Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108843
Yun Yuan, Huige Di, Jiale Wang, Dengxin Hua
The vertical airflow velocity directly governs the growth and development of clouds. Accurately retrieving this velocity represents one of the pivotal and challenging aspects in cloud dynamics research. Unfortunately, no existing method can precisely retrieve the continuous vertical airflow velocity within clouds. To tackle this problem, this study assesses the feasibility of employing particles at the left end of the power spectrum as tracer particles by incorporating the intensity and critical threshold of tracer spectral points. Through an analysis of the impacts of turbulence, wind shear, and beam width on particles in various phases, the spectral width threshold is further established. Ultimately, the applicable conditions for the small particle tracing method are clearly defined. Additionally, based on power spectrum skewness and temperature, a method for retrieving vertical airflow velocity through spectral separation in a bimodal structure is proposed. The combination of these two methods can overcome the limitations inherent in single retrieval method and yield the vertical airflow velocity within the cloud's vertical structure under specific conditions.
{"title":"Research on the inversion method of vertical airflow motion in complex phase layered clouds","authors":"Yun Yuan, Huige Di, Jiale Wang, Dengxin Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vertical airflow velocity directly governs the growth and development of clouds. Accurately retrieving this velocity represents one of the pivotal and challenging aspects in cloud dynamics research. Unfortunately, no existing method can precisely retrieve the continuous vertical airflow velocity within clouds. To tackle this problem, this study assesses the feasibility of employing particles at the left end of the power spectrum as tracer particles by incorporating the intensity and critical threshold of tracer spectral points. Through an analysis of the impacts of turbulence, wind shear, and beam width on particles in various phases, the spectral width threshold is further established. Ultimately, the applicable conditions for the small particle tracing method are clearly defined. Additionally, based on power spectrum skewness and temperature, a method for retrieving vertical airflow velocity through spectral separation in a bimodal structure is proposed. The combination of these two methods can overcome the limitations inherent in single retrieval method and yield the vertical airflow velocity within the cloud's vertical structure under specific conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 108843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.004
Huangxin Chen , Li Zhang , Stefania Pinzon , Meijin Chen , Bin Chen
Carbon emissions cause climate change, a danger to society and the environment. Despite efforts, the US remains one of the largest carbon dioxide emitters, which may lead to rising seas, increased natural disasters, and ecological catastrophes. Therefore, we need policies that are immediately effective in preventing carbon emissions. In this perspective, this study scrutinizes the role of Energy Transition (ET), Eco-Innovation (EINO), Globalization (GN), Sustainable Consumption (SC), and Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) on CO2 emissions and Load Capacity Factor (LCF) from 1980 to 2019. Utilizing cutting-edge econometric techniques includes dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) simulations and Cumulative Fourier Frequency Domain Causality (CFFDC). The results indicate that EINO reduces emissions, while ET and CPU provide short-term reductions. Conversely, GN and SC shortly upsurge emissions, though SC behaves differently under CFFDC analysis. The study also divulges bidirectional causality among most variables, with GN and SC significantly impacting LCF in specific models. These findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted policies, such as carbon taxes, incentives for renewable energy adoption, and stringent emissions regulations, to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13. In conclusion, such policy measures are critical for the United States to contribute effectively to global efforts to combat climate change.
