Government Information Quarterly最新文献_第4页

Human-centric AI governance: what the EU public values, what it really, really values 以人为中心的人工智能治理：欧盟公众的价值观是什么，它真正的价值观是什么

IF 1 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102084

Valentin Wittmann, Timo Meynhardt

The EU and other institutions worldwide have committed to aligning AI with human values to ensure that the technology contributes to the common good. Yet, criticism persists that debates over which values should guide this alignment are dominated by private and public organizations that prioritize technological considerations. Societal perspectives that emphasize broader, non-normative values are often marginalized. This exclusion generates a democratic deficit and risks forgoing the advantages of aligning AI with citizens' public values - namely trust, acceptance and public value creation. To address this gap, we empirically examine EU citizens' regulatory and value preferences regarding AI and its regulation, drawing on two complementary studies and Public Values theory and tools: one mixed-methods study of the EU's Public Consultation and one study based on the quantitative assessment of a newly developed AI Public Value (PV) Landscape. Our findings show that EU citizens (i) prefer binding regulation of AI, (ii) consider both ethical and technological principles as well as broader, non-normative societal values, especially along the moral-ethical value dimension, important, and (iii) serve as a conciliatory force capable of balancing business interests against those of state and NGO stakeholders. These results underscore the importance of aligning AI with broader PVs, reinforcing ethical foundations, and enhancing public inclusion in AI governance to achieve truly human-centric and socially accepted AI.

欧盟和世界各地的其他机构致力于使人工智能与人类价值观保持一致，以确保该技术为共同利益做出贡献。然而，批评仍然存在，关于哪些价值观应该指导这种一致性的争论，主要是由优先考虑技术的私人和公共组织主导的。强调更广泛、非规范性价值观的社会观点往往被边缘化。这种排斥产生了民主赤字，并有可能放弃将人工智能与公民的公共价值观（即信任、接受和公共价值创造）结合起来的优势。为了解决这一差距，我们利用两项互补研究和公共价值理论和工具，实证研究了欧盟公民对人工智能及其监管的监管和价值偏好：一项是对欧盟公众咨询的混合方法研究，另一项是基于对新开发的人工智能公共价值（PV）景观的定量评估的研究。我们的研究结果表明，欧盟公民(i)倾向于对人工智能进行约束性监管，（ii）同时考虑伦理和技术原则以及更广泛的、非规范性的社会价值观，尤其是道德-伦理价值维度，这很重要，（iii）作为一种调和力量，能够平衡商业利益与国家和非政府组织利益相关者的利益。这些结果强调了将人工智能与更广泛的pv结合起来，加强道德基础，加强公众对人工智能治理的包容，以实现真正以人为中心和社会接受的人工智能的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Self-sovereign identity in the public sector: Affordances, experimentation, and actualization 公共部门的自我主权认同：启示、实验和实现

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102052

Simon Feulner , Tobias Guggenberger , Jonathan Lautenschlager , Nils Urbach , Fabiane Völter

The emerging concept of Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) promises more portable, secure, and convenient identity services. The public sector, in particular, invests heavily to innovate with this emerging concept. However, an in-depth understanding of SSI's value and how offerings are utilized is lacking, causing complexities and insecurities in designing and implementing SSI-based applications in the public sector. Thus, we conducted a case study which aimed at utilizing SSI for tax registration purposes on online marketplaces. We chose affordance-experimentation-actualization (A-E-A) theory to explore SSI implementation and utilization. As a result, we identify four organizational-level SSI affordances and offer insights into how public sector organizations can innovate with and benefit from SSI by developing an affordance-based innovation framework. Lastly, we contribute to A-E-A theory by revealing how the experimentation phase shapes the organizational context by increasing technical, cultural, and political fit.

自我主权身份（Self-Sovereign Identity， SSI）这一新兴概念承诺提供更加便携、安全、便捷的身份服务。特别是公共部门，在这一新兴概念的创新方面投入了大量资金。然而，对SSI的价值和产品如何被利用的深入理解是缺乏的，这导致了在公共部门设计和实施基于SSI的应用程序的复杂性和不安全性。因此，我们进行了一个案例研究，旨在利用SSI进行在线市场的税务登记。我们选择认知-实验-实现（A-E-A）理论来探讨SSI的实施和利用。因此，我们确定了四种组织层面的SSI能力，并提供了关于公共部门组织如何通过开发基于能力的创新框架来利用SSI进行创新并从中受益的见解。最后，我们通过揭示实验阶段如何通过增加技术、文化和政治契合度来塑造组织环境，从而为A-E-A理论做出贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Digital ethics: Global trends and divergent paths 数字伦理：全球趋势和不同路径

