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When Who Matters: Interviewer Effects and Survey Modality. 当谁重要时:受访者效应与调查方式。
IF 3 4区 社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/0193841X231221303
Rebecca Walcott, Isabelle Cohen, Denise Ferris

When and how to survey potential respondents is often determined by budgetary and external constraints, but choice of survey modality may have enormous implications for data quality. Different survey modalities may be differentially susceptible to measurement error attributable to interviewer assignment, known as interviewer effects. In this paper, we leverage highly similar surveys, one conducted face-to-face (FTF) and the other via phone, to examine variation in interviewer effects across survey modality and question type. We find that while there are no cross-modality differences for simple questions, interviewer effects are markedly higher for sensitive questions asked over the phone. These findings are likely explained by the enhanced ability of in-person interviewers to foster rapport and engagement with respondents. We conclude with a thought experiment that illustrates the potential implications for power calculations, namely, that using FTF data to inform phone surveys may substantially underestimate the necessary sample size for sensitive questions.

何时以及如何对潜在受访者进行调查通常由预算和外部限制因素决定,但调查方式的选择可能会对数据质量产生巨大影响。不同的调查方式可能会因受访者的分配而产生不同的测量误差,这就是所谓的受访者效应。在本文中,我们利用高度相似的调查,一种是面对面调查(FTF),另一种是通过电话调查,来研究不同调查方式和问题类型下访问者效应的差异。我们发现,虽然在简单问题上不存在跨调查方式的差异,但在敏感问题上,电话调查的受访者效应明显更高。这些发现的原因可能是,面对面的采访者更有能力与受访者建立融洽的关系和互动。最后,我们用一个思想实验来说明功率计算的潜在影响,即使用 FTF 数据为电话调查提供信息可能会大大低估敏感问题所需的样本量。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Behaviour Change Communication on Knowledge and Prevention of Malaria Among Women in Ghana. 行为改变交流对加纳妇女疟疾知识和预防的影响。
IF 3 4区 社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1177/0193841X231194565
Emmanuel Orkoh, Uchenna Efobi

Behaviour change communication (BCC) remains a central component of the interventions used in the fight against malaria in Ghana. However, there is limited evidence of its effectiveness. This study evaluated the effects of BCC strategies on knowledge (symptoms, causes and prevention) and overall knowledge of malaria among Ghanaian women aged 15-49 years. The propensity score matching (PSM) approach and logistic regression were used to analyse data from the 2016 edition of the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). Women who participated in community-level education or heard/saw media messages on malaria, or both, had significantly more knowledge of the disease than women who lacked access to any of these mediums of communication. The effect of these strategies on women's overall knowledge of malaria is about 2% to 4% and is higher on their knowledge of the symptoms (3% to 6%) and prevention (2% to 4%) than the causes (2%). The combined effects of both mediums of communication are relatively higher than the effect of either of them as a single medium of communication. Further analysis showed that improved knowledge of the disease is associated with higher preventive measures taken by women for themselves and for their children. The results are more significant in rural and poor households than in urban and non-poor households. These findings underscore the need for the Ministry of Health and its partner institutions to adopt an innovative approach which combines the two strategies in intensively educating Ghanaians, and women in particular, on the symptoms and prevention of malaria, giving due cognisance to households' socioeconomic status and geographical location.

行为改变交流(BCC)仍然是加纳抗击疟疾干预措施的核心组成部分。然而,有关其有效性的证据却很有限。本研究评估了 BCC 策略对 15-49 岁加纳妇女疟疾知识(症状、病因和预防)和总体知识的影响。研究采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)和逻辑回归法分析了 2016 年疟疾指标调查(MIS)的数据。参加社区教育或听到/看到有关疟疾的媒体信息或两者兼而有之的妇女对疟疾的了解程度明显高于没有机会接触任何一种传播媒介的妇女。这些策略对妇女总体疟疾知识的影响约为 2% 至 4%,对症状(3% 至 6%)和预防(2% 至 4%)的了解高于对病因(2%)的了解。两种传播媒介的综合效果相对高于其中任何一种作为单一传播媒介的效果。进一步的分析表明,对疾病知识的了解越多,妇女为自己和子女采取的预防措施就越多。与城市和非贫困家庭相比,农村和贫困家庭的结果更为显著。这些研究结果突出表明,卫生部及其伙伴机构有必要采取一种创新方法,将这两种战略结合起来,对加纳人,特别是妇女进行有关疟疾症状和预防的强化教育,同时适当考虑到家庭的社会经济地位和地理位置。
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引用次数: 0
Calibrating Items Using an Unfolding Model of Item Response Theory: The Case of the Trait Personality Questionnaire 5 (TPQue5). 使用项目反应理论的展开模型校准项目:特质人格问卷 5 (TPQue5) 案例。
IF 3 4区 社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1177/0193841X231223374
Eirini M Mitropoulou, Leonidas A Zampetakis, Ioannis Tsaousis