{"title":"Navigating climate challenges: harnessing energy, eco-innovation, and climate policy in achieving sustainable development goals","authors":"Huangxin Chen , Li Zhang , Stefania Pinzon , Meijin Chen , Bin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon emissions cause climate change, a danger to society and the environment. Despite efforts, the US remains one of the largest carbon dioxide emitters, which may lead to rising seas, increased natural disasters, and ecological catastrophes. Therefore, we need policies that are immediately effective in preventing carbon emissions. In this perspective, this study scrutinizes the role of Energy Transition (E<sub>T</sub>), Eco-Innovation (E<sub>INO</sub>), Globalization (G<sub>N</sub>), Sustainable Consumption (S<sub>C</sub>), and Climate Policy Uncertainty (C<sub>PU</sub>) on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and Load Capacity Factor (L<sub>CF</sub>) from 1980 to 2019. Utilizing cutting-edge econometric techniques includes dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) simulations and Cumulative Fourier Frequency Domain Causality (CFFDC). The results indicate that E<sub>INO</sub> reduces emissions, while E<sub>T</sub> and C<sub>PU</sub> provide short-term reductions. Conversely, G<sub>N</sub> and S<sub>C</sub> shortly upsurge emissions, though S<sub>C</sub> behaves differently under CFFDC analysis. The study also divulges bidirectional causality among most variables, with G<sub>N</sub> and S<sub>C</sub> significantly impacting L<sub>CF</sub> in specific models. These findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted policies, such as carbon taxes, incentives for renewable energy adoption, and stringent emissions regulations, to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13. In conclusion, such policy measures are critical for the United States to contribute effectively to global efforts to combat climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2025.104266
Inzamam Ul Haq , Habibullah , Shafiq Ahmed , Swapan Talukdar , Mansoor Ahmad , Md Sarfaraz Asgher , Imran Khan , G.V. Ramana
Landslides are a recurrent and damaging hazard in the Pir Panjal Range of Jammu and Kashmir, India, where steep slopes, fragile lithology and rapid human interventions coincide. This study develops an integrated landslide susceptibility mapping framework that combines machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to support risk-informed planning. An inventory of 1105 landslides and eighteen conditioning factors trains four ML models: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), evaluated with five-fold stratified cross-validation and a held-out test set. In parallel, a Bayesian-optimised DL model, in which a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) learns latent features that are classified by a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), captures complex non-linear controls on slope failure. The best performing models achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of about 0.96 and overall accuracy close to 0.90 on validation data, indicating high discriminatory skill. Spatially, High and Very High susceptibility zones together occupy roughly one quarter of the range and are concentrated in tehsils such as Gool Gulabgarh, Ramban, Thathri and Banihal, which emerge as hotspots for intervention. XAI diagnostics highlight vegetation condition, monsoon rainfall, lineament density and drainage density as dominant controls on susceptibility, while counterfactual experiments show that realistic improvements in vegetation cover, surface drainage and slope management can shift many locations from high to lower risk classes. The framework therefore provides accurate, interpretable and useful susceptibility maps for land-use regulation, infrastructure planning and landslide mitigation in data-constrained mountain environments.
{"title":"Designing landslide mitigation strategies through developing knowledge aware deep learning model integrated explainable artificial intelligence","authors":"Inzamam Ul Haq , Habibullah , Shafiq Ahmed , Swapan Talukdar , Mansoor Ahmad , Md Sarfaraz Asgher , Imran Khan , G.V. Ramana","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides are a recurrent and damaging hazard in the Pir Panjal Range of Jammu and Kashmir, India, where steep slopes, fragile lithology and rapid human interventions coincide. This study develops an integrated landslide susceptibility mapping framework that combines machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to support risk-informed planning. An inventory of 1105 landslides and eighteen conditioning factors trains four ML