A multi-parametric comparative study of Solar Cycles 23, 24, and 25 using solar and interplanetary disturbance indices

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive multi-parametric comparison of solar and interplanetary disturbances during Solar Cycles 23, 24, and 25. Using key indices including sunspot number (SSN), solar radio flux (F10.7), Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), High-Speed Streams (HSSs), Co-rotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), interplanetary (IP) shocks, Sudden Storm Commencements (SSCs), and Forbush Decreases (FDs), the temporal evolution and relative strengths of the three cycles are examined. The results show that Solar Cycle 23 was the strongest, exhibiting pronounced magnetic activity and frequent eruptive events. Solar Cycle 24 was significantly weaker across all parameters, reflecting reduced solar dynamo efficiency and diminished levels of heliospheric disturbances. Preliminary observations of the rising phase of Solar Cycle 25 indicate a moderate recovery, with activity levels exceeding those of Cycle 24 but remaining below those of Cycle 23. The combined comparison highlights a progression from strong to weak to moderate in solar behaviour, providing critical insights into long-term solar variability, heliospheric modulation, and space weather forecasting for upcoming solar activity phases.