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The reaction cross-sections for the (^{121})Sb((n,gamma))(^{122})Sb reaction were determined at 1.66, 2.65, and 3.05 MeV. The experiment was conducted using the neutron activation technique followed by the offline (gamma)-ray spectrometry. The neutrons were generated using the (^{7})Li((p,n)^{7})Be reaction, and the reaction cross-section for (^{121})Sb((n,gamma))(^{122})Sb was measured with respect to the (^{115})In((n,n'gamma))(^{115})In(^{m}) monitor reaction cross-section. Wood–Saxon phenomenological optical model potentials (OMP) were used to calculate the uncertainties of the theoretical calculation for the (^{121})Sb((n,gamma))(^{122})Sb reaction cross-section. The measured reaction cross-section data are compared to the existing data available in the EXFOR database. Additionally, the data are compared to the evaluated data from ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.1/A. TALYS-1.96 nuclear code is used for the theoretical calculations. The measured cross-sections are given along with their uncertainties and covariance matrices. In this work, the theoretical cross-section uncertainties have been estimated using the uncertainties in the level density and optical model parameters.

The Himalayan orogeny caused partial melting of rocks within the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), forming migmatites. The extensive occurrence of such migmatites in the lower structural level of the GHS (GHS_L) is a distinctive feature of the Western Arunachal Himalaya (WAH), situated in eastern part of the orogen; meanwhile leucogranite is predominantly found in the highest reaches of the GHS_L. A comprehensive multi-method study incorporating field observations, petrography, phase equilibrium modelling, geochemical analysis, and zircon U–Pb and monazite U–Th–Pb geochronology was conducted on migmatitic paragneiss and leucogranites from the GHS_L along the Bomdila-Tawang section of the WAH. P–T pseudosection modelling reveals a clockwise P–T path characterized by prograde burial and heating, significant melt production, and nearly isothermal decompression during melt solidification. Structural observations, including concordant and discordant relationships between leucosomes and gneissic bands, suggest that deformation established pathways for melt migration. Zircon U–Pb dates reveal bimodal protolith ages of ~ 1350 Ma (Ectasian) and ~ 900 Ma (Tonian). Insufficient zircon overgrowth (< 20 μm), likely due to extensive melt extraction during suprasolidus metamorphism, precludes younger age determination. Monazite U-Th-Pb age indicates peak metamorphism of the GHS_L at ca. 25–26 Ma, synchronous with MCT initiation in the WAH. Melt generation at peak metamorphic conditions in the GHS_L reached ~ 16 vol% in stromatic metatexites and ~ 26 vol% in layered diatexites and of these generated melts, > 50% escaped at depths of ~ 30–34 km. This extensive migration formed complex leucosome networks, contributing to regional leucogranite distribution and rheological weakening, enabling ductile flow within the GHS.

Self-supported ultrathin PtRuMoCoNi high-entropy alloy nanowires (HEANWs) were synthesized by a one-pot co-reduction method, whose peroxidase (POD)-like activity and catalytic mechanism were elaborated in detail. As expected, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANWs showed excellent POD-like activity. It can quickly catalyze the oxidization of colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue _OXTMB through decomposition of H₂O₂ to superoxide radicals. Notably, isoniazid and hydrazine effectively scavenge the as-produced superoxide radicals and reduce the blue _OXTMB, showing high reduction ability and antioxidant property. Thus, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANW-derived colorimetric method was developed for determination of isoniazid and hydrazine, which exhibited the linear ranges of 1.5 to 50 μM and 25 to 200 μM coupled with the lower detection limits of 2.3 and 12.6 μM for isoniazid and hydrazine, respectively. The excellent analytical performance mainly results from the synergistic catalytic effect of the multiple metals and distinctive ultra-thin nanowires. This work provides a simple and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of isoniazid and hydrazine in actual samples.

Graphical Abstract

Traditional methods for treating eye tumors, such as surgery and radiation therapy, can cause damage to surrounding healthy tissues and unwanted side effects. In recent years, proton therapy has emerged as a significant alternative for the treatment of eye tumors. Proton therapy targets cancer cells using proton particles while minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. Unlike other radiation therapy techniques, proton therapy uses the Bragg peak, which allows protons to concentrate on a specific depth within the tissue. Proton therapy can deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor area while protecting nearby healthy tissues. Additionally, proton therapy has a more favorable side effect profile than other treatment methods. This study focuses on simulations conducted on eyes and eye phantoms to examine the effects of proton therapy on eye tissues. The simulations analyzed physical effects such as ionization, recoils, and lateral straggle of proton beams using Bragg curves, recoil analyses, and atomic-level interactions. Results indicate that as the energy levels of proton beams increase, the range and energy transfer in eye tissues also increase. These findings emphasize the potential effectiveness of proton therapy for treating eye tumors. Polymer eye phantoms can serve as reliable tools in proton therapy simulations to optimize treatment planning. This study highlights the importance of proton therapy simulations and demonstrates the successful use of various polymer materials. Future studies may also examine the effects of heavy particles in addition to different polymer materials to comprehensively evaluate the impact of proton beams in biomedical applications.