models: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) and Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), evaluated with five-fold stratified cross-validation and a held-out test set. In parallel, a Bayesian-optimised DL model, in which a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) learns latent features that are classified by a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), captures complex non-linear controls on slope failure. The best performing models achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of about 0.96 and overall accuracy close to 0.90 on validation data, indicating high discriminatory skill. Spatially, High and Very High susceptibility zones together occupy roughly one quarter of the range and are concentrated in tehsils such as Gool Gulabgarh, Ramban, Thathri and Banihal, which emerge as hotspots for intervention. XAI diagnostics highlight vegetation condition, monsoon rainfall, lineament density and drainage density as dominant controls on susceptibility, while counterfactual experiments show that realistic improvements in vegetation cover, surface drainage and slope management can shift many locations from high to lower risk classes. The framework therefore provides accurate, interpretable and useful susceptibility maps for land-use regulation, infrastructure planning and landslide mitigation in data-constrained mountain environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2026.01.006
Henrique Albuquerque Fernandes , Paulo César Boggiani , Jesper Allan Frederiksen , Thales Pescarini , Vinicius Cardoso Lucas , Gustavo Paula Santos , Eric Elias , Marly Babinski , Juliana Leme , Catherine V. Rose , Ricardo Ivan Ferreira Trindade , Robert Frei
The relationship between marine oxygenation and early animal evolution remains a highly debated topic. Recent research suggests that, rather than absolute atmospheric O2 threshold levels, the main factor controlling early animal distribution was long-term local marine redox conditions. To explore this hypothesis, we present trace element data along with Sr, Cr, and Cd isotopes in carbonate rocks from the late Ediacaran Corumbá Group, Brazil, obtained from drill cores of the GRIND-ECT project. This multiproxy approach is designed to constrain basin water circulation, redox conditions, and bioproductivity levels from ca. 565 to 540 Ma, ultimately aiming to reconstruct the paleoceanographic scenario in which early animal colonization occurred in the Corumbá Basin. Redox-sensitive metal abundances indicate a contrasting redox scenario, with predominant anoxia in the Bocaina Formation and expanded oxia in the overlying Tamengo Formation. This interpretation is further reinforced by Cr isotopes, whereby δ53Cr passes from low values in the range of Bulk Silicate Earth to positively fractionated values upsection. Two negative δ53Cr excursions in the Tamengo Formation are interpreted as anoxic intervals. 87Sr/86Sr values decrease from 0.7100 in the Bocaina Formation to late Ediacaran values around 0.7085 in the Tamengo Formation. These radiogenic values in the Bocaina Formation are attributed to post-depositional diagenesis of Sr-depleted dolostones. Lastly, variable δ114Cd in the Bocaina Formation indicate contrasting productivity levels during highstand and flooding periods. The two anoxic intervals in the Tamengo Formation exhibit anomalous negative δ114Cd values, which may be linked to widespread eutrophication. Our study, combined with compilations of redox and fossil data, reveals that the Corumbá Basin evolved from a predominantly anoxic setting dominated by microfossils in the Bocaina Formation, to a connected marine setting in the Tamengo Formation. This later phase featured a deeper redoxcline and was dominated by fossils of biomineralizing animals, representing a near-optimal environment for early animal benthic colonization.
{"title":"Water circulation, redox, and productivity dynamics shaped late Ediacaran ecosystems: Insights from trace elements and combined Sr–Cr–Cd isotopes in the Corumbá Group, Brazil","authors":"Henrique Albuquerque Fernandes , Paulo César Boggiani , Jesper Allan Frederiksen , Thales Pescarini , Vinicius Cardoso Lucas , Gustavo Paula Santos , Eric Elias , Marly Babinski , Juliana Leme , Catherine V. Rose , Ricardo Ivan Ferreira Trindade , Robert Frei","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relationship between marine oxygenation and early animal evolution remains a highly debated topic. Recent research suggests that, rather than absolute atmospheric O<sub>2</sub> threshold levels, the main factor controlling early animal distribution was long-term local marine redox conditions. To explore