Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Liquid cloud drop effective radius over China: A 20-year MODIS-based assessment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clouds are one of the most significant and uncertain components in weather forecasting and climate prediction. The 20-year detailed liquid water cloud effective radius (CER) over China from 2001 to 2020 are systematically studied based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud products. The spatial distributions of CER show slight alterations of seasonal patterns of changes over China during 2001–2020. The monthly mean CER values over China vary from 12.7 μm in November to nearly 14.4 μm in July. The summer season has the largest average CER, followed by spring and winter, while autumn exhibits relatively lower CER levels over China. The mean CER values during 2001–2020 are found to be 14.7, 11.8 and 13.0 μm over the Tibetan Plateau, inland and coastal regions of China, respectively. High CERs in spring and winter are seen in the Tibet Plateau, whereas the reverse is true over the inland and coastal regions. The impacts of precipitable water vapor (PWV) and aerosol optical depth on the CER over China are complex, whereas the correlations between CER and PWV can be generally expressed by a two-stage linear fitting, showing distinct turning points in different seasons and regions. The CER over different regions of China shows an increase with enhanced PWV under low or high water vapor conditions as opposed to an increase of CER under moderate water vapor levels. Our study indicates a high CER in the Tibet Plateau and low over the Sichuan Basin, and significantly distinct impact of PWV on the CER in the Tibet Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy of aerosol radiative effect predominates daytime dust loading evolution","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dust radiative effect imposes pronounced perturbations on planetary boundary layer (PBL) development. In turn, the modified PBL characteristics and circulation fields regulate subsequent dust processes, which have not been explored sufficiently. In this study, parallel experiments are designed to isolate the instant, legacy and nonlinear impacts of aerosol radiative effect on daytime dust storm evolution over the Tarim Basin. During a typical dust storm event, legacy radiative effect is found to dominate dust loading dynamics and modulates mean dust burden by more than 16 % in the central basin and − 41 % in the marginal basin. Specifically, the dust column concentration increases in central regions but decreases in marginal regions. Dust aerosols cause opposite heating rate distributions and PBL structure between the central and marginal regions through altering radiative balance. Dust-induced cooling effect in the marginal regions leads to PBL suppression and attenuates entrainment mixing. Negative net heating also results in lowered potential temperature, elevated air pressure and thus increases their horizontal gradients. Accordingly, wind speeds are amplified through geostrophic and thermal wind effects, which further accelerate deposition rates, and eventually weaken dust suspension. In the central basin, dust plumes stimulate a warm mixing layer and unstable entrainment zone, which inhibit dry deposition removal and favor dust accumulation in the atmosphere. Our study highlights the importance of accounting PBL dynamics and geostrophic balance in quantifying the impacts of preceding radiative effect on subsequent dust evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of temperature and humidity of air on the concentration of particulate matter - PM2.5 and PM10","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particulate matters accepted as air quality markers are also indicators of the health risk of the population, especially children, because of their increased susceptibility to the quality of the air they breathe. Understanding the correlations between the concentration of particulate matter in the outdoor air and meteorological conditions will help to take steps to reduce pollution and reduce the risk of threats to health and life. For many years, scientists from all over the world have been looking for relationship between the impact of meteorological conditions on the concentration of particulate matter. Despite this, it is still not known whether the relationships will be similar in all locations. Furthermore, there is no agreement among scientists on the direction and strength of the correlation between temperature, humidity, and particulate matter concentrations. The article presents an attempt to link the impact of meteorological conditions on particulate matter concentrations depending on the classification of the area into air quality index in the particulate matter (AQI_PM) category. Three locations with a specific air quality index were included: extremely poor, moderate &amp; fair and good. The research was carried out at nine locations near educational facilities. Four measurement series were carried out for each location. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship with an assumed significance level of 0.05. A research hypothesis was adopted: The correlation between particulate matter and meteorological conditions is different in locations with different AQI_PM. The results obtained clearly show that the relationships between meteorological conditions and the concentration of particulate matter depend on the classification of the area into a specific category of the air quality index. The strongest correlation occurs in the fair &amp; moderate AQI_PM area. In relation to temperature, there is a negative correlation, and in relation to humidity, positive. In the extremely poor AQI_PM area, no relationship was observed between humidity and particulate matter concentration. In the good AQI_PM area, the correlation in relation to temperature was very weak, in relation to humidity, weak.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractal dimension analysis of lightning discharges of various types based on a comprehensive literature review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, photographic records of natural lightning flashes obtained from high-speed video camera observations are analyzed based on an extensive literature review. The purpose of this work is to estimate the fractal dimension of lightning discharges and to analyze and evaluate the effect of lightning type (downward and upward flashes during their propagation as well as return strokes) and lightning polarity (negative and positive). Three methods of fractal dimension estimation are employed namely the: (i) box-counting, (ii) sandbox, and (iii) correlation method, utilizing algorithms developed in MATLAB software. Appropriate image processing techniques are employed to guarantee precision in fractal dimension estimation. A thorough discussion is conducted by comparing the estimated fractal dimension values with those previously documented in the relevant literature based on field observations. The mean fractal dimension of downward negative leaders for the three methods (1.18, 1.31, 