The historical development of sample size estimation: from Huygens and Bernoulli to the present.

IF 5.9 2区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Pub Date : 2026-08-29 DOI:10.1177/01410768261479691
Kristian Thorlund, Christian Gluud
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样本大小估计的历史发展:从惠更斯和伯努利到现在。
本文追溯了频率样本大小估计的历史发展,从它的哲学起源到今天的复杂性。克里斯蒂安·惠更斯(Christiaan Huygens)关于期望值的研究和雅各布·伯努利(Jacob Bernoulli)的大数定律确定了初步概念,后者首次将样本量与估计精度联系起来。18世纪和19世纪,通过皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯、卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯和西蒙·弗雷德里希·泊松的工作,概率论取得了重大进展,但明确的样本量规划仍然不常见。20世纪初,基于Jerzy Neyman和Egon Pearson的假设检验框架和Ronald Aylmer Fisher爵士的实验设计原则,出现了计算样本量的方法。虽然Donald Mainland和Austin Bradford Hill早在20世纪30年代就间接提到了这些词,但几十年后它们才被明确使用。第二次世界大战后,亚伯拉罕·沃尔德(Abraham Wald)等人的贡献进一步将样本量规划与顺序方法结合起来。从20世纪70年代开始,标准化公式、监管要求、报告标准(如CONSORT)和统计软件将频率样本大小估计整合为应用研究的常规组成部分。在21世纪,基于模拟、自适应和贝叶斯方法,以及开源计算生态系统,扩大了样本大小方法的范围和可及性。在当代研究中,样本量估计已经发展成为一个多方面的学科;其方法的复杂性取决于潜在的目标,说明了解释性推理和决策导向设计之间的持续分歧。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
3.50%
发文量
107
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Since 1809, the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (JRSM) has been a trusted source of information in the medical field. Our publication covers a wide range of topics, including evidence-based reviews, original research papers, commentaries, and personal perspectives. As an independent scientific and educational journal, we strive to foster constructive discussions on vital clinical matters. While we are based in the UK, our articles address issues that are globally relevant and of interest to healthcare professionals worldwide.
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