this hypothesis, we present trace element data along with Sr, Cr, and Cd isotopes in carbonate rocks from the late Ediacaran Corumbá Group, Brazil, obtained from drill cores of the GRIND-ECT project. This multiproxy approach is designed to constrain basin water circulation, redox conditions, and bioproductivity levels from ca. 565 to 540 Ma, ultimately aiming to reconstruct the paleoceanographic scenario in which early animal colonization occurred in the Corumbá Basin. Redox-sensitive metal abundances indicate a contrasting redox scenario, with predominant anoxia in the Bocaina Formation and expanded oxia in the overlying Tamengo Formation. This interpretation is further reinforced by Cr isotopes, whereby δ<sup>53</sup>Cr passes from low values in the range of Bulk Silicate Earth to positively fractionated values upsection. Two negative δ<sup>53</sup>Cr excursions in the Tamengo Formation are interpreted as anoxic intervals. <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values decrease from 0.7100 in the Bocaina Formation to late Ediacaran values around 0.7085 in the Tamengo Formation. These radiogenic values in the Bocaina Formation are attributed to post-depositional diagenesis of Sr-depleted dolostones. Lastly, variable δ<sup>114</sup>Cd in the Bocaina Formation indicate contrasting productivity levels during highstand and flooding periods. The two anoxic intervals in the Tamengo Formation exhibit anomalous negative δ<sup>114</sup>Cd values, which may be linked to widespread eutrophication. Our study, combined with compilations of redox and fossil data, reveals that the Corumbá Basin evolved from a predominantly anoxic setting dominated by microfossils in the Bocaina Formation, to a connected marine setting in the Tamengo Formation. This later phase featured a deeper redoxcline and was dominated by fossils of biomineralizing animals, representing a near-optimal environment for early animal benthic colonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 236-257"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.01.005
Yang Shen , Ligao Zheng , Wencheng Qi , Chang Liu , Jianting Feng
Effective dewatering and heavy metal removal of dredged sediments using the electrokinetic geosynthetics-assisted vacuum preloading combined with electroosmosis (VPE) technique can convert dredged sediments into valuable resources for construction use. Chemical enhancers are commonly employed to enhance VPE performance, but their optimal injection timing remains largely unclear. This study investigated the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) as well as their injection timings on the VPE efficacy for dredged sediment improvement. It compared drainage volume and drainage rate, moisture content, electric current and effective voltage, Cu concentration and speciation, and energy consumption under early- (It = I0), mid- (It = 70 %I0), and late-stage (It = 40 %I0) injections. The results showed that CA generally outperformed EDTA, achieving approximately 200 mL greater final drainage volumes and averagely reducing Cu concentrations from ∼1640 mg/kg to ∼745 mg/kg (EDTA was ∼755 mg/kg). Late-stage CA injection optimized drainage efficiency and moisture content uniformity. It reduced the moisture content gradients between the cathode and the anode to ∼4 % (it was ∼12 % for the injection of It = I0). The mid-stage injection of CA may achieve a balance between Cu removal and energy efficiency. EDTA, while less energy-intensive, retained higher weak-acid extractable Cu (∼15 %), posing leaching risks.
{"title":"Influence of chemical enhancer injection timings on electrokinetic geosynthetics-assisted vacuum preloading combined with electroosmosis for dredged sediments dewatering and heavy metal removal","authors":"Yang Shen , Ligao Zheng , Wencheng Qi , Chang Liu , Jianting Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective dewatering and heavy metal removal of dredged sediments using the electrokinetic geosynthetics-assisted vacuum preloading combined with electroosmosis (VPE) technique can convert dredged sediments into valuable resources for construction use. Chemical enhancers are commonly employed to enhance VPE performance, but their optimal injection timing remains largely unclear. This study investigated the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) as well as their injection timings on the VPE efficacy for dredged sediment improvement. It compared drainage volume and drainage rate, moisture content, electric current and effective voltage, Cu concentration and speciation, and energy consumption under early- (I<sub>t</sub> = I<sub>0</sub>), mid- (I<sub>t</sub> = 70 %I<sub>0</sub>), and late-stage (I<sub>t</sub> = 40 %I<sub>0</sub>) injections. The results showed that CA generally outperformed EDTA, achieving approximately 200 mL greater final drainage volumes and averagely reducing Cu concentrations from ∼1640 mg/kg to ∼745 mg/kg (EDTA was ∼755 mg/kg). Late-stage CA injection optimized drainage efficiency and moisture content uniformity. It reduced the moisture content gradients between the cathode and the anode to ∼4 % (it was ∼12 % for the injection of I<sub>t</sub> = I<sub>0</sub>). The mid-stage injection of CA may achieve a balance between Cu removal and energy efficiency. EDTA, while less energy-intensive, retained higher weak-acid extractable Cu (∼15 %), posing leaching risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55096,"journal":{"name":"Geotextiles and Geomembranes","volume":"54 3","pages":"Pages 403-413"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2026.104289
R.K. Tyagi, Yash Saksena
An exhaust system is a discharge control mechanism for vehicles that transforms the fumes from an ignition motor's burning byproducts into less hazardous compounds through catalyzed compound reactions. To reduce emissions, aluminum oxide and chromium oxide are used in the catalytic converter analysis for the minimization of emissions as much as possible. Polyurethane has been used as a phase change material which plays a pivotal role in adsorbing the heat for a prolonged period and then releasing it which enhances the fuel efficiency of the vehicle, increases the life cycle of the vehicle and increases its life cycle for a prolonged period. The analysis also aims to determine the impact of the catalytic converter on emissions. The test engine, catalytic converter, AVL exhaust fuel analyzer, temperature gun and other measurement devices make up the experimental setup. The test engine was a four-stroke diesel single-cylinder engine. Initially, the engine was running with the existing catalytic converter with no other addition, and the emissions have been analyzed using gas analyzer of AVL. The exhaust emissions, and the design of the catalytic converter were considered as a main challenge where it was observed that heat was being adsorbed and emissions were reduced to around 30-40% in every case possible and oxygen, lambda value increased by 15-20 % where these test were examined under no load conditions of the engine where welding of catalysts and PCM played an important role for enhancement of the catalytic converter. Under identical engine rotational conditions, the catalytic converter equipped with phase change material achieved significant reductions in hydrocarbon emissions (63%), intake air temperature (48%), NOx (24%), and CO (60%).This catalytic converter can further reduce the knocking possibilities of the engine in the harsh weather conditions as diesel engines possess cluster combustion and constant heat adsorption can enhance the life cycle of the engine which is one of the major finding from this experiment.
{"title":"Design and development of catalytic converter for diesel engines using phase change materials","authors":"R.K. Tyagi, Yash Saksena","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An exhaust system is a discharge control mechanism for vehicles that transforms the fumes from an ignition motor's burning byproducts into less hazardous compounds through catalyzed compound reactions. To reduce emissions, aluminum oxide and chromium oxide are used in the catalytic converter analysis for the minimization of emissions as much as possible. Polyurethane has been used as a phase change material which plays a pivotal role in adsorbing the heat for a prolonged period and then releasing it which enhances the fuel efficiency of the vehicle, increases the life cycle of the vehicle and increases its life cycle for a prolonged period. The analysis also aims to determine the impact of the catalytic converter on emissions. The test engine, catalytic converter, AVL exhaust fuel analyzer, temperature gun and other measurement devices make up the experimental setup. The test engine was a four-stroke diesel single-cylinder engine. Initially, the engine was running with the existing catalytic converter with no other addition, and the emissions have been analyzed using gas analyzer of AVL. The exhaust emissions, and the design of the catalytic converter were considered as a main challenge where it was observed that heat was being adsorbed and emissions were reduced to around 30-40% in every case possible and oxygen, lambda value increased by 15-20 % where these test were examined under no load conditions of the engine where welding of catalysts and PCM played an important role for enhancement of the catalytic converter. Under identical engine rotational conditions, the catalytic converter equipped with phase change material achieved significant reductions in hydrocarbon emissions (63%), intake air temperature (48%), NO<sub>x</sub> (24%), and CO (60%).This catalytic converter can further reduce the knocking possibilities of the engine in the harsh weather conditions as diesel engines possess cluster combustion and constant heat adsorption can enhance the life cycle of the engine which is one of the major finding from this experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104289"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2026.108157
