法学最新文献

Ecosystem transformation driven by climatic, environmental and societal factors poses interlinked ecological and social challenges for many Indigenous communities. For Inuvialuit communities in and around the lower Mackenzie Delta, in the western Canadian Arctic, recent changes in the population of beavers (Castor canadensis) have disrupted subsistence harvesting activities and travelling routes, exacerbating stresses linked to the cost of living and increasing the exposure of active harvesters to risk. Drawing on interviews with 25 Inuvialuit knowledge holders from the three communities of Inuvik, Tuktoyaktuk, and Aklavik, we investigated concerns around beaver population change in the western Arctic and the impact of this change on Inuvialuit livelihoods and wellbeing. Beyond the direct impact of beavers, the issues associated with ecosystem transformation pose challenges for Inuvialuit collective identity, the continuity of knowledge and connections to the land. While beaver population change was widely attributed to the local effects of a warming climate, participants also pointed to the effects of social transformations over recent decades. Ecological changes interact with social factors to produce complex and wide-ranging consequences for Indigenous communities.

The evidence-based policy movement assumes that rigorously evaluated interventions replicate across contexts to produce similar effects. This universalist assumption may be unwarranted for complex social programs, where context shapes effectiveness. This study examines generalizability using 15 cash transfer programs evaluated across 12 Middle Eastern and North African countries through four complementary approaches: leave-one-out cross-validation, permutation tests, equivalence testing, and fragility indices. Leave-one-out analysis demonstrates robust stability, with 100% of key relationships maintaining a magnitude within 25% of full-sample estimates. The correlation between transfer size and poverty reduction (r = 0.711, p < .001) shows strong consistency, and permutation tests yield p = .001, indicating genuine signals rather than chance patterns. Equivalence testing reveals that programs with nearly identical designs can produce statistically distinguishable outcomes, with confidence intervals excluding practical equivalence in 67% of matched comparisons. Fragility indices of 2 to 3 for most relationships indicate moderate robustness. These findings suggest that some design-outcome relationships show stability while context matters substantially for program effectiveness. This study offers methodological tools for assessing evidence robustness in small-sample comparative research and argues for epistemic humility in cross-context predictions.

The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) is a promising novel scale that measures psychopathic traits and includes an additional conduct disorder factor that taps the antisocial dimension of psychopathy. The current study sought to broaden the application of PSCD by examining the factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and connections to delinquency in a young adult sample (N = 450; M = 31.91 years, SD = 13.02 years) obtained from the Brazilian community. Participants completed a self-report version of the PSCD along with other theoretically meaningful psychometric measures. Results supported a four-factor intercorrelated factor structure, with male participants scoring significantly higher than female participants on the PSCD total, grandiose-manipulative (GM), callous-unemotional (CU), daring-impulsive (DI), and conduct disorder (CD) factors. The four factors of the PSCD mainly presented positive, moderate to high significant inter-correlations and adequate reliability. The convergent validity with measures of the dark tetrad of personality, difficulties in emotion regulation, and self-reported delinquency also revealed positive moderate significant associations. Our findings support the use of the PSCD as a promising short, time-effective self-report measure of psychopathic traits in young adults.

By exploiting the panel data of 100 countries over the period 2006 to 2022, I show how climate change policies and green growth within a circular economy affect entrepreneurship. Higher energy intensity predicts a lower rate of new firm creation. In contrast, higher green growth correlates with a higher number of new businesses. The interaction between energy intensity and green growth indicates that environmental support can partially offset the adverse effects of energy-intensive economic structures. Using genetic distance to the United Kingdom as an instrumental variable, I establish a causal relationship. In particular, the findings suggest that well-designed environmental policies can act as a catalyst for new firm formation, especially in circular economies facing structural and developmental constraints.

The evidence base for parent support groups in child welfare systems is limited but growing. Evaluation of such programs requires flexible and context-specific designs that capture both outcomes and mechanisms of change. This exploratory mixed-methods evaluation examined a peer-led support group program for parents who experienced child removal in a large Florida county to better understand how these programs operate and benefit parents working toward reunification. A total of 22 parents participated in weekly sessions facilitated by peer specialists with prior child welfare involvement. Quantitative assessments measured changes in psychosocial functioning and engagement in child welfare services, while semi-structured interviews (n = 8) explored participant perceptions of group processes and benefits. Significant decreases were observed in depression, trauma, and loneliness, alongside increases in perceived emotional support. Thematic analysis identified four interrelated themes that informed an empirically grounded conceptual framework describing the functions and benefits of support groups.This evaluation study demonstrates how mixed-methods approaches can yield actionable evidence from small scale community-based interventions and offers insight into the mechanisms that may inform future implementation and evaluation of peer-led models.

