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Embracing complexity. Porous cranial lesions and their paleopathological significance in two population samples from Neolithic Northern Germany
IF 1.3 3区 地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2025.03.001
Emmanuele Petiti , Daria Moser , Detlef Jantzen , Florian Klimscha , Katharina Fuchs

Objective

To assess phenotypic variation of porous cranial lesions and their co-occurrence with infections of the upper respiratory apparatus and endocranial lesions, to infer disease burden in two different Neolithic socio-economic groups.

Materials

Human skulls of at least 111 individuals from a collective grave at Sorsum (farmers) and 30 individual biurials at Ostorf (aquatic foragers) from northern Germany (c. 3300–2900 BCE).

Methods

A new data recording protocol for scoring porous cranial lesion phenotypic variation and the assessment of inter- and intra-site frequencies and anatomical distribution. Statistical analysis of lesion frequencies and co-occurrences.

Results

High odds of porous cranial lesions and upper respiratory apparatus lesions co-occurrence, and of subperiosteal new bone formation of the vault (a porous cranial lesion phenotype) and endocranial lesions, are noted for both sites. Site-specific phenotypic profiles and distribution patterns differ. For Sorsum, juvenile individuals show greater porous cranial lesion frequencies and active lesions.

Conclusions

Considering disease interplay is key for understanding porous cranial lesion phenotypic variation. Disease profiles can be associated with subsistence strategies. The results rule out dichotomic models (e.g. “civilization stress”) and support more nuanced reconstructions of the Neolithic social-economic transformations.

Significance

This study emphasizes the need to adopt data recording protocols that include a wider range of porous cranial lesions to understand overlapping pathophysiological pathways.

Limitations

Considerable preservation bias of the population samples. Inter-observer error is to be tested. Radiographic analyses are needed to corroborate the results.

Suggestions for further research

Further studies on larger assemblages from different geographical and chronological contexts are needed.
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引用次数: 0
Advancing population-targeted urban sensing: A comparative study on mobile and static sensing paradigms
IF 7.1 1区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102288
Yuan-Qiao Hou , Xiao-Jian Chen , Zhou Huang , Xia Peng , Yu Liu
To evaluate human exposure to environmental factors, sufficient population-targeted sensing power of sensor carriers is crucial. However, the traditional static sensing approach is constrained by its limited coverage. Recently, equipping moving vehicles with sensors has emerged as a new approach. However, a quantitative comparison between mobile and traditional static sensing is still lacking. Using empirical taxi trajectory and population data in Beijing and Xiamen, we found that while a small number of taxi-based mobile sensors can cover a larger portion of the population, well-located static sensors eventually surpass mobile sensors in coverage as their number increases. In addition, a higher required frequency reduces the coverage of mobile sensors, whereas a higher cost ratio between static and mobile sensors reduces the coverage of static sites. Taxis provide extensive spatial coverage but with some uncertainty, especially in peripheral areas, whereas static sensors ensure localized and stable coverage. Based on the advantage of taxis and static sites, we propose an effective greedy-add-guided strengthen elitist genetic algorithm to determine the optimal combination of static and mobile sensors. The key idea is to position static sensors in areas with relatively low taxi visit probabilities but high population density. The results indicate that this optimal combination achieves higher population coverage compared to using taxis alone. It addresses the uncertainty in taxi coverage and significantly reduces the number of sensors required. These results support the feasibility of using taxis as a sensing paradigm and further highlight the potential of combining these two sensing paradigms in population-targeted sensing applications.
{"title":"Advancing population-targeted urban sensing: A comparative study on mobile and static sensing paradigms","authors":"Yuan-Qiao Hou ,&nbsp;Xiao-Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Zhou Huang ,&nbsp;Xia Peng ,&nbsp;Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2025.102288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evaluate human exposure to environmental factors, sufficient population-targeted sensing power of sensor carriers is crucial. However, the traditional static sensing approach is constrained by its limited coverage. Recently, equipping moving vehicles with sensors has emerged as a new approach. However, a quantitative comparison between mobile and traditional static sensing is still lacking. Using empirical taxi trajectory and population data in Beijing and Xiamen, we found that while a small number of taxi-based mobile sensors can cover a larger portion of the population, well-located static sensors eventually surpass mobile sensors in coverage as their number increases. In addition, a higher required frequency reduces the coverage of mobile sensors, whereas a higher cost ratio between static and mobile sensors reduces the coverage of static sites. Taxis provide extensive spatial coverage but with some uncertainty, especially in peripheral areas, whereas static sensors ensure localized and stable coverage. Based on the advantage of taxis and static sites, we propose an effective greedy-add-guided strengthen elitist genetic algorithm to determine the optimal combination of static and mobile sensors. The key idea is to position static sensors in areas with relatively low taxi visit probabilities but high population density. The results indicate that this optimal combination achieves higher population coverage compared to using taxis alone. It addresses the uncertainty in taxi coverage and significantly reduces the number of sensors required. These results support the feasibility of using taxis as a sensing paradigm and further highlight the potential of combining these two sensing paradigms in population-targeted sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48241,"journal":{"name":"Computers Environment and Urban Systems","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102288"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of forest conversion on soil water infiltration in the Dabie mountainous area, China
IF 4.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102351
Yun Zhu , Lei Sun , Abdul Hakim Jamshidi , Xia Liu , Yiling Zheng , Zhaofei Fan