Bin Lyu , Lurong Wang , Dangge Gao , Mengnan Kou , Jianzhong Ma
The flammability of oils, the main component of leather fatliquoring agent, has largely limited in leather applications. In this work, layered double hydroxide (LDH) was grown in situ on montmorillonite (MMT) lamellae using a hydrothermal method, followed by sodium phytate (SP) modification to obtain SP-MMT@LDH. It was further introduced into modified zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim seed oil (MZBMSO) to construct a high-performance flame-retardancy leather fatliquoring agent. The introduction of 12 wt% SP-MMT@LDH into MZBMSO resulted in good thermal stability and flame retardancy for the fatliquored leather. The sustained burning time of the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather was only 29 s, and the limiting oxygen index value reached 29.5%. Compared to MZBMSO fatliquored leather, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather decreased effectively by 50.1%, 45.9%, 50.2%, and 75.0%, respectively. The excellent heat and smoke reduction performance of the fatliquored leather was further validated through condensed and gas phase flame retardancy mechanism. Moreover, the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather has good mechanical properties, including a softness of 5.23 mm. This study provides a new approach to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of fatliquored leather.
{"title":"In situ grown montmorillonite@layered double hydroxide assembled with sodium phytate towards improving flame retardancy and mechanical properties of leather","authors":"Bin Lyu , Lurong Wang , Dangge Gao , Mengnan Kou , Jianzhong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flammability of oils, the main component of leather fatliquoring agent, has largely limited in leather applications. In this work, layered double hydroxide (LDH) was grown in situ on montmorillonite (MMT) lamellae using a hydrothermal method, followed by sodium phytate (SP) modification to obtain SP-MMT@LDH. It was further introduced into modified zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim seed oil (MZBMSO) to construct a high-performance flame-retardancy leather fatliquoring agent. The introduction of 12 wt% SP-MMT@LDH into MZBMSO resulted in good thermal stability and flame retardancy for the fatliquored leather. The sustained burning time of the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather was only 29 s, and the limiting oxygen index value reached 29.5%. Compared to MZBMSO fatliquored leather, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather decreased effectively by 50.1%, 45.9%, 50.2%, and 75.0%, respectively. The excellent heat and smoke reduction performance of the fatliquored leather was further validated through condensed and gas phase flame retardancy mechanism. Moreover, the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather has good mechanical properties, including a softness of 5.23 mm. This study provides a new approach to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of fatliquored leather.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108058
J.W. Hagadorn , C.M. Dehler
Macroscopic ribbon-shaped structures occur in the late Tonian Carbon Canyon Member, Galeros Formation, Chuar Group in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ribbons are three-dimensional dolomite clasts, are ornamented by longitudinal striations on both sides, and are ∼1 cm wide, ∼1 mm thick, and range from 2 to ≥17 cm long. Ribbons were transported and are preserved in abundance on bedding planes, often stacked atop one another. Ribbons have jagged to shredded terminations and exhibit evidence of flexure, twisting and deformation—indicating that they were pliable and torn prior to deposition. Although ribbons are morphologically similar to casts of blade-like macroalgal stipes and thalli, they lack features common to fossilized benthic algae, such as carbonaceous films. Thus, we tentatively interpret ribbons as sedimentary structures.