This study aimed to compare fear of terrorism and fear of crime among backpackers and investigate the differences between Israeli and Western backpackers. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 120 Israeli backpackers and 109 backpackers from Western countries. Findings showed no significant differences in fear of crime between the groups, with 40% reporting exposure to crime in their home country. Israeli backpackers had higher exposure to terrorism events. While most backpackers did not experience harm during their trip, they reported higher levels of fear of crime while traveling. Israeli backpackers expressed greater fear of terrorism in their home country, while the Western group reported higher fear levels during their trip. These findings suggest the need for safer messaging and the provision of anti-crime and anti-terror information by tourism industry stakeholders and government agencies. Further research is required, particularly in understanding the impact of terrorism on travelers from diverse backgrounds.

Research investigating paedo-hebepho-ephebophilic sexual interests, a spectrum of atypical sexual interests toward minors under the age of 16 years old, has largely focused on men samples, while little is known about women. The present study aimed to contribute to this area by investigating the relationship between measures of experienced childhood trauma, empathy (dispositional as well as towards children), loneliness, intimacy, and paedo-hebepho-ephebophilic sexual interests or antisocial behaviour involving children in a community sample of 304 women - from the UK, Canada and USA - recruited through an online survey. Results revealed that between .7% (N = 2) and 4.6% (N = 14) reported different paedo-hebepho-ephebophilic sexual interests. Multiple regression analysis revealed that experiences of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, empathy towards victims, and empathic concern were significant predictors of paedo-hebepho-ephebophilic sexual interests. These results have several implications that will be discussed in this paper.

Brokers serve as key connectors linking academic researchers who might otherwise remain unconnected, to co-authorship networks. This study examines whether more complex interdisciplinary co-authorships yield greater scholarly impact than ties with authors from the same discipline, which are facilitated by cognitive similarity. It also tests the extent to which such collaborations influence the academic performance of female researchers. The study analyzed 594 authors and 271 papers in the field of social learning. Despite their complexity, regression analyses confirm the benefits of novel sources and combinations of interdisciplinary knowledge. The higher coordination and communication costs of interdisciplinary collaboration are offset by the potential of the new knowledge generated. Interdisciplinary collaboration is associated with higher performance among female scholars, contributing to increased recognition and reputation. This pattern suggests that collaboration strategies and institutional support should reduce coordination barriers in interdisciplinary co-authorship and facilitate women's access to high-impact brokerage opportunities.

This paper aims to demonstrate how evaluation methods can inform the development of a program, using the example of a novel housing mobility program. The limited availability of Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs) and other affordable housing assistance restricts the ability to address US national housing needs; millions more households qualify for HCVs than receive them. Those with HCVs encounter challenges in using vouchers in so-called high-opportunity areas. To address the dearth of HCVs and difficulty using them, a collaboration between faculty at Ohio State University and the community developed a new housing mobility program to increase the affordable housing supply, engaging stakeholders to understand the needs of low-income renters who are less likely to obtain an HCV. This paper outlines the Families Flourish program's development using both developmental and formative evaluations, examining the progress of the implementation and immediate outcomes using mixed methods. The developmental evaluation process required collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders, partners, and the project team. According to the formative evaluation of the pilot program, participants' experiences suggested that enhanced housing security was associated with improvements in physical and mental health for parents and their children, and that a more stable and safe neighborhood environment was similarly associated with gains in employment, education, and income. Throughout the process of evaluation, particularly the developmental evaluation, the evaluator's communication and collaboration skills were essential to the methodology. The study concludes with lessons learned, as well as recommendations for policy and directions for future research.

This cross-sectional study assessed Quality of Life (QOL) using the WHOQOL-BREF among 600 prisoners (14% female, 71% in closed regimes) across five large Serbian facilities, aiming to replicate and extend international findings. Four QOL domains and their correlates, gender differences, and the contributions of each domain to overall QOL were examined. Mean scores ranged from 55.48 (environmental) to 67.02 (psychological), with overall QOL averaging below 60. Regression analysis revealed that physical health was the strongest predictor of overall QOL (β = .35), followed by environmental QOL (β = .32), diverging from U.S. data, and that males reported significantly higher QOL than females. While partially replicating earlier data, these findings provide the first detailed QOL profile of Serbian prisoners and reveal context-specific differences in correlates and demographic patterns. These findings fill a major geographical gap, confirm that QOL is profoundly compromised, and underscore the need for environment- and health-oriented prison reforms in Serbia.