Pub Date : 2026-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.010
Brian Hur, Aparna Elangovan, Laura Hardefeldt
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are rapidly entering veterinary medicine, yet clinicians often lack frameworks to evaluate their performance. This article provides a practical guide to understanding AI evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and explains why accuracy alone is insufficient. We address the critical role of interannotator agreement in establishing performance ceilings, the importance of external validation, and modality-specific evaluation considerations for AI scribes, digital imaging, and pathology applications. In the absence of regulatory oversight, veterinary professionals must develop evaluation literacy to make informed decisions about AI adoption.
{"title":"Clinical Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Metrics 101: How to Evaluate Artificial Intelligence Tools for Veterinary Clinical Practices.","authors":"Brian Hur, Aparna Elangovan, Laura Hardefeldt","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are rapidly entering veterinary medicine, yet clinicians often lack frameworks to evaluate their performance. This article provides a practical guide to understanding AI evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and explains why accuracy alone is insufficient. We address the critical role of interannotator agreement in establishing performance ceilings, the importance of external validation, and modality-specific evaluation considerations for AI scribes, digital imaging, and pathology applications. In the absence of regulatory oversight, veterinary professionals must develop evaluation literacy to make informed decisions about AI adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.004
Matthew J L Munro
This article outlines a comprehensive approach to diagnosing and managing chronic cough in dogs and cats. It emphasizes the importance of thorough history and physical examination, alongside consideration of signalment, to enable prioritization of differential diagnoses. Diagnostic tools including radiography, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, bronchoscopy, and airway sampling are commonly integrated for definitive diagnosis. Treatment can proceed absent a definitive diagnosis; commonly used drug classes in the treatment of chronic cough in dogs and cats include antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators, and anti-tussives. Nonpharmacologic strategies are also vital. Treatment can effectively control signs and improve quality of life, even where complete resolution is not achievable.
{"title":"The Approach to Chronic Cough in Dogs and Cats.","authors":"Matthew J L Munro","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article outlines a comprehensive approach to diagnosing and managing chronic cough in dogs and cats. It emphasizes the importance of thorough history and physical examination, alongside consideration of signalment, to enable prioritization of differential diagnoses. Diagnostic tools including radiography, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, bronchoscopy, and airway sampling are commonly integrated for definitive diagnosis. Treatment can proceed absent a definitive diagnosis; commonly used drug classes in the treatment of chronic cough in dogs and cats include antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators, and anti-tussives. Nonpharmacologic strategies are also vital. Treatment can effectively control signs and improve quality of life, even where complete resolution is not achievable.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147844879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.003
Kylie Grady DVM, DACVIM-SAIM, M. Katherine Tolbert DVM, PhD, DACVIM-SAIM, SA nutrition
{"title":"Subclinical Canine Chronic Enteropathy: Early Detection and Prevention is the Key to Cure","authors":"Kylie Grady DVM, DACVIM-SAIM, M. Katherine Tolbert DVM, PhD, DACVIM-SAIM, SA nutrition","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":"56 3","pages":"Pages 549-561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147322386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.011
Sara A. Jablonski DVM, PhD
{"title":"Emerging Concepts in the Understanding and Treatment of Canine Protein-Losing Enteropathy","authors":"Sara A. Jablonski DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":"56 3","pages":"Pages 715-729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147370681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-04-30DOI: 10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00045-8
{"title":"Copyright","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00045-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00045-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":"56 3","pages":"Page ii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147756264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-04-30DOI: 10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00046-X
{"title":"Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00046-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0195-5616(26)00046-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":"56 3","pages":"Pages iii-v"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147756347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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