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How can research institutions support responsible supervision and leadership? 研究机构如何支持负责任的监督和领导?
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2112033
Daniel Pizzolato, Krishma Labib, Niko Skoulikaris, Natalie Evans, Rea Roje, Panagiotis Kavouras, Noémie Aubert Bonn, Kris Dierickx, Joeri Tijdink

Supervisors, PhD candidates and research leaders are expected to be the primary persons responsible for maintaining a high research integrity standards. However, research institutions should support them in this effort, by promoting responsible supervision and leadership practices. Although it is clear that institutions play a crucial role in this, there is a lack of institutional guidelines focusing on these topics. The development of the experience-based guidelines presented in this article consisted of a multi-step, iterative approach. We engaged 16 experts in supervision and research integrity in four workshops to co-create institutional guidelines for responsible supervision and leadership. To revise the guidelines and make them operational, we formed a dedicated working group and consulted experts in the field of supervision. This resulted in three guidelines focusing on what institutions can do to support: responsible supervision, PhD candidates during their PhD trajectory, and responsible leadership. The recommendations focus on the rights and responsibilities of the three targeted stakeholder groups, and institutions' responsibilities for the personal development and well-being of supervisors, PhD candidates and research leaders. The three guidelines can be used by institutions to foster responsible supervision and leadership by supporting researchers to conduct research with integrity.

导师、博士生和研究带头人是保持较高研究诚信标准的主要责任人。然而,研究机构应通过促进负责任的监督和领导实践,支持他们的这一努力。虽然研究机构显然在这方面发挥着至关重要的作用,但目前却缺乏以这些主题为重点的研究机构指导方针。本文所介绍的以经验为基础的指导方针的制定过程包括一个多步骤的迭代方法。我们邀请了 16 位监督和科研诚信方面的专家参加了四次研讨会,共同制定了负责任监督和领导的机构指南。为了修订指导方针并使其具有可操作性,我们成立了一个专门的工作组,并咨询了督导领域的专家。最终形成了三份指导方针,重点是各机构可以采取哪些措施来支持:负责任的督导、博士生在攻读博士学位期间的表现以及负责任的领导。这些建议的重点是三个目标利益相关群体的权利和责任,以及院校对导师、博士生和研究带头人的个人发展和福祉的责任。各院校可以利用这三项准则,通过支持研究人员诚信开展研究,促进负责任的监督和领导。
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引用次数: 0
Recalibrated responses needed to a global research landscape in flux. 需要重新调整对策,以应对不断变化的全球研究环境。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2103410
Tommy Shih

When engaging in international collaboration, researchers and research institutions have to relate to a great range of differences in legislation, scientific practices, incentive systems, and cultural norms. The research landscape has become even more complex in the last decade, and the gray zones at the intersections of a diverse set of institutional contexts may be used to push boundaries. The focus of earlier efforts seeking to harmonize views on scientific integrity in an international context was more limited. Moreover, the guiding research norms have been primarily shaped by a US-European science duopoly. The rise of China has, however, created a multipolar research landscape. As a response to recent geopolitical developments and changes in the global research landscape, guidelines are starting to emerge, especially in the West, that seek to guide research behaviors in a turbulent world. These guidelines collectively identify integral issues to consider, such as research integrity, academic freedom, export control, national security, data security, and intellectual property rights. The plethora of considerations required cause contradictory advice and the research community faces considerable challenges in implementing such guidelines. Therefore more work is needed to guide research relationships in an uncertain world.

在开展国际合作时,研究人员和研究机构必须应对立法、科学实践、激励制度和文化规范等方面的巨大差异。在过去的十年中,研究领域的情况变得更加复杂,不同机构背景交汇处的灰色地带可能会被用来突破界限。早先在国际背景下寻求统一科学诚信观点的努力重点较为有限。此外,指导性研究规范主要由美欧科学双头垄断形成。然而,中国的崛起创造了一个多极化的研究格局。为了应对近期地缘政治的发展和全球研究格局的变化,特别是在西方,开始出现了一些旨在指导动荡世界中研究行为的指导方针。这些指导方针共同确定了需要考虑的整体问题,如研究诚信、学术自由、出口管制、国家安全、数据安全和知识产权。由于需要考虑的问题过多,导致提出的建议相互矛盾,研究界在执行这些指导方针时面临着相当大的挑战。因此,我们需要做更多的工作,在不确定的世界中指导研究关系。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring scientific misconduct in Morocco based on an analysis of plagiarism perception in a cohort of 1,220 researchers and students. 根据对 1220 名研究人员和学生的剽窃行为认知分析,探讨摩洛哥的科研不端行为。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2110866
Khalid El Bairi, Nadia El Kadmiri, Maryam Fourtassi