Study region

The Dabie mountainous area, China.

Study focus

Soil infiltration is a hydrological process dramatically affected by land use/cover changes. Soil infiltration characteristics, litter, root traits, and soil properties were monitored and the contributions of litter, root traits and soil properties on soil infiltrability were evaluated under Castanea mollissima forest (CMF), Castanea mollissima-tea inter-planting forest (CMTF), Camellia oleifera forest (COF), and Camellia oleifera-tea inter-planting forest (COTF), and miscellaneous woody forest (MWF, as the control).

New hydrological insights for the region

Significant differences were found in soil water infiltration following the change from natural to economic forest (p < 0.05). Soil initial infiltration rate (IIR), average infiltration (AIR), and steady infiltration rate (SIR) decreased by 35.65–61.59 %, 55.98–76.17 %, and 46.34–69.46 %, respectively. Soil water infiltration was more susceptible to soil properties than litter characteristics or root traits. Clay content was the primary factor affecting soil water infiltration. However, land use and management may drastically change litter and root trait conditions, which regulate soil properties, especially clay content. Therefore, management of slopping economic forests should improve the condition of litter and root traits to reduce soil and water loss hazards.
{"title":"Effect of forest conversion on soil water infiltration in the Dabie mountainous area, China","authors":"Yun Zhu ,&nbsp;Lei Sun ,&nbsp;Abdul Hakim Jamshidi ,&nbsp;Xia Liu ,&nbsp;Yiling Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhaofei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Dabie mountainous area, China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Soil infiltration is a hydrological process dramatically affected by land use/cover changes. Soil infiltration characteristics, litter, root traits, and soil properties were monitored and the contributions of litter, root traits and soil properties on soil infiltrability were evaluated under <em>Castanea mollissima forest (CMF), Castanea mollissima-tea inter-planting forest (CMTF), Camellia oleifera forest (COF), and Camellia oleifera-tea inter-planting forest (COTF), and miscellaneous woody forest (MWF, as the control).</em></div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>Significant differences were found in soil water infiltration following the change from natural to economic forest (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Soil initial infiltration rate (<em>IIR</em>), average infiltration (<em>AIR</em>), and steady infiltration rate (<em>SIR</em>) decreased by 35.65–61.59 %, 55.98–76.17 %, and 46.34–69.46 %, respectively. Soil water infiltration was more susceptible to soil properties than litter characteristics or root traits. Clay content was the primary factor affecting soil water infiltration. However, land use and management may drastically change litter and root trait conditions, which regulate soil properties, especially clay content. Therefore, management of slopping economic forests should improve the condition of litter and root traits to reduce soil and water loss hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluating adaptability of early cereal consumption during Holocene climate fluctuation: Integrated insights from macro-botanical remains, fossil pollen records and species distribution modeling in northern China
IF 3.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109350
Yumeng Qu
Agricultural production began with the selective adaptation of wild crops. While extensive archaeological evidence indicates that northern China was one of the earliest regions to develop systematic cereal cultivation, the dynamics of early subsistence adaptation remain insufficiently understood, primarily due to limited knowledge regarding the distribution, abundance, and variation of cereals. This study integrates multiple lines of evidence, including macro-botanical data recovered from archaeological sites, pollen taxa analysis from high-resolution sediment samples, and species distribution modeling (SDM), to evaluate the interaction between wild cereal resources and human choices during Holocene climate fluctuations. The findings suggest that climatic amelioration following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may facilitate the availability of wild broomcorn millet and rice in northern China. Their high abundance during the early Holocene may make these cereals dominant choices. In contrast, the climatic impact on wild foxtail millet was minimal, and its relatively lower availability likely constrained its early consumption. During the early Holocene, the composition of local vegetation may have influenced the proportion of cereals in daily diets. By the mid-Holocene, although climatic fluctuations diminished the availability of wild broomcorn millet and rice, the expansion of agriculture became the primary driver for the widespread dominance of foxtail millet. The assessment of early human adaptation reveals that the selective utilization of cereals was part of a complex ecological and economic dynamic, initially driven by disparities in plant resource availability resulting from Holocene climatic variations. Over time, however, population demands and agricultural development increasingly shaped this process.
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引用次数: 0
Multi-Elemental Tracers in the Amerasian Basin Reveal Interlinked Biogeochemical and Physical Processes in the Arctic Ocean Upper Halocline
IF 5.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1029/2024GB008342
L. M. Whitmore, L. Jensen, J. Granger, Y. Xiang, L. Kipp, A. Pasqualini, R. Newton, A. M. Agather, R. F. Anderson, E. E. Black, K. L. Bowman, A. Bourbonnais, M. A. Brzezinski, R. M. Bundy, M. A. Charette, R. L. Edwards, J. N. Fitzsimmons, D. A. Hansell, P. J. Lam, P. Morton, M. A. Saito, P. Schlosser, A. M. Shiller, W. M. Smethie, B. S. Twining, R. J. Woosley, R. Zhang