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102050

Ali Asker Guenduez , Nora Walker , Mehmet Akif Demircioglu

This study focuses on how government bodies address digital ethics in their policies. Using a structural topic model (STM), an automated text mining technique, we analyze 71 policy documents published between 2007 and 2022 by national governments and international governmental organizations (IGOs). Our analysis identifies 22 prominent topics clustered into three major themes: the development of responsible technologies, digital rights, and ethical governance. This study provides a comprehensive overview of these topics and themes, including major similarities among and differences between various policies. We reveal the evolution of these themes over time and discuss key elements in policies. While the findings suggest a consensus on core ethical principles guiding the development and uses of digital technologies, significant differences emerge between countries and IGOs regarding the specific topics addressed and the policy priorities. This study contributes to the digital ethics debate by providing a comprehensive overview of prevailing themes in government policies, highlighting both common ground and areas of divergence. We also discuss the implications of these findings and propose directions for future research.

本研究的重点是政府机构如何在其政策中解决数字道德问题。使用结构化主题模型（STM），一种自动文本挖掘技术，我们分析了国家政府和国际政府组织（igo）在2007年至2022年间发布的71份政策文件。我们的分析确定了22个突出主题，分为三大主题：负责任技术的发展、数字权利和道德治理。本研究对这些议题和主题进行了全面的概述，包括各种政策之间的主要异同。我们揭示了这些主题随时间的演变，并讨论了政策中的关键要素。虽然调查结果表明，在指导数字技术开发和使用的核心道德原则方面存在共识，但各国和政府间组织之间在处理的具体主题和政策优先事项方面存在显著差异。这项研究通过全面概述政府政策的主流主题，突出了共同点和分歧领域，为数字伦理辩论做出了贡献。我们还讨论了这些发现的意义，并提出了未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Public perceptions of responsible AI in local government: A multi-country study using the theory of planned behaviour 公众对地方政府负责任人工智能的看法：一项使用计划行为理论的多国研究

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102054

Anne David , Tan Yigitcanlar , Kevin Desouza , Karen Mossberger , Pauline Hope Cheong , Juan Corchado , Prithvi Bhat Beeramoole , Alexander Paz

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significant implications for local government service delivery, offering considerable advantages alongside inherent risks that warrant careful management. While responsible AI has become a focal point in academic and policy discussions, public perceptions remain marginal in these debates. This paper explores how behavioural factors along with perceived risk, local government AI policy awareness and policy expectations influence public intentions to support local government responsible AI practices. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study examines a multi-factor survey through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, followed by Structural Equation Modelling to assess relationships between key factors. A survey questionnaire, conducted with participants from Australia, the United States, and Spain via the Prolific platform, reveals key insights: (a) perceived risk exhibit a stronger influence than other factors; (b) policy awareness plays a critical role in shaping public intention towards support for responsible practices; (c) greater AI policy awareness correlates with more realistic expectations of local government AI policies; (d) social influence lacks a notable impact in this context. These findings provide valuable guidance for urban policymakers in crafting AI strategies that promote responsible AI implementation within local government services.

人工智能（AI）的兴起对地方政府的服务提供产生了重大影响，在提供可观优势的同时，也存在需要谨慎管理的固有风险。虽然负责任的人工智能已成为学术和政策讨论的焦点，但公众的看法在这些辩论中仍然处于边缘地位。本文探讨了行为因素以及感知风险、地方政府人工智能政策意识和政策预期如何影响公众支持地方政府负责任的人工智能实践的意愿。本研究运用计划行为理论，透过验证性因子分析（Confirmatory Factor Analysis）检视多因素调查，然后运用结构方程模型（Structural Equation modeling）评估关键因素之间的关系。通过多产平台对来自澳大利亚、美国和西班牙的参与者进行的问卷调查揭示了关键的见解：(A)感知风险比其他因素的影响更大；(b)政策意识在形成公众支持负责任做法的意愿方面发挥关键作用；(c)更强的人工智能政策意识与地方政府对人工智能政策更现实的期望相关；(d)社会影响在这方面缺乏显著影响。这些发现为城市决策者制定人工智能战略提供了有价值的指导，以促进当地政府服务部门负责任地实施人工智能。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive governance amidst the war: Overcoming challenges and strengthening collaborative digital service provision in Ukraine 战争中的适应性治理：乌克兰克服挑战并加强协作式数字服务提供

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102056

Mariana Gustafsson , Olga Matveieva , Elin Wihlborg , Yevgeniy Borodin , Tetiana Mamatova , Sergiy Kvitka