Unfolding item response theory (IRT) models are important alternatives to dominance IRT models in describing the response processes on self-report tests. Their usage is common in personality measures, since they indicate potential differentiations in test score interpretation. This paper aims to gain a better insight into the structure of trait personality, by investigating whether the dominance or alternatively the unfolding IRT model are better descriptors of the response processes on a personality measure constructed under the dominance response theorem. For the assessment of the dominant model, the Graded Response Model (GRM) is used; while for the unfolding model, the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model (GGUM) was examined. All analyses are conducted with the freely available R. A sample of 1340 Greek adults, employed in private and public organizations, fulfilled the Trait Personality Questionnaire 5 short-form (TPQue5). Findings contradict previous research on trait personality. In accordance to the construction method employed, the TPQue5 items are best understood by monotonically increasing item response functions (IRFs). Individuals responding to the TPQue5 increase their probability of endorsing its items as their trait level increases; this stands for all personality dimensions, although Openness to Experience exhibited mixed type of item response patterns. Further research directions, implications and limitations are also discussed.

在描述自我报告测验的反应过程时,展开项目反应理论(IRT)模型是支配性 IRT 模型的重要替代模型。这些模型常用于人格测量,因为它们能显示测验分数解释中的潜在差异。本文旨在通过研究支配型 IRT 模型或展开型 IRT 模型是否能更好地描述根据支配型反应定理构建的人格测量中的反应过程,从而更好地了解特质人格的结构。在评估主导模型时,使用了分级反应模型(GRM);而在评估展开模型时,则研究了广义分级展开模型(GGUM)。所有分析均使用免费提供的 R 软件进行。1340 名希腊成年人(受雇于私营和公共组织)填写了特质人格问卷 5 简表(TPQue5)。研究结果与以往有关特质人格的研究相矛盾。根据所采用的构建方法,TPQue5 项目最好通过单调递增的项目反应函数(IRF)来理解。对 TPQue5 做出反应的个体会随着其特质水平的提高而增加其赞同项目的概率;这适用于所有人格维度,尽管经验开放性表现出混合类型的项目反应模式。此外,还讨论了进一步的研究方向、意义和局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Cluster Randomized Trials Designed to Support Generalizable Inferences. 旨在支持可推广推论的分组随机试验。
IF 3 4区 社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/0193841X231169557
Sarah E Robertson, Jon A Steingrimsson, Issa J Dahabreh

When planning a cluster randomized trial, evaluators often have access to an enumerated cohort representing the target population of clusters. Practicalities of conducting the trial, such as the need to oversample clusters with certain characteristics in order to improve trial economy or support inferences about subgroups of clusters, may preclude simple random sampling from the cohort into the trial, and thus interfere with the goal of producing generalizable inferences about the target population. We describe a nested trial design where the randomized clusters are embedded within a cohort of trial-eligible clusters from the target population and where clusters are selected for inclusion in the trial with known sampling probabilities that may depend on cluster characteristics (e.g., allowing clusters to be chosen to facilitate trial conduct or to examine hypotheses related to their characteristics). We develop and evaluate methods for analyzing data from this design to generalize causal inferences to the target population underlying the cohort. We present identification and estimation results for the expectation of the average potential outcome and for the average treatment effect, in the entire target population of clusters and in its non-randomized subset. In simulation studies, we show that all the estimators have low bias but markedly different precision. Cluster randomized trials where clusters are selected for inclusion with known sampling probabilities that depend on cluster characteristics, combined with efficient estimation methods, can precisely quantify treatment effects in the target population, while addressing objectives of trial conduct that require oversampling clusters on the basis of their characteristics.