The physical and biogeochemical properties of the western Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing, resulting in cascading shifts to the local ecosystems. The nutrient-rich Pacific water inflow to the Arctic through the Bering Strait is modified on the Chukchi and East Siberian shelves by brine rejection during sea ice formation, resulting in a strong halocline (called the Upper Halocline Layer (UHL)) that separates the cold and relatively fresh surface layer from the warmer and more saline (and nutrient-poor) Atlantic-derived water below. Biogeochemical signals entrained into the UHL result from Pacific Waters modified by sediment and river influence on the shelf. In this synthesis, we bring together data from the 2015 Arctic U.S. GEOTRACES program to implement a multi-tracer (dissolved and particulate trace elements, radioactive and stable isotopes, macronutrients, and dissolved gas/atmospheric tracers) approach to assess the relative influence of shelf sediments, rivers, and Pacific seawater contribution to the Amerasian Arctic halocline. For each element, we characterized their behavior as mixing dominated (e.g., dCu, dGa), shelf-influenced (e.g., dFe, dZn), or a combination of both (e.g., dBa, dNi). Leveraging this framework, we assessed sources and sinks contributing to elemental distributions: shelf sediments (e.g., dFe, dZn, dCd, dHg), riverine sources, (e.g., dCu, dBa, dissolved organic carbon), and scavenging by particles originating on the shelf (e.g., dFe, dMn, dV, etc.). Additionally, synthesized results from isotopic and atmospheric tracers yielded tracer age estimates for the Upper Halocline ranging between 1 and 2 decades on a spatial gradient consistent with cyclonic circulation.

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引用次数: 0
Runoff generation in ephemeral streams of the Virgin Islands: The case of Salt River, St. Croix
IF 4.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102372
David A. Hensley , Thorsten Knappenberger , Brittany V. Lancellotti , Eve Brantley , Joey N. Shaw , Mariana Dobre , James R. Lindner

Study region

The island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles.

Study focus

Small islands worldwide have limited water resources and an increased need to understand the mechanisms underlying island water budgets, but they also usually lack adequate data. Our study focused on the Salt River watershed on the island of St. Croix in the Virgin Islands, which is an ephemeral stream network comprising both volcanic and carbonate hydrogeology. We used hydrometeorological and soil moisture data at upstream and downstream sites (chosen by geospatial topographic and soil information) to characterize thresholds for runoff generation and to analyze the disrupted connectivity of the ephemeral stream network.