This case study explores how co-production of digital services contributes to a re-framed institutional structure for collaborative governance to respond effectively to collective threats. This study explores the role of collaborative governance and digital technologies in ensuring public service delivery amidst the ongoing war in Ukraine. Focusing on the Diia platform and co-production of services between local government and civil society organizations, the research highlights how digital tools have enabled adaptive governance under extreme crisis posed by the war. By analyzing institutional dynamics in collaborative practices of co-production of public services enabled by digital technologies, this study sheds light on joint capacity for adaptive governance in societies under extreme crisis conditions. Using the Dnipropetrovsk region as an empirical case, this research applies Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to examine how government and civil society collaborations to deliver public services have fostered institutional changes and adaptation. The findings contribute to broader discussions on governance in on-going extreme crises, offering valuable insight into conflict-affected areas and emphasizing the importance of flexible, digitally enabled institutional arrangements for sustaining public service delivery.

本案例研究探讨了数字服务的共同生产如何有助于重新构建协作治理的制度结构，从而有效应对集体威胁。本研究探讨了协作治理和数字技术在乌克兰持续战争中确保公共服务提供方面的作用。该研究重点关注Diia平台和地方政府与民间社会组织之间的服务合作，强调了数字工具如何在战争造成的极端危机下实现适应性治理。通过分析数字技术支持的公共服务协同生产实践中的制度动态，本研究揭示了极端危机条件下社会适应性治理的联合能力。本研究以第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克地区为实证案例，运用奥斯特罗姆的制度分析与发展（IAD）框架来考察政府和民间社会合作提供公共服务如何促进了制度变革和适应。调查结果有助于就当前极端危机中的治理问题展开更广泛的讨论，为受冲突影响地区提供了宝贵的见解，并强调了灵活、数字化的制度安排对维持公共服务提供的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Building a consensus: Harmonizing AI ethical guidelines and legal frameworks in Korea for enhanced governance 建立共识：协调韩国的人工智能道德准则和法律框架，以加强治理

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102060

Jae Woo Lee , Keeheon Lee

Artificial Intelligence (AI) permeates various technologies, including information and communication technology, significantly reshaping societal practices and individual routines. While this offers benefits, it also prompts concerns about the negative changes of AI, requiring careful governance. This paper focuses on mitigating these risks by offering recommendations for establishing coherent legal frameworks to safeguard innocent individuals from AI-related threats or potential harm, whether intentional or unintentional. We propose a framework that utilizes a large language model to assess the alignment between AI ethical guidelines and bills. A case study is conducted to analyze the Korean regulatory landscape, since Korea's AI legal frameworks particularly lag behind amid its rapid advancement of technology. This study employs a range of methods - descriptive, correlation, cluster, and semantic analyses - to offer a comprehensive comparison of Korea's legislative documents. Our findings reveal continuity in certain aspects but discontinuity in others between these two governance tools. Consequently, we suggest measures to enhance the consistency between these two realms for AI regulation, contributing to more robust and effective AI governance practices.

人工智能（AI）渗透到包括信息和通信技术在内的各种技术中，极大地改变了社会实践和个人惯例。虽然这带来了好处，但它也引发了对人工智能负面变化的担忧，需要谨慎的治理。本文的重点是通过提供建立连贯的法律框架的建议来减轻这些风险，以保护无辜的个人免受与人工智能相关的威胁或潜在伤害，无论是有意还是无意的。我们提出了一个框架，该框架利用大型语言模型来评估人工智能道德准则与法案之间的一致性。在技术快速发展的情况下，韩国的人工智能法律框架尤其落后，因此本文将以案例分析韩国的监管格局。本研究采用描述性分析、相关分析、聚类分析和语义分析等方法，对韩国立法文件进行全面比较。我们的发现揭示了这两种治理工具在某些方面的连续性，但在其他方面的不连续性。因此，我们建议采取措施加强人工智能监管这两个领域之间的一致性，从而促进更强大和有效的人工智能治理实践。

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引用次数: 0

Tensions in time-saving technologies: Adjusting work rhythms in the digitalized public sector frontline 省时技术的紧张关系：调整数字化公共部门前线的工作节奏