在规划分组随机试验时,评估人员通常可以获得代表目标分组人口的计数群组。但由于开展试验的实际情况,例如需要对具有某些特征的群组进行超量抽样,以提高试验的经济性或支持对群组亚群的推断,因此可能无法从群组中进行简单的随机抽样,从而影响了对目标人群进行可推广推断的目标。我们介绍了一种嵌套试验设计,在这种设计中,随机分组被嵌入到目标人群中符合试验条件的分组群中,分组群的抽样概率是已知的,可能取决于分组群的特征(例如,允许选择分组群以促进试验的进行或研究与其特征相关的假设)。我们开发并评估了分析这种设计数据的方法,以便将因果推论推广到队列的目标人群。我们介绍了对整个目标群组及其非随机子集的平均潜在结果期望值和平均治疗效果期望值的识别和估计结果。在模拟研究中,我们发现所有估计值的偏差都较小,但精确度却明显不同。在分组随机试验中,根据分组特征的已知抽样概率来选择纳入的分组,再结合高效的估计方法,可以精确量化目标人群的治疗效果,同时实现根据分组特征对分组进行过度抽样的试验目标。
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引用次数: 0
Multistage Supply Chain Channel Principal-Agent Model in the Context of e-Commerce With Fairness Preference. 具有公平偏好的电子商务背景下的多阶段供应链渠道委托代理模型。
IF 3 4区 社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/0193841X241227878
Xin Liu, Zhen Xu, Qingxia Zhang, Liang Zhou

This research aims to investigate information asymmetry in e-commerce supply chain channels and the impact of the fair preference model on the behavior and returns of channel members. Therefore, by contrasting it with the model in the completely rational case, this research establishes a more realistic principal-agent model and incorporates the fair preference model into the e-commerce supply chain channel. According to the model's analysis, the effort level of the retailer at each stage is positively correlated with the e-commerce efficiency coefficient, and the incentive coefficient of manufacturers is positively correlated with the e-commerce efficiency coefficient in the case where all rationality is assumed. Manufacturing companies' anticipated profits are positively correlated with the e-commerce efficiency coefficient. According to the fair preference model, retailers will put forth more effort to sell products when their fixed income from manufacturers is higher and their optimal effort level is positively correlated with that income. When e-commerce's efficiency coefficient is higher than 1, the retailer's revenue and effort exceeded those of traditional channels. Manufacturers and retailers both experience Pareto improvements in their earnings after the fair preference model is introduced.

本研究旨在探讨电子商务供应链渠道中的信息不对称问题,以及公平偏好模型对渠道成员行为和收益的影响。因此,通过与完全理性情况下的模型对比,本研究建立了一个更符合实际情况的委托代理模型,并将公平偏好模型融入到电子商务供应链渠道中。根据模型分析,在假定完全理性的情况下,零售商各阶段的努力程度与电子商务效率系数呈正相关,制造商的激励系数与电子商务效率系数呈正相关。制造企业的预期利润与电子商务效率系数正相关。根据公平偏好模型,当零售商从制造商那里获得的固定收入较高时,他们会付出更多努力来销售产品,并且他们的最佳努力水平与该收入正相关。当电子商务的效率系数大于 1 时,零售商的收入和努力都超过了传统渠道。在引入公平偏好模型后,制造商和零售商的收益都有帕累托改进。
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引用次数: 0
Describing Coercion in the Courtroom: The Influence of Language and Maltreatment Severity on Jurors' Perceptions of Child Witnesses. 描述法庭上的胁迫:语言和虐待严重程度对陪审员对儿童证人认知的影响。
IF 4.5 2区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231210015
Breanne E Wylie, Stacia N Stolzenberg, Angela D Evans

Regardless of compliance to coercion by an alleged perpetrator, child maltreatment is abuse in any form. However, the extent to which coercion is described as an obligation (mandatory compliance) or permission (optional compliance) is legally relevant. The present investigation examined how attorneys question children about coercion and how children describe coercion in courtroom investigations of alleged child sexual abuse, and whether such language influences jurors' perceptions of children's testimony. Study 1 assessed 64 transcripts of children's testimonies and revealed that both attorneys and children use coercive language. Problematically, terms of permission were used when describing sexual abuse, potentially implying compliance was optional. Study 2 presented 160 adults with transcript excerpts, varied by coercive language (obligation or permission) and maltreatment type (sexual abuse or punishment). Coercive language influenced perceptions of coercion and whether the adult was to blame. Maltreatment type influenced perceptions of severity, credibility, and verdict. Overall, coercive language and maltreatment type influence perceptions of how the event unfolded.

