Functional nanomaterials for homogeneous, wash-free biosensing

Abstract

In vitro detection plays a vital role in clinical diagnostics, with heterogeneous assay formats remaining the standard. These assays rely on multiple separation steps to remove unbound labeled reagents before signal measurement. In contrast, homogeneous (no-wash) detection, based on the direct mixing of signal-generating probes with the sample, eliminates washing steps, offering faster analysis and reduced operator variability. These features make it particularly advantageous for point-of-care testing (POCT). Although numerous no-wash platforms have been developed, none has yet achieved gold-standard status for routine clinical use. Thus, broad clinical adoption of homogeneous detection technologies remains an important but unrealized objective. This review focuses on recent material-driven advances in wash-free detection, shifting attention away from synthesis and preparation methods. By synthesizing key developments, addressing current limitations, and outlining future opportunities, we aimed to advance the clinical translation of homogeneous detection systems.