New hydrological insights for the region

We found evidence of runoff thresholds, which align with work in similar catchments elsewhere. Connectivity from headwaters to lowland areas was uncommon, and saturation-excess overland flows and subsurface stormflow appeared to dominate runoff events. The upstream subcatchment (with volcanic hydrogeology) was much more responsive (runoff coefficient = 0.237) than the entire catchment (with partly carbonate hydrogeology; runoff coefficient = 0.086). The transition between these hydrogeologic zones may disrupt connectivity and play an important role in aquifer recharge, while buffering the marine environment from water quality problems. For resource managers, this study offers the possibility of identifying sensitive groundwater recharge zones, and provides insight into the frequency of ridge-to-reef flow events.
{"title":"Runoff generation in ephemeral streams of the Virgin Islands: The case of Salt River, St. Croix","authors":"David A. Hensley ,&nbsp;Thorsten Knappenberger ,&nbsp;Brittany V. Lancellotti ,&nbsp;Eve Brantley ,&nbsp;Joey N. Shaw ,&nbsp;Mariana Dobre ,&nbsp;James R. Lindner","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Small islands worldwide have limited water resources and an increased need to understand the mechanisms underlying island water budgets, but they also usually lack adequate data. Our study focused on the Salt River watershed on the island of St. Croix in the Virgin Islands, which is an ephemeral stream network comprising both volcanic and carbonate hydrogeology. We used hydrometeorological and soil moisture data at upstream and downstream sites (chosen by geospatial topographic and soil information) to characterize thresholds for runoff generation and to analyze the disrupted connectivity of the ephemeral stream network.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>We found evidence of runoff thresholds, which align with work in similar catchments elsewhere. Connectivity from headwaters to lowland areas was uncommon, and saturation-excess overland flows and subsurface stormflow appeared to dominate runoff events. The upstream subcatchment (with volcanic hydrogeology) was much more responsive (runoff coefficient = 0.237) than the entire catchment (with partly carbonate hydrogeology; runoff coefficient = 0.086). The transition between these hydrogeologic zones may disrupt connectivity and play an important role in aquifer recharge, while buffering the marine environment from water quality problems. For resource managers, this study offers the possibility of identifying sensitive groundwater recharge zones, and provides insight into the frequency of ridge-to-reef flow events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characteristics of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought under natural conditions in the Haihe River Basin of China: Time, probability, and threshold
IF 4.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102359
Anzhou Zhao , Wei Zhang , Lidong Zou , Sen Cao , Yunfeng Yue , Qirilatu Sa

Study region

The Haihe River Basin (HHRB), China.

Study focus

Understanding the propagation characteristics of droughts from meteorological to hydrological stages is crucial for effective early warning systems. However, these characteristics (time, probability, and threshold) remain unexplored under natural conditions. This study aims to fill this gap by studying the propagation characteristics of drought from the meteorological phase to the hydrological phase under natural conditions. Utilizes the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) to analyze meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Haihe River Basin (HHRB), China, using data from 1981 to 2018. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, copula probability models, and Bayesian causal frameworks are employed to investigate drought propagation characteristics.

New hydrological insights for the region

The study shows significant regional differences in the propagation time from meteorological to hydrological droughts, with shorter times in the northwest and longer times in the southeast. Additionally, the duration of droughts in spring and winter is generally longer. The drought propagation time has shown a significant increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, especially in the central and western regions. The probability of meteorological drought triggering hydrological drought increases with the severity level, and the thresholds for meteorological drought differ across various levels of hydrological drought. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional differences, seasonal variations, and the impact of climate change on drought trends in drought warning systems and water resource management.
{"title":"Characteristics of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought under natural conditions in the Haihe River Basin of China: Time, probability, and threshold","authors":"Anzhou Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Lidong Zou ,&nbsp;Sen Cao ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Yue ,&nbsp;Qirilatu Sa","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Haihe River Basin (HHRB), China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Understanding the propagation characteristics of droughts from meteorological to hydrological stages is crucial for effective early warning systems. However, these characteristics (time, probability, and threshold) remain unexplored under natural conditions. This study aims to fill this gap by studying the propagation characteristics of drought from the meteorological phase to the hydrological phase under natural conditions. Utilizes the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) to analyze meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Haihe River Basin (HHRB), China, using data from 1981 to 2018. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, copula probability models, and Bayesian causal frameworks are employed to investigate drought propagation characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>The study shows significant regional differences in the propagation time from meteorological to hydrological droughts, with shorter times in the northwest and longer times in the southeast. Additionally, the duration of droughts in spring and winter is generally longer. The drought propagation time has shown a significant increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, especially in the central and western regions. The probability of meteorological drought triggering hydrological drought increases with the severity level, and the thresholds for meteorological drought differ across various levels of hydrological drought. These findings highlight the importance of considering regional differences, seasonal variations, and the impact of climate change on drought trends in drought warning systems and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102359"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MTAHG and MTBHG: Modified Approaches for Interpreting Gravity Data
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1029/2024EA003900
Hazel Deniz Toktay, Hanbing Ai, Ahmad Alvandi, Kejia Su, Jinlei Li