无论被指控的施暴者是否遵守胁迫,虐待儿童都是任何形式的虐待。然而,胁迫在多大程度上被描述为义务(强制遵守)或许可(可选遵守)在法律上是相关的。本调查调查了律师如何询问儿童关于胁迫的问题,以及儿童在法庭调查涉嫌儿童性虐待时如何描述胁迫,以及这种语言是否影响陪审员对儿童证词的看法。研究1评估了64份儿童证词的笔录,发现律师和儿童都使用胁迫性语言。有问题的是,在描述性虐待时使用了许可条款,这可能意味着遵守是可选的。研究2向160名成年人提供了成绩单摘录,这些摘录因胁迫性语言(义务或许可)和虐待类型(性虐待或惩罚)而异。胁迫性语言影响了人们对胁迫的看法以及成年人是否应该受到谴责。虐待类型影响了对严重性、可信度和判决的认知。总的来说,胁迫性语言和虐待类型会影响人们对事件如何展开的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Interventions to Support Children's Recovery From Neglect-A Systematic Review. 支持儿童从忽视中恢复的干预措施--系统回顾。
IF 4.5 2区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231171617
A L Jackson, M Frederico, H Cleak, B D Perry

Earlier reviews to discover research on interventions for children after neglect have concluded little was available, despite the well-documented prevalence and harmful effects of neglect on children. We revisited this question through a systematic literature review to discover the state of research on interventions for children who have experienced neglect. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Sociological Abstracts and EMBASE for studies published between 2003 and 2021. Studies were included if neglect could be distinguished, and child outcomes reported. Eight reports describing six studies about six interventions were identified. These studies differed in interventions, age-groups, definitions of neglect, and outcomes. Four studies reported positive child outcomes though with varying degree of quality. More research is needed to inform a coherent theory of change following neglect. There remains an urgent need for research on interventions to help children recover from neglect.

尽管忽视的普遍性和对儿童的有害影响已得到充分证实,但早先为了解对遭受忽视的儿童进行干预的研究而进行的综述得出的结论是,这方面的研究成果甚少。我们通过系统性文献综述重新审视了这一问题,以了解针对遭受忽视的儿童的干预措施的研究现状。我们检索了 MEDLINE、PsycINFO、ERIC、《社会学文摘》和 EMBASE 中 2003 年至 2021 年间发表的研究。如果可以区分忽视并报告儿童的结果,则纳入研究。共确定了八份报告,介绍了关于六种干预措施的六项研究。这些研究的干预措施、年龄组、忽视的定义和结果各不相同。四项研究报告了积极的儿童成果,但质量参差不齐。需要进行更多的研究,以便为忽视后的变化提供一致的理论依据。目前仍然迫切需要对帮助儿童从忽视中恢复的干预措施进行研究。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Mental Illness, and Personality Differences on Attitudes Toward Self-Efficacy Among Females on Parole/Probation. 童年不良经历 (ACE)、精神疾病和性格差异对假释/缓刑女性自我效能态度的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-05 DOI: 10.1177/0306624X221132232
Timothy I Lawrence

Female offenders released from prison often face challenges within the community such as lack of employment, inconsistent attendance in substance use treatment, and complying with parole and probation conditions, which typically decreases their self-efficacy and motivation to refrain from reoffending. Despite this, much is still unknown of psychological factors that could impact female offenders' attitudes toward self-efficacy, such as mental illness symptoms, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), and personality differences. Thus, this cross-sectional study explored whether mental illness symptoms, ACEs, and personality differences were associated with attitudes toward self-efficacy (N = 398). Results suggest that mental illness symptoms, ACEs, and neuroticism negatively associated with attitudes toward self-efficacy in contrast to extraversion and conscientiousness. Parole/probation reentry and therapeutic implications are discussed.

刑满释放的女性罪犯在社区内往往面临着各种挑战,如缺乏就业机会、接受药物使用治疗的时间不一致、遵守假释和缓刑条件等,这通常会降低她们的自我效能感和避免再次犯罪的动机。尽管如此,人们对可能影响女性罪犯自我效能感态度的心理因素仍有很多不了解,如精神疾病症状、童年不良经历(ACEs)和人格差异等。因此,本横断面研究探讨了精神病症状、ACEs 和人格差异是否与自我效能感态度相关(N = 398)。结果表明,与外向性和自觉性相比,精神疾病症状、ACE 和神经质与自我效能感的态度呈负相关。本文讨论了假释/保释重返社会和治疗意义。
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引用次数: 0
Childcare Subsidy Employment and Copayment Requirements and Child Maltreatment. 儿童保育津贴、就业及共同付款规定及虐待儿童。
IF 4.5 2区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231218174
Kathryn Maguire-Jack, Yanghyun Park, Megan Feely, William Schneider, Garrett T Pace, J Bart Klika, Eric Thibodeau

