social and economic growth. But at the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that information technologies, when used effectively, are able to destroy existing orders, to overthrow political regimes that used to be rather stable and influential. Based on case studies of North African countries, authors show key instruments that have been used in those countries in order to manage public opinion. Among those instruments authors highlight: 1) aiming for bad expectations which entails the notion of an impending disaster and mass depression; 2) substitution of definitions which supposes that in order to create positive images of the opposition that resist the governmental forces, Western mass media calls militants and terrorists “rebels”; 3) implementation of mass dissatisfaction which means the situation when popular bloggers or representatives of opposition movements begin to promote the dissatisfaction of legal power; 4) use of biased materials. In this way, authors conclude that the effective resistance in the information warfare strictly depends on the presence of a national idea on the one hand and on the level of the informational culture of the society on the other. The last point seems to be the key element that can guarantee the survival of the State, especially if it pretends to pursue self-reliant political line based on its national interests and cultural values.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"05 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130268426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.404
Takashi Kimura
Modernization in historically later developed countries is an amalgamated process, where all its elements must be analyzed both as a whole picture and as variety of its components. Early Japanese Marxists thinkers, scrutinizing political systems that emerged after the Meiji revolution, found traces of so-called “feudal remnants” in the public consciousness of people. These “remnants” still make modern researchers to question the role of the elements in Japanese modernization. Modernized state should be not only sovereign, but also be a nation state “kokumin kokka”, therefore it is worthwhile to look upon the prehistory of the creation of the first Japanese constitution “Dainipponn teikoku kenpoo” (1889), which reflected the national ideas “kokutai”. It is also necessary to analyze a number of socio-political reasons that entailed the issuance of an imperial decree addressed to the soldiers “gunjin chokuyu” (1882) and the imperial speech on public education “kyouiku chokugo” (1890). These documents along with the constitution contained the ideas of “kokutai”, which represented the element of the feudal world. Under the right conditions, a nation is born and develops on its own, but when the historical prerequisites and conditions do not form, it is necessary to create them artificially. At the end of the 19th century Japan faced the similar situation. In 1925, the Chian iji-ho Law of Public Peace Preservation was published, in its first article the word kokutai could be found, however it does not contain a definition of this term. In 1932 and in 1936, military putsches occurred, it should be noted that participants of these accidents were ardent supporters of the “kokutai” ideas. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese government conveyed the intention to adopt the Potsdam Declaration under one condition, namely the preservation of the “kokutai”, thereby they extended the existence of the kokutai ideas until the surrender of Japanese empire.
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Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.408
Olga Yu. Zavjalova
This article is devoted to the problem of the Manden oral literature genres’ classification. The first thing that we believe to be important in studying the cultural and psychological characteristics of any people and its folklore it is the task to put ourselves in the position of these people. We have to understand what they themselves conclude to be this or that institution or instrument, what they mean to be a particular concept. The main task is to examine the own definition of oral tradition genres by Manden peoples themselves; identifying what underlies the division of texts into genres. In this study, we relied on both oral and written sources; we examined the genres of Bamana, Maninka and Dyula peoples, inhabiting Mali, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. The division into genres accepted in modern science is too universal and it does not correspond to African cultures. First of all, the Manden peoples classify genres according to their degree of importance, i. e. significance for the tradition, which is associated with the functionality and genre’s ceremonialism. At the same time, it is the texts including a large amount of magical energy Nyama. As for Bamana and Maninka, where there is an institute of griots, the most significant texts are those that can only be performed by griots (epic, fasa), the age and status restrictions for the performer are an indicator of the text significance also. The most important texts are those that tell us about the origin of a clan, village, person, object, etc., and those that contain words with nyama magic energy. The article describes the words characterizing the genres of folklore in Bamana and Maninka languages, as well as Dyula Kong, and the specifics of their using. For a better understanding of the Manding terms, the article also presents the names of Dogon folklore genres in the Tengu and Bamana languages.