Gravity anomaly maps often contain spatially overlapping signatures from numerous sources, each with varying shapes, depths, and density contrasts. Locating these signatures using edge detection techniques is crucial for geological structural interpretation and imaging of horizontal boundaries. This paper proposes two effective edge detection tools: one combining the balanced total horizontal gradient (BHG), and the hyperbolic tangent function, abbreviated as “MTBHG”; and the other combining the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient (TAHG) and the hyperbolic tangent function, abbreviated as “MTAHG.” Additionally, the Modified Non-Local Means (MNLM) filter was applied to suppress possible noise effects amplified by the gradient calculation process. Synthetic tests validated that the MTAHG and MTBHG detectors outperform other representative detectors. Two high-resolution gravity data sets from the Western Carpathians in Slovakia and the Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa were used to test the applicability of the modified methods. Results show that the modified detectors achieve superior edge delineation and avoid creating spurious anomalies or artifacts even in the presence of unwanted noise interference. Furthermore, by eliminating false tilt-depth (TD) solutions via the edge detection results, we enhance the accuracy of depth estimates and facilitate the credible identification of both horizontal and vertical structure distributions.

{"title":"MTAHG and MTBHG: Modified Approaches for Interpreting Gravity Data","authors":"Hazel Deniz Toktay,&nbsp;Hanbing Ai,&nbsp;Ahmad Alvandi,&nbsp;Kejia Su,&nbsp;Jinlei Li","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003900","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gravity anomaly maps often contain spatially overlapping signatures from numerous sources, each with varying shapes, depths, and density contrasts. Locating these signatures using edge detection techniques is crucial for geological structural interpretation and imaging of horizontal boundaries. This paper proposes two effective edge detection tools: one combining the balanced total horizontal gradient (BHG), and the hyperbolic tangent function, abbreviated as “MTBHG”; and the other combining the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient (TAHG) and the hyperbolic tangent function, abbreviated as “MTAHG.” Additionally, the Modified Non-Local Means (MNLM) filter was applied to suppress possible noise effects amplified by the gradient calculation process. Synthetic tests validated that the MTAHG and MTBHG detectors outperform other representative detectors. Two high-resolution gravity data sets from the Western Carpathians in Slovakia and the Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa were used to test the applicability of the modified methods. Results show that the modified detectors achieve superior edge delineation and avoid creating spurious anomalies or artifacts even in the presence of unwanted noise interference. Furthermore, by eliminating false tilt-depth (TD) solutions via the edge detection results, we enhance the accuracy of depth estimates and facilitate the credible identification of both horizontal and vertical structure distributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Practical Probabilistic Benchmark for AI Weather Models
IF 4.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1029/2024GL113656
Noah D. Brenowitz, Yair Cohen, Jaideep Pathak, Ankur Mahesh, Boris Bonev, Thorsten Kurth, Dale R. Durran, Peter Harrington, Michael S. Pritchard

Since the weather is chaotic, it is necessary to forecast an ensemble of future states. Recently, multiple AI weather models have emerged claiming breakthroughs in deterministic skill. Unfortunately, it is hard to fairly compare ensembles of AI forecasts because variations in ensembling methodology become confounding and the baseline data volume is immense. We address this by scoring lagged initial condition ensembles—whereby an ensemble can be constructed from a library of deterministic hindcasts. This allows the first parameter-free intercomparison of leading AI weather models' probabilistic skill against an operational baseline. Lagged ensembles of the two leading AI weather models, GraphCast and Pangu, perform similarly even though the former outperforms the latter in deterministic scoring. These results are elaborated upon by sensitivity tests showing that commonly used multiple time-step loss functions damage ensemble calibration.