{"title":"Precambrian ribbon structures of the Grand Canyon, Arizona","authors":"J.W. Hagadorn , C.M. Dehler","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Macroscopic ribbon-shaped structures occur in the late Tonian Carbon Canyon Member, Galeros Formation, Chuar Group in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ribbons are three-dimensional dolomite clasts, are ornamented by longitudinal striations on both sides, and are ∼1 cm wide, ∼1 mm thick, and range from 2 to ≥17 cm long. Ribbons were transported and are preserved in abundance on bedding planes, often stacked atop one another. Ribbons have jagged to shredded terminations and exhibit evidence of flexure, twisting and deformation—indicating that they were pliable and torn prior to deposition. Although ribbons are morphologically similar to casts of blade-like macroalgal stipes and thalli, they lack features common to fossilized benthic algae, such as carbonaceous films. Thus, we tentatively interpret ribbons as sedimentary structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49674,"journal":{"name":"Precambrian Research","volume":"437 ","pages":"Article 108058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.013
Davis Kaimalayil Ephsy, Selvaraju Raja
This study quantified the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments from five lakes in the Coimbatore District: Kumaraswamy Lake, Ukkadam Lake, Kuruchi Lake, Singanallur Lake, and Sulur Lake. The highest microplastic abundance was found in the surface water of Kuruchi Lake (14.08 ± 0.63 particles/L) at site S5 during the monsoon, and in the surface sediments of Kumaraswamy Lake (13.33 ± 0.33 particles/g) at site S6 during summer. Spatial distribution patterns indicated that lakes receiving urban runoff, domestic wastewater inflow, and inputs from fishing and recreational activities exhibited higher microplastic concentrations. Seasonal variations showed elevated microplastic abundance in summer sediments and monsoon surface water samples. Microplastics were identified using Attenuated total reflectance- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)), revealing Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Polypropylene (PP). These microplastic occurred in white, transparent, black, blue, yellow, and pink colors and appeared as films, fragments, thin pieces, and fibres. Characteristic DSC melting peaks were observed 200 °C for PET, 167.98 °C for PP, 126.70 °C for LLDPE, and 130.02 °C for HDPE. The lake’s pollution load index is categorized as risk level 1, indicating a low level of microplastic pollution. The presence and distribution of these microplastics suggest potential ecological risks to freshwater organisms and possible implications for human health.
{"title":"Seasonal variation and distribution of microplastics in surface water and sediments of Coimbatore Lakes, India","authors":"Davis Kaimalayil Ephsy, Selvaraju Raja","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.12.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study quantified the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments from five lakes in the Coimbatore District: Kumaraswamy Lake, Ukkadam Lake, Kuruchi Lake, Singanallur Lake, and<!--> <!-->Sulur Lake. The highest microplastic abundance was found in the<!--> <!-->surface water of Kuruchi Lake (14.08 ± 0.63 particles/L) at site S5 during the monsoon, and in the surface sediments of Kumaraswamy Lake (13.33 ± 0.33 particles/g) at site S6 during summer. Spatial distribution patterns indicated that lakes receiving urban runoff, domestic wastewater inflow, and inputs from fishing and recreational activities exhibited higher microplastic concentrations. Seasonal variations showed elevated microplastic abundance in summer sediments and monsoon surface water samples. Microplastics were identified using Attenuated total reflectance- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)), revealing Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Polypropylene (PP). These microplastic occurred in white, transparent, black, blue, yellow, and pink colors and appeared as films, fragments, thin pieces, and fibres. Characteristic DSC melting peaks were observed 200 °C for PET, 167.98 °C for PP, 126.70 °C for LLDPE, and 130.02 °C for HDPE. The lake’s pollution load index is categorized as risk level 1, indicating a low level of microplastic pollution. The presence and distribution of these microplastics suggest potential ecological risks to freshwater organisms and possible implications for human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"154 ","pages":"Pages 310-322"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2026.104322
Fahmida Sultana , Zia Ahmed , Fei Zhang , Tasrina R. Choudhury , M. Safiur Rahman
This study explores the complex interactions between sediment texture, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels, and water chemistry in influencing the solubility and mobility of toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb) in river sediments. A multi-tiered approach integrating machine learning, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and geochemical simulations was employed to understand metal behavior in the Meghna River, Bangladesh. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that sediment texture and DOC fractions are the primary drivers of metal mobility, with clay content contributing the most to variation in metal concentrations (Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values for clay = 3.50). The study employed Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost models to predict metal concentrations, achieving exceptional predictive accuracy with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 1.000 for Ni, Zn, Cr, and Pb, and 0.964 for Cd. Regression models demonstrated strong performance with R2 values of 0.963 for Pb, 0.938 for Ni, and 0.928 for Zn, highlighting the robustness of DOC and sediment texture in explaining metal variability. SEM analysis indicated that pH mediates the DOC–metal relationship, with standardized path coefficients for DOC retention and metal mobility being −0.475 and 0.96 for Zn, respectively. The GIS-based Metal Mobility Index (MMI) and Soil Mobility Index (SMI) predicted high-risk zones for metal mobility, with an AUC of 0.91, effectively distinguishing between high and low mobility regions. These findings provide critical insights into metal transport dynamics and offer valuable tools for river sediment management and metal contamination risk assessment.