The aquaculture sector is facing environmental issues because of rising chemical pollution of aquatic systems, which may be caused by man-made or natural causes. The combined action of these mixtures can produce an effect that is either severalfold higher or severalfold lower than the overall toxicity of the individual components. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of three individual toxicants: lead (Pb 0.088 mg L⁻¹), mercury (Hg 0.084 mg L⁻¹), and pendimethalin (PM 0.355 mg L⁻¹) and their combinations on the behavior, oxidative stress, immunology, biochemistry, and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia. The results show that mortality was evident across all treatment groups and was highest in the mixture (MIX) group, at 33.4%. Some of these behavioral changes included increased mucus secretion, fin rot, and dark skin coloration of the fish, all of which were evidently exacerbated in the MIX group. The erythrocyte and hemoglobin indices presented marked reductions in the MIX and PM groups in comparison to the control group. The MIX group had higher levels of serum creatinine and urea, as well as the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. They also had higher levels of malondialdehyde and lower levels of total antioxidant capacity, which showed oxidative stress. The stress biomarkers, cortisol and glucose, showed greater impact on the MIX and PM groups. The neurobehavioral assessment demonstrated noticeable decreased acetylcholinesterase levels in PM and MIX-exposed groups. In the serum immunological parameters, levels of nitric oxide and lysozyme were lower, especially in the MIX and PM groups. In all experimental groups, especially the MIX group, the levels of spleen pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were higher. The histopathological examination revealed marked lesions in the gills, liver, and brains in the form of inflammation, necrosis, and circulatory alterations. Among the exposed groups, the MIX group exhibited the highest histopathological changes. Collectively, our findings demonstrated significant toxic effects of heavy metals and herbicides on Nile tilapia, revealing a synergistic impact on both physiological and histopathological responses resulting from combined exposures. The data evidently indicate the ecological hazards associated with heavy metals and herbicides in aquatic ecosystems.

A comprehensive evaluation of pore fluid properties, involves detailed analysis of various characteristics and behaviours relevant to its storage and management in subsurface reservoirs. The assessment includes variations in CO₂ density, bulk modulus, temperature, pressure, velocities, and interactions with reservoir fluids and rocks. The seismic response of porous rocks hosting pore fluids is influenced by these physical properties, crucial for understanding CO₂ behaviour in carbon capture and storage (CCS) initiatives. In this study, we first utilize the Batzle–Wang model to predict the behavior of common pore fluids, such as brine and gas, which are key to understanding the seismic response of the reservoir. This initial analysis provides the foundation for the next step: monitoring the behavior of injected CO₂ at the Sleipner field in Norway. To accurately track changes in the subsurface related to CO₂ injection, we employ seismic inversion using the simulated annealing (SA) technique. This global optimization approach offers significant advantages over traditional local optimization methods, yielding more reliable and near-optimal solutions for estimating the changes in acoustic impedance caused by CO₂ saturation. The study examines five sets of time-lapse seismic data from the Sleipner field, from 1994 to 2006. Acoustic impedances are computed for the pre-injection period and post-injection years, revealing a low impedance zone spanning from 2000 to 2500 m/s/g/cc. This inversion result predicts the injected CO₂ volume by calculating the CO₂ area from the uppermost time slice of different years, based on acoustic impedance seismic sections. To address inherent non-uniqueness in time-lapse analysis, the estimated volume is compared with the original production volume. The results indicate that the estimated volume closely resembles the original injected volume for different time-lapse seismic data.

In this paper, we introduce and analyze two new results on the Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers stability for a class of nonlinear fractional reaction–diffusion equations with delay. We demonstrate that these equations exhibit Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler stability on a compact interval with respect to the Chebyshev and Bielecki norms, using fixed–point method. These results extend and encompass many previous findings while offering notable improvements. To illustrate the practical applications of our results, we provide three examples. Despite extensive literature on the Lyapunov, Ulam, and Mittag–Leffler stability of fractional equations with and without delays, there is limited research on the Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers stability of fractional equations with delay. Hence, a key aim of this work is to address this gap by exploring a class of nonlinear fractional reaction–diffusion equations with delay and establishing new results on their Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers stability.