Plagiarism is widely regarded as an issue of low- and middle-income countries because of several factors such as the lack of ethics policy and poor research training. In Morocco, plagiarism and its perception by academics has not been investigated on a large scale. In this study, we evaluated different aspects of plagiarism among scholars based on a 23-question cross-sectional survey. Factors associated with plagiarism were explored using contingency tables and logistic regression. The survey results covered all public universities (n=12) and included 1,220 recorded responses. The academic level was significantly associated with plagiarism (p<0.001). Having publication records was statistically associated with a reduced plagiarism (p=0.002). Notably, the ability of participants to correctly define plagiarism was also significantly associated with a reduced plagiarism misconduct (p<0.001). Unintentional plagiarism (p<0.001), time constraint to write an original text (p<0.001), and inability of participants to paraphrase (p<0.001) were associated factors with plagiarism. Moreover, participants that considered plagiarism as a serious issue in academic research had significantly committed less plagiarism (p<0.001). The current study showed that various actionable factors associated with plagiarism can be targeted by educational interventions, and therefore, it provided the rationale to build training programs on research integrity in Morocco.

剽窃被广泛认为是中低收入国家的一个问题,原因有几个,如缺乏道德政策和研究培训不力。在摩洛哥,学术界尚未对剽窃行为及其看法进行大规模调查。在本研究中,我们通过 23 个问题的横向调查,对学者们对剽窃行为的不同看法进行了评估。采用或然率表和逻辑回归法探讨了与抄袭相关的因素。调查结果涵盖了所有公立大学(n=12),包括 1,220 份记录答卷。学术水平与剽窃行为明显相关(p
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引用次数: 0
New collaborative statement by bioethics journal editors on generative AI use. 《生物伦理学杂志》编辑关于生成人工智能使用的新合作声明。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2023.2276169
Lisa M Rasmussen
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引用次数: 0
Citation bias, diversity, and ethics. 引文偏见、多样性和道德规范。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2111257
Keisha S Ray, Perry Zurn, Jordan D Dworkin, Dani S Bassett, David B Resnik

How often a researcher is cited usually plays a decisive role in that person's career advancement, because academic institutions often use citation metrics, either explicitly or implicitly, to estimate research impact and productivity. Research has shown, however, that citation patterns and practices are affected by various biases, including the prestige of the authors being cited and their gender, race, and nationality, whether self-attested or perceived. Some commentators have proposed that researchers can address biases related to social identity or position by including a Citation Diversity Statement in a manuscript submitted for publication. A Citation Diversity Statement is a paragraph placed before the reference section of a manuscript in which the authors address the diversity and equitability of their references in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, or other factors and affirm a commitment to promoting equity and diversity in sources and references. The present commentary considers arguments in favor of Citation Diversity Statements, and some practical and ethical issues that these statements raise.

研究人员被引用的频率通常对其职业发展起着决定性作用,因为学术机构通常会或明或暗地使用引用指标来评估研究影响力和生产力。然而,研究表明,引用模式和实践会受到各种偏见的影响,包括被引用作者的声望以及他们的性别、种族和国籍(无论是自证的还是被认为的)。一些评论家提出,研究人员可以通过在投稿中加入 "引文多样性声明 "来解决与社会身份或地位相关的偏见。引文多样性声明是稿件参考文献部分之前的一段话,作者在这段话中从性别、种族、民族或其他因素的角度阐述参考文献的多样性和公平性,并承诺促进来源和参考文献的公平性和多样性。本评论探讨了支持引文多样性声明的论点,以及这些声明提出的一些实际和伦理问题。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics of blacklisted journals: Evidence from Chinese-language academic journals. 黑名单期刊的特征:中文学术期刊的证据。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2112953
Gengyan Tang, Jingwen Jia

Some institutions have issued blacklists of academic journals in China and use them as a basis for research evaluation. However, due to a lack of transparent formulation criteria, the characteristics of blacklisted journals remain unclear. Using blacklisted academic journals of the East China University of Political Science and Law, this study analyzed differences in characteristics between blacklisted and non-blacklisted journals via web surveys and statistical analyses. Statistically significant differences were detected for article review time, article processing charges (APCs), the number of editorial board members, and the journal impact factor. There was no significant difference in the number of editors. While there is scientific merit in creating and publishing a blacklist of academic journals, the list development process requires more rigorous evaluation and a public process of development.