本研究探讨了沉积物结构、溶解有机碳（DOC）水平和水化学之间的复杂相互作用对河流沉积物中有毒金属（Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb）溶解度和迁移率的影响。采用结合机器学习、结构方程建模（SEM）和地球化学模拟的多层方法来了解孟加拉国梅克纳河中的金属行为。冗余分析（RDA）表明，沉积物结构和DOC组分是金属迁移的主要驱动因素，粘土含量对金属浓度变化的贡献最大（粘土的方差膨胀因子（VIF）值= 3.50）。研究采用随机森林（Random Forest， RF）和XGBoost模型预测金属浓度，Ni、Zn、Cr和Pb的曲线下面积（Area Under The Curve， AUC）值为1.000，Cd的AUC值为0.964，预测精度极高。回归模型显示，Pb的R2值为0.963，Ni的R2值为0.938，Zn的R2值为0.928，这突出了DOC和沉积物质地在解释金属变异方面的鲁棒性。SEM分析表明pH调节了DOC与金属的关系，Zn的DOC保留率和金属迁移率的标准化通径系数分别为- 0.475和0.96。基于gis的金属流动性指数（MMI）和土壤流动性指数（SMI）预测了土壤金属流动性的高风险区，AUC为0.91，有效区分了土壤金属流动性的高、低风险区。这些发现为金属运移动力学提供了重要的见解，并为河流沉积物管理和金属污染风险评估提供了有价值的工具。
{"title":"DOC-governed metal solubility and mobility in river sediments: Integrating machine learning, causal pathways, and geochemical simulations","authors":"Fahmida Sultana , Zia Ahmed , Fei Zhang , Tasrina R. Choudhury , M. Safiur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2026.104322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the complex interactions between sediment texture, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels, and water chemistry in influencing the solubility and mobility of toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb) in river sediments. A multi-tiered approach integrating machine learning, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and geochemical simulations was employed to understand metal behavior in the Meghna River, Bangladesh. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that sediment texture and DOC fractions are the primary drivers of metal mobility, with clay content contributing the most to variation in metal concentrations (Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values for clay = 3.50). The study employed Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost models to predict metal concentrations, achieving exceptional predictive accuracy with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 1.000 for Ni, Zn, Cr, and Pb, and 0.964 for Cd. Regression models demonstrated strong performance with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.963 for Pb, 0.938 for Ni, and 0.928 for Zn, highlighting the robustness of DOC and sediment texture in explaining metal variability. SEM analysis indicated that pH mediates the DOC–metal relationship, with standardized path coefficients for DOC retention and metal mobility being −0.475 and 0.96 for Zn, respectively. The GIS-based Metal Mobility Index (MMI) and Soil Mobility Index (SMI) predicted high-risk zones for metal mobility, with an AUC of 0.91, effectively distinguishing between high and low mobility regions. These findings provide critical insights into metal transport dynamics and offer valuable tools for river sediment management and metal contamination risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 104322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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