IF 1 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102058

Louise Jørring, Lise Justesen , Ursula Plesner

Digital technologies are increasingly being implemented in public sector organizations with the ambition to enhance efficiency by saving employees' time. Frontline workers, who are often described as lacking resources and working under constant time constraints, are continuously confronted with the introduction of new, supposedly time-saving technologies. However, the concept of time and how digital technologies impact frontline workers' use of time in practice are rarely examined explicitly in public administration research. This article foregrounds the concept of time, drawing on qualitative fieldwork in Denmark's public employment services to examine how frontline workers navigate time tensions introduced by supposedly time-saving technologies. The findings reveal that these technologies reinforce tight linear schedules, requiring frontline workers to balance both time delays and time gains. This dynamic necessitates flexible adjustments of work rhythms as employees speed up or slow down their tasks to adjust to the digitalized environment. To understand these temporal tensions—how they are created and handled—this article draws on insights from science and technology studies, applying the distinction between monochronic time—in which events are approached as unfolding sequentially with a focus on one event at a time—and polychronic time, in which events are unpredictable and may unfold simultaneously or in other non-linear ways. Based on our study, we argue for an explicit focus on temporality in public administration literature, offer a conceptual vocabulary to explore it further, and advocate for understanding how time-saving technologies unfold in everyday practice, while acknowledging the coexistence of monochronic and polychronic time orientations in organizations.

数字技术越来越多地应用于公共部门机构，目的是通过节省员工的时间来提高效率。一线工人经常被描述为缺乏资源和在持续的时间限制下工作，他们不断面临着新的、据称可以节省时间的技术的引入。然而，在公共行政研究中，时间的概念以及数字技术如何影响一线员工在实践中的时间利用很少得到明确的研究。本文强调了时间的概念，利用丹麦公共就业服务的定性实地调查，研究一线工人如何应对由所谓的节省时间的技术引入的时间紧张。研究结果表明，这些技术加强了紧凑的线性时间表，要求一线工人平衡时间延迟和时间增益。随着员工加快或放慢工作节奏以适应数字化环境，这种动态需要灵活调整工作节奏。为了理解这些时间紧张——它们是如何产生和处理的——本文借鉴了科学和技术研究的见解，应用了单时间时间和多时间时间之间的区别，单时间时间是指事件在同一时间集中于一个事件，按顺序展开，多时间时间是指事件是不可预测的，可能同时展开或以其他非线性方式展开。基于我们的研究，我们主张在公共管理文献中明确关注时间性，提供一个概念性词汇来进一步探索它，并倡导理解节省时间的技术如何在日常实践中展开，同时承认组织中单时性和多时性时间取向的共存。

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引用次数: 0

Barriers to and mechanism for open government data use by the private sectors: A grounded theory approach 私营部门开放政府数据使用的障碍和机制：基于理论的方法

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102044

Shanming Xu , Jingjing Liu , Sisi Li , Yueping Zheng

Open Government Data (OGD) has made tremendous progress, as local governments have established OGD platforms and made data accessible to the public. Nevertheless, the actual use of OGD by the private sectors remains well below expectations, despite the widespread belief that the private sectors have substantial demand for it. Although there are some literature describing the barriers to OGD use, the relationships between these barriers and the mechanisms behind the limited use of OGD by private sectors have not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to uncover their relationships to formulate a holistic theory and gain a deeper understanding of this issue. Through interviews with 18 senior managers, engineers, and other professionals from various private sectors, and applying the classic grounded theory method, a theoretical model was constructed to explain the private sectors' use of OGD, comprising four main categories, i.e., cognition, business value assessment, value pursuit, and organizational context, with value pursuit playing a pivotal role. This study contributes to the current literature by proposing a behavioral process mechanism to integrate various factors of OGD utilization by private sectors. Based on the findings, some recommendations are presented for policymakers to improve the use of OGD and OGD construction.

随着地方政府建立了政府数据开放平台并向公众开放数据，政府数据开放取得了巨大进展。尽管如此，私营部门对OGD的实际使用仍远低于预期，尽管人们普遍认为私营部门对OGD有大量需求。尽管有一些文献描述了使用OGD的障碍，但这些障碍与私营部门有限使用OGD背后的机制之间的关系尚未得到彻底探讨。本研究旨在揭示二者之间的关系，以形成一个整体的理论，并对这一问题有更深入的了解。通过对18位来自私营部门的高级管理人员、工程师等专业人士的访谈，运用经典扎根理论方法，构建了私营部门使用OGD的理论模型，包括认知、商业价值评估、价值追求和组织情境四个主要类别，其中价值追求起着举足轻重的作用。本研究提出了一种整合私营部门利用OGD的各种因素的行为过程机制，为现有文献做出了贡献。在此基础上，对政策制定者提出了改进OGD使用和OGD建设的建议。

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引用次数: 0

An agile bureaucracy? Lessons from an ethnographic study of agile teams in the Norwegian public sector 灵活的官僚主义？挪威公共部门敏捷团队的民族志研究的经验教训