一些机构发布了中国学术期刊黑名单,并将其作为研究评价的依据。然而,由于缺乏透明的制定标准,黑名单期刊的特征仍不明确。本研究以华东政法大学的黑名单学术期刊为研究对象,通过网络调查和统计分析,分析了黑名单期刊和非黑名单期刊的特征差异。研究发现,在文章审稿时间、文章处理费(APCs)、编委人数和期刊影响因子方面,黑名单期刊与非黑名单期刊之间存在明显差异。编辑人数没有明显差异。虽然创建和发布学术期刊黑名单有其科学价值,但名单的制定过程需要更严格的评估和公开的制定程序。
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引用次数: 0
Status bias in Chinese scholarly publishing: an exploratory study based on mixed methods. 中国学术出版中的身份偏见:一项基于混合方法的探索性研究。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2117621
Gengyan Tang, Hao Cai, Jingwen Jia

The academic community requires not only responsible research but also responsible academic journals. An exploratory study of Chinese-language academic journals that used mixed methods found Chinese-language academic journals on the humanities and social sciences exhibiting a widespread status bias. Most of them summarily rejected submissions from junior researchers and students without paying due attention to the quality of the research itself. The main reasons for this problem are editorial department resources, the scientific research evaluation system, the editorial department culture, and the wider academic environment. This study recommends that Chinese-language academic journals join the Committee on Publication Ethics, other publishing ethics organizations, and the "Responsible Journals" program as soon as possible.

学术界不仅需要负责任的研究,也需要负责任的学术期刊。一项采用混合方法对中文学术期刊进行的探索性研究发现,中文人文社会科学学术期刊普遍存在地位偏见。大多数期刊对初级研究人员和学生的投稿一概拒绝,对研究本身的质量不予应有的重视。造成这一问题的主要原因包括编辑部资源、科研评价体系、编辑部文化以及大的学术环境。本研究建议中文学术期刊尽快加入出版伦理委员会、其他出版伦理组织和 "责任期刊 "计划。
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引用次数: 0
Industry effects on evidence: a case study of long-acting injectable antipsychotics. 工业对证据的影响:长效注射抗精神病药物的案例研究。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2082289
Lisa Cosgrove, Barbara Mintzes, Harold J Bursztajn, Gianna D'Ambrozio, Allen F Shaughnessy

A vigorously debated issue in the psychiatric literature is whether long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) show clinical benefit over antipsychotics taken orally. In addressing this question, it is critical that systematic reviews incorporate risk of bias assessments of trial data in a robust way and are free of undue industry influence. In this paper, we present a case analysis in which we identify some of the design problems in a recent systematic review on LAIs vs oral formulations. This case illustrates how evidence syntheses that are shaped by commercial interests may undermine patient-centered models of recovery and care. We offer recommendations that address both the bioethical and research design issues that arise in the systematic review process when researchers have financial conflicts of interest.

精神病学文献中一个激烈争论的问题是长效注射抗精神病药物(LAIs)是否比口服抗精神病药物更有临床疗效。在解决这一问题时,至关重要的是,系统评价应以稳健的方式纳入试验数据的偏倚风险评估,并且不受不当的行业影响。在本文中,我们提出了一个案例分析,其中我们在最近对LAIs与口服制剂的系统回顾中确定了一些设计问题。这个案例说明了由商业利益塑造的证据综合如何破坏以病人为中心的康复和护理模式。当研究人员有经济利益冲突时,我们提供解决系统评价过程中出现的生物伦理和研究设计问题的建议。
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引用次数: 0
A randomized trial alerting authors, with or without coauthors or editors, that research they cited in systematic reviews and guidelines has been retracted. 一项随机试验,提醒作者(无论有无共同作者或编辑)他们在系统综述和指南中引用的研究已被撤回。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2082290
Alison Avenell, Mark J Bolland, Greg D Gamble, Andrew Grey