Economic support programs for low-income families may play an important role in preventing child abuse and neglect. In the United States, childcare subsidies are provided to low-income families who meet certain requirements to offset the high cost of childcare. States have flexibility in setting many policies related to the provision of childcare subsidies, which results in a great deal of variation in how the programs operate between states. One policy dimension on which states vary is the number of employment hours required to receive childcare subsidies. A small body of work has begun to investigate the ways in which these state policy variations might relate to child maltreatment. Using 11 years of administrative data from the United States, the current study sought to estimate the relationship between two sources of variation in childcare subsidy policies: employment requirements and copayment size; and child neglect, physical abuse, and emotional abuse substantiations. The study found a nuanced relationship between required employment and neglect substantiations. Specifically, requiring some level of work was not associated with neglect substantiations, but requiring 30 hours of employment was associated with higher rates. The study did not find a relationship between copayment size and maltreatment substantiations.

针对低收入家庭的经济支持计划可能在防止虐待和忽视儿童方面发挥重要作用。在美国,为满足一定条件的低收入家庭提供托儿补贴,以抵消高昂的托儿费用。各州在制定与提供儿童保育补贴有关的许多政策方面具有灵活性,这导致各州之间的项目运作方式存在很大差异。各州在政策方面存在差异的一个方面是,获得儿童保育补贴所需的工作时数。一小部分工作已经开始调查这些州政策变化可能与虐待儿童有关的方式。利用美国11年的行政数据,本研究试图估计儿童保育补贴政策变化的两个来源之间的关系:就业要求和共同支付规模;以及忽视儿童,身体虐待和精神虐待的证据。该研究发现,必要就业和忽视证据之间存在微妙的关系。具体来说,要求一定程度的工作与忽视的证据无关,但要求30小时的工作与更高的比率有关。该研究没有发现共同支付金额与虐待证据之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Birth Spacing and Child Maltreatment: Population-Level Estimates for North Carolina. 出生间隔和儿童虐待:北卡罗来纳州人口水平估计。
IF 4.5 2区 社会学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231171879
Anna Rybińska, Yu Bai, W Benjamin Goodman, Kenneth A Dodge

We examine population-level associations between birth spacing and child maltreatment using birth records and child welfare records for 1,099,230 second or higher parity children born in North Carolina between 1997 and 2013. Building upon previous research, administrative data linkages were used to address out-of-state migration and family-level heterogeneity in birth spacing and child maltreatment risk factors. Findings provide the strongest evidence to date that very short birth spacing of zero through 6 months from last birth to the index child's conception is a prenatal predictor of child maltreatment (indexed as child welfare involvement) throughout early childhood. Consequently, information about optimal family planning during the postpartum period should become a standard component of universal and targeted child maltreatment prevention programs. However, challenging previous empirical evidence, this study reports inconsistent results for benefits of additional spacing delay beyond 6 months with regard to child maltreatment risk reduction, especially for children of racial and ethnic minorities. These findings call for further inquiry about the mechanisms driving the connections between birth spacing and Child Protective Services assessments.

我们使用1997年至2013年间在北卡罗来纳州出生的1099230名二胎或二胎以上儿童的出生记录和儿童福利记录,研究了出生间隔与虐待儿童之间的人口水平关联。在先前研究的基础上,使用行政数据联系来解决州外移民和家庭层面出生间隔和虐待儿童风险因素的异质性问题。研究结果提供了迄今为止最有力的证据,表明从最后一次出生到指数儿童受孕的0到6个月的非常短的出生间隔是整个幼儿期虐待儿童(指数为儿童福利参与)的产前预测因素。因此,关于产后最佳计划生育的信息应成为普遍和有针对性的儿童虐待预防方案的标准组成部分。然而,这项研究对先前的经验证据提出了质疑,报告称,在减少儿童虐待风险方面,特别是对少数种族和族裔儿童而言,间隔期延长6个月以上的益处结果不一致。这些发现要求进一步调查生育间隔与儿童保护服务评估之间的联系机制。
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引用次数: 0
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