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Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.21638/SPBU13.2019.209
Aleksandrs Dmitrenko
The article represents an analysis of the image of the United Kingdom in Chinese textbooks of the 1930–1940s on the history of China and World history. A comparison of the image of the United Kingdom in Chinese history textbooks and World history textbooks will let us identify what kind of common image of this country was created in the minds of Chinese students of the 1930–1940s. The period covered in this paper includes the Nanking decade, when the Kuomindang implemented a more nationalist educational policy, and the period preceding the foundation of the PRC. There is a duality of the image of the United Kingdom in both the Chinese history textbooks and the World history textbooks. In the Chinese history textbooks the British are portrayed as quite “tenacious” people, who harbored hatred towards the Chinese because of their refusal to cooperate, and they are also portrayed as occupiers. On the other hand, the textbooks indicate, that the Chinese diplomatic policy was not always right and there were some domestic problems that contributed to development of conflicts, diplomatic defeats and lost of the wars. In the World history textbooks the United Kingdom is an imperialistic country; however, it is considered to be “the engine of progress”, the creator of constitutionalism and an advocate of human rights. While describing the United Kingdom as a distinguished Western European state, the textbooks do not create a holistic image of a concrete state, but rather an image of an “imperialistic power”, denouncing imperialism as a whole. Nevertheless, the authors indicate certain features that are typical of the United Kingdom, namely, the leading role in the process of globalization, in promotion of imperialism and technological and scientific progress. Having provided an overview of the Western countries the authors of the history textbooks primarly focus on China.
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Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.207
P. Adebayo, J. Onyekpe, A. Afolabi
Has global economic integration in the 21 st century raised the hope of Africa beyond the traditional approach of providing aid to help her end poverty? Are there remarkable differences in the approaches of some regional economic blocs like BRICS, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and multilateral groups such as IMF, World Bank etc. towards Africa? What has been and should be the basis of bilateral or even, multilateral development relationships between these groups and Africa? To answer the questions, the study explores the philosophy behind the donor-recipient and equal partners’ approaches to development. It juxtaposes the depredatory effects of the socio-political and economic conditionality that the West has inflicted on Africa (ranging from integrated rural development in the 1970s, to policy reform in the 1980s, to governance in the 1990s, and respect for human rights in the 2000 (especially the gay rights movement and so on) and alternative models. The paper observes that the burden of foreign aid, loan agreement, economic and technical cooperation agreement, debt sustainability, etc. have deepened Africa’s vulnerability rather than brighten its prospects in a global market. By hinging its argument on the assumption that any global economic integration that imposes political and economic conditionality in exchange for aid is anti-development, this paper further submits that African countries should be free to negotiate their own pathway out of poverty as equal partners in development. Only by comparing and exchanging views, rather than tutorials, the more useful engagement between Africa and the rest of the world could become possible. It concludes that mutually–beneficial relations between Africa and economic cooperation blocs will become possible, but only if African governments can take hold of these opportunities in ways that will benefit their people. Africa governments should focus on win-win approach that is not about aid but business.
{"title":"The Impact of Global Economic Integration on Africa in the 21st Century","authors":"P. Adebayo, J. Onyekpe, A. Afolabi","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.207","url":null,"abstract":"Has global economic integration in the 21 st century raised the hope of Africa beyond the traditional approach of providing aid to help her end poverty? Are there remarkable differences in the approaches of some regional economic blocs like BRICS, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and multilateral groups such as IMF, World Bank etc. towards Africa? What has been and should be the basis of bilateral or even, multilateral development relationships between these groups and Africa? To answer the questions, the study explores the philosophy behind the donor-recipient and equal partners’ approaches to development. It juxtaposes the depredatory effects of the socio-political and economic conditionality that the West has inflicted on Africa (ranging from integrated rural development in the 1970s, to policy reform in the 1980s, to governance in the 1990s, and respect for human rights in the 2000 (especially the gay rights movement and so on) and alternative models. The paper observes that the burden of foreign aid, loan agreement, economic and technical cooperation agreement, debt sustainability, etc. have deepened Africa’s vulnerability rather than brighten its prospects in a global market. By hinging its argument on the assumption that any global economic integration that imposes political and economic conditionality in exchange for aid is anti-development, this paper further submits that African countries should be free to negotiate their own pathway out of poverty as equal partners in development. Only by comparing and exchanging views, rather than tutorials, the more useful engagement between Africa and the rest of the world could become possible. It concludes that mutually–beneficial relations between Africa and economic cooperation blocs will become possible, but only if African governments can take hold of these opportunities in ways that will benefit their people. Africa governments should focus on win-win approach that is not about aid but business.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123879769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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