Retracted clinical trials may be influential in citing systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. We assessed the influence of 27 retracted trials on systematic reviews and clinical guidelines (citing publications), then alerted authors to these retractions. Citing publications were randomized to up to three e-mails to contact author with/without up to two coauthors, with/without the editor. After one year we assessed corrective action. We included 88 citing publications; 51% (45/88) had findings likely to change if retracted trials were removed, 87% (39/45) likely substantially. 51% (44/86) of contacted citing publications replied. Including three authors rather than the contact author alone was more likely to elicit a reply (P = 0.03). Including the editor did not increase replies (P = 0.66). Whether findings were judged likely to change, and size of the likely change, had no effect on response rate or action taken. One year after e-mails were sent only nine publications had published notifications. E-Mail alerts to authors and editors are inadequate to correct the impact of retracted publications in citing systematic reviews and guidelines. Changes to bibliographic and referencing systems, and submission processes are needed. Citing publications with retracted citations should be marked until authors resolve concerns.

撤稿的临床试验可能会影响系统综述和临床指南的引用。我们评估了27项撤稿试验对系统综述和临床指南(引用出版物)的影响,然后提醒作者注意这些撤稿试验。引用刊物的作者会随机收到最多三封电子邮件,联系作者(最多两名共同作者)、编辑(最多两名共同作者)和编辑(最多两名共同作者)。一年后,我们对纠正措施进行评估。我们收录了88篇引用出版物;如果撤销试验,51%(45/88)的研究结果可能会发生变化,87%(39/45)的研究结果可能会发生实质性变化。51%(44/86)联系过的引用出版物做出了回复。包括三位作者而非仅联系作者更有可能得到回复(P = 0.03)。包括编辑并没有增加回复率(P = 0.66)。是否判断研究结果可能发生变化以及可能发生变化的大小对回复率或采取的行动没有影响。电子邮件发送一年后,只有九家刊物发表了通知。向作者和编辑发送电子邮件提醒不足以纠正撤稿出版物对引用系统综述和指南的影响。需要对书目和参考文献系统以及投稿流程进行修改。在作者解决相关问题之前,引用被撤稿的出版物应做标记。
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引用次数: 5
De-naturalizing the "predatory": A study of "bogus" publications at public sector universities in Pakistan. 去 "掠夺性 "化:巴基斯坦公立大学 "假 "出版物研究。
IF 3.4 1区 哲学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2022.2106424
Waqar Ali Shah, Rukhsana Ali, Asadullah Lashari

Predatory publishing has recently emerged as a menace in academia. University professors and researchers often exploit this practice for their economic gains and institutional prestige. The present study investigates such existing predatory publishing practices in Pakistani public sector universities drawing on the notion of symbolic violence. For this purpose, we analyzed 495 articles published by 50 university professors in the social sciences and humanities over the period 2017-2021. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 postgraduate students to gather their perspectives on publishing practices. The study shows that 69% of the sample papers were published in predatory journals, as identified in Pakistan's Higher Education Commission's (HEC) online journal recognition system (HJRS). Postgraduate students' insights inform the study that the students misrecognize these malpractices in academia as a problem what is referred to as "symbolic violence." Consequently, they engage in the process to increase their publications. Such publications enable both the university professors and the students to achieve the desired benefit, such as promotions, tenure, and academic degrees. We recommend that this practice must be altered at the policy level since it not only violates the HEC's standards for quality research but also damages the researchers' credibility and country's scientific reputation.

近来,掠夺性出版已成为学术界的一个威胁。大学教授和研究人员经常利用这种做法来获取经济收益和机构声誉。本研究借鉴象征性暴力的概念,对巴基斯坦公立大学现有的掠夺性出版行为进行了调查。为此,我们分析了 50 名大学教授在 2017-2021 年间发表的 495 篇社会科学和人文科学文章。我们还对 20 名研究生进行了半结构化访谈,收集他们对出版实践的看法。研究显示,69% 的样本论文发表在掠夺性期刊上,巴基斯坦高等教育委员会(HEC)在线期刊识别系统(HJRS)已对此进行了识别。研究生的见解告诉本研究,学生们错误地认识到学术界的这些不良行为是一种被称为 "象征性暴力 "的问题。因此,他们参与了增加发表论文的过程。这些出版物使大学教授和学生都能获得理想的利益,如晋升、终身教职和学术学位。我们建议必须在政策层面上改变这种做法,因为它不仅违反了高等教育委员会的研究质量标准,而且还损害了研究人员的信誉和国家的科学声誉。
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引用次数: 0
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