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102057

Beatrice I. Johannessen

As governments increasingly try to develop their own technological solutions to handle growing demands, a key response has been to move away from traditional “waterfall” methods and towards modern “agile” principles for innovation. While agile principles are advocated as crucial to handling the complexity of the public sector, they have also been found to be difficult to implement in practice. To advance our understanding of these difficulties, this article aims to unpack the challenges facing software development teams when trying to use agile methods in the public sector. The article draws on ethnographic data from a study of software development teams in the Norwegian Labor and Welfare administration (NAV). By analyzing these data through the theoretical lens of institutional theory – particularly emphasizing institutional complexity due to conflicting institutional logics – the article uncovers three critical tensions facing the development teams: between bottom-up methods vs. top-down delegation, flexibility vs. pre-planned mandates, and “fast” teams vs. a “slow” context. These tensions indicate a “decoupling” between proclaimed agility and practiced methodologies, with the practical reality of the teams' working environment being characterized as a mixture of elements from both waterfall and agile methods. By uncovering these tensions and contradictions, the article explores the institutional complexity of public sector innovation, in which workers struggle to navigate an institutional context characterized by conflicting demands.

随着各国政府越来越多地尝试开发自己的技术解决方案，以应对日益增长的需求，一个关键的回应是放弃传统的“瀑布”方法，转向现代的“敏捷”创新原则。虽然人们认为敏捷原则对于处理公共部门的复杂性至关重要，但人们也发现它们在实践中难以实施。为了加深我们对这些困难的理解，本文旨在揭示软件开发团队在试图在公共部门使用敏捷方法时所面临的挑战。这篇文章从挪威劳动和福利管理局（NAV）的软件开发团队的研究中提取了人种学数据。通过制度理论的理论视角分析这些数据——特别强调由于冲突的制度逻辑而导致的制度复杂性——文章揭示了开发团队面临的三个关键紧张关系：自下而上的方法vs.自上而下的授权，灵活性vs.预先计划的授权，以及“快”团队vs.“慢”环境。这些紧张表明了宣称的敏捷性和实践的方法之间的“解耦”，团队工作环境的实际现实被描述为瀑布方法和敏捷方法的混合元素。通过揭示这些紧张和矛盾，本文探讨了公共部门创新的制度复杂性，在这种制度下，工人们努力在一个以相互冲突的需求为特征的制度背景下导航。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the complexity of cross-boundary data collaboratives based on the foundation of governmental open data: A study in Taiwan 基于政府开放数据的跨界数据协同复杂性探讨：以台湾为例

IF 7.8 1区管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE

Government Information Quarterly

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2025.102049

Tung-Mou Yang , Yi-Jung Wu

In recent years, there has been a growing trend of data-driven collaborative partnerships based on governmental open data. Some government agencies are attempting to form cross-boundary data collaboratives with actors and organizations from other sectors to tackle public issues and develop innovative applications. While research focusing on cross-boundary data collaboratives remains limited, this study explores the dynamics and complexity of related initiatives in the context of Taiwan's open government data using a qualitative research approach. This study identifies and discusses the motivations, forms, and influential factors of cross-boundary data collaboratives with empirical data support. Specifically, this study explores the influential factors from four perspectives: data, organization, legislation, and environment. It is noted that government agencies and participants from other sectors can possess mixed combinations of motivations. Additionally, government agencies are still learning and adapting to the concept of cross-boundary data collaboratives, which represent both opportunities and challenges. Therefore, government agencies and participants from other sectors tend to maintain a flexible collaborative structure to retain a high level of autonomy and flexibility in respective initiatives. It is expected that the discussion and practical implications of this exploratory research can provide insights to both academic researchers and practitioners. The reported experiences in cross-boundary data collaboratives can also be valuable to government administrations in other countries.

近年来，基于政府开放数据的数据驱动型协作伙伴关系的发展趋势日益明显。一些政府机构正试图与其他部门的行为者和组织形成跨界数据协作，以解决公共问题和开发创新应用。本研究在实证数据支持下，识别并探讨了跨境数据协作的动机、形式和影响因素。具体而言，本研究从数据、组织、立法和环境四个角度探讨影响因素。人们注意到，政府机构和其他部门的参与者可能具有混合的动机。此外，政府机构仍在学习和适应跨境数据协作的概念，这既是机遇也是挑战。因此，政府机构和其他部门的参与者倾向于保持一种灵活的协作结构，以在各自的倡议中保持高度的自主性和灵活性。期望本探索性研究的讨论与实际意义，能提供学术研究者与实务人员的见解。报告的跨境数据协作经验对其他国家的政府管理部门也有价值。

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引用次数: 0