{"title":"A Practical Probabilistic Benchmark for AI Weather Models","authors":"Noah D. Brenowitz,&nbsp;Yair Cohen,&nbsp;Jaideep Pathak,&nbsp;Ankur Mahesh,&nbsp;Boris Bonev,&nbsp;Thorsten Kurth,&nbsp;Dale R. Durran,&nbsp;Peter Harrington,&nbsp;Michael S. Pritchard","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the weather is chaotic, it is necessary to forecast an ensemble of future states. Recently, multiple AI weather models have emerged claiming breakthroughs in deterministic skill. Unfortunately, it is hard to fairly compare ensembles of AI forecasts because variations in ensembling methodology become confounding and the baseline data volume is immense. We address this by scoring lagged initial condition ensembles—whereby an ensemble can be constructed from a library of deterministic hindcasts. This allows the first parameter-free intercomparison of leading AI weather models' probabilistic skill against an operational baseline. Lagged ensembles of the two leading AI weather models, GraphCast and Pangu, perform similarly even though the former outperforms the latter in deterministic scoring. These results are elaborated upon by sensitivity tests showing that commonly used multiple time-step loss functions damage ensemble calibration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spatiotemporal monitoring of water storage in the North China Plain from 2002 to 2022 based on an improved GRACE downscaling method
IF 4.7 2区 地球科学 Q1 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102370
Jinze Tian , Yu Chen , Shuai Wang , Xinlong Chen , Huibin Cheng , Xiaolong Tian , Xue Wang , Kun Tan

Study region

North China Plain (NCP), a major agricultural region in China.

Study focus

The coupling effects of key drivers on water storage dynamics were quantitatively analyzed, integrating frequency-domain correlation analysis to identify lag effects, which were incorporated into a Random Forest (RF) downscaling method. GRACE data were refined through this approach, enhancing spatial resolution while maintaining accuracy, with the aim of precisely characterizing water storage dynamics and examining its interactions with climatic and anthropogenic factors, particularly the long-term impact of groundwater fluctuations on surface deformation.

New hydrological insight for the region

Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), Shallow Water Storage Anomaly (SWSA), and Groundwater Storage Anomaly (GWSA) were derived for the NCP over the past two decades at a 0.25° resolution. The enhanced downscaling model demonstrated improved performance, with a higher Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (+0.05), an increased correlation coefficient (+0.03), and a reduced root-mean-square error (-0.32 cm). From 2014–2022, interannual water storage fluctuations intensified, with divergent trends for TWSA (0.30 cm/year), SWSA (1.47 cm/year), and GWSA (-0.97 cm/year). Major influencing factors include water diversion projects, increased precipitation, and reduced societal water consumption. Surface deformation lags behind GWSA by 5–6 months, with a long-term lag of 10 months and a correlation of 0.81. These findings deepen the understanding of water storage dynamics and their impact on surface deformation in the NCP.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal monitoring of water storage in the North China Plain from 2002 to 2022 based on an improved GRACE downscaling method","authors":"Jinze Tian ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Xinlong Chen ,&nbsp;Huibin Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Tian ,&nbsp;Xue Wang ,&nbsp;Kun Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>North China Plain (NCP), a major agricultural region in China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>The coupling effects of key drivers on water storage dynamics were quantitatively analyzed, integrating frequency-domain correlation analysis to identify lag effects, which were incorporated into a Random Forest (RF) downscaling method. GRACE data were refined through this approach, enhancing spatial resolution while maintaining accuracy, with the aim of precisely characterizing water storage dynamics and examining its interactions with climatic and anthropogenic factors, particularly the long-term impact of groundwater fluctuations on surface deformation.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insight for the region</h3><div>Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), Shallow Water Storage Anomaly (SWSA), and Groundwater Storage Anomaly (GWSA) were derived for the NCP over the past two decades at a 0.25° resolution. The enhanced downscaling model demonstrated improved performance, with a higher Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (+0.05), an increased correlation coefficient (+0.03), and a reduced root-mean-square error (-0.32 cm). From 2014–2022, interannual water storage fluctuations intensified, with divergent trends for TWSA (0.30 cm/year), SWSA (1.47 cm/year), and GWSA (-0.97 cm/year). Major influencing factors include water diversion projects, increased precipitation, and reduced societal water consumption. Surface deformation lags behind GWSA by 5–6 months, with a long-term lag of 10 months and a correlation of 0.81. These findings deepen the understanding of water storage dynamics and their impact on surface deformation in the NCP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102370"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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