1.38) aligns well with previous studies, while positive downward leaders exhibit lower values (1.08, 1.15, 1.26), denoting a reduced branching behavior; upward leaders demonstrate slightly higher fractal dimensions than downward ones. Additionally, an attempt to correlate the lightning return stroke peak current with the fractal dimension is made. The outcomes of this research may assist in facilitating precise modeling of the lightning attachment phenomenon, thereby contributing to the development of safer lightning protection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating radar data assimilation for winter cases using ICON-KENDA system","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2017, the SINFONY (Seamless INtegrated FOrecastiNg sYstem) project has been under development at the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). It is aimed to provide a seamless ensemble system for early predictions and warnings of severe weather events by combining the nowcasting based on extrapolating observed radar reflectivity and short-term forecasts initiated from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) of data assimilation for the convection-permitting ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydtostatic) model. So far, the ICON-RUC setup has been extensively tested for convective summer cases. In this study, a series of sensitivity experiments have been conducted for the winter precipitation, including the choice of microphysics schemes and the Latent Heat Nudging (LHN). Results show that within data assimilation cycles the two-moment scheme outperforms the one-moment scheme, and the LHN has also positive impacts. For the 6-h reflectivity forecasts, the two-moment scheme is clearly better than the one-moment scheme and the added values by using the LHN persist almost 6 h. For the precipitation forecasts, the two-moment scheme also exhibits advantage for the light precipitation, however, for the moderate precipitation, the one-moment scheme prevails. Current results indicate that the two-moment has to be enhanced for the moderate precipitation in winter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands in the secondary eyewall formation and evolution in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107730","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this study, the role of diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands (ORBs) in the formation and evolution of the secondary eyewall of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) is investigated. This is done through a series of sensitivity experiments under idealized conditions using a high-resolution cloud-resolving atmospheric model. The results show that artificially increasing diabatic heating in rainbands enhances convective activities in ORBs and leads to an earlier secondary eyewall formation (SEF), and later the faster weakening and earlier dissipation of the primary eyewall. Reducing diabatic heating in ORBs weakens the rainbands and delays the SEF but prolongs the duration of the double eyewall structure if the SEF occurs. Reducing diabatic cooling in ORBs enhances convective activity in rainbands but has little effect on convection in the primary eyewall prior to the SEF. However, it results in a widened eyewall structure and a stronger TC after the eyewall replacement. Increasing diabatic cooling in ORBs largely suppresses convection in rainbands and prohibits the SEF. These results demonstrate that diabatic heating/cooling in ORBs plays important roles in the SEF and evolution. Since diabatic heating/cooling in rainbands is sensitive to the near-core environmental relative humidity, our results demonstrate the critical importance of large-scale environmental moist condition to the formation and evolution of secondary eyewall in TCs. In addition, it is also found that when the area-averaged diabatic heating rate in ORBs becomes similar in magnitude to that in the primary eyewall, the secondary eyewall forms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Plain language summary&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands to the structure and intensity changes of tropical cyclones (TCs) with a single eyewall. It is unclear whether and how diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands may affect the formation and evolution of the secondary eyewall in TCs. These issues have been addressed based on a series of sensitivity experiments under idealized conditions using a high-resolution atmospheric model. Results show that diabatic heating in outer rainbands is favorable for the secondary eyewall formation (SEF). Increasing diabatic heating in outer eyewall can lead to faster weakening and thus earlier dissipation of the primary eyewall. Diabatic cooling in outer rainbands suppresses convection in outer rainbands and prohibits the SEF. Since diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands is sensitive to the near-core environmental relative humidity, our results demonstrate the importance of the large-scale environmental moist condition to the SEF of TCs. We also found that when the area-averaged diabatic heating rate in outer rainbands becomes similar in magnitude to that in the primary eyewall, the secondary eyewall would form, which can be considered as a measure of the SEF in TCs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;di","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensemble versus deterministic lightning forecast performance at a convective scale over Indian region","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study quantifies the improvement achieved in lightning forecast skill of the NCMRWF regional ensemble prediction system (NEPS-R) compared to its deterministic counterpart (CNTL). The lightning forecasts over study regions of East and Northeast India (ENEI) and Peninsular India (PI) during the pre-monsoon season and Central-East and Northeast India (CENEI) during the monsoon season have been verified using lightning observations from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Lightning Detection Network (LDN). The persisting systematic negative bias in deterministic and EPS-based forecasts of the ensemble mean (EnsMean) and ensemble maximum (EnsMax) indicate the lack of spread among the members, supported by the low values of ensemble spread over all the study regions. EnsMean has the lowest RMSE, with a decrease in error ranging from 0.8 % to 2.18 % compared to CNTL. Categorical skill scores indicate that the EPS-based forecasts (EnsMean and EnsMax) are more skillful than the deterministic forecast at all thresholds and lead times. Further, Fractions Skill Score (FSS) establishes the superiority of the ensemble forecasts over the deterministic forecasts, where for threshold &gt;1, EnsMean is skillful at comparatively smaller neighborhood sizes (ENEI and PI ∼68 km; CENEI ∼36 km for day-1) than CNTL (ENEI-116 km; PI-196 km; CENEI-68 km). EnsMax at higher thresholds (&gt;5 and &gt;10) is skillful at lesser neighborhood sizes ranging from 116 to 276 km compared to CNTL (&gt;401 km) for day-1. Hence, skillful re-scaled EPS forecasts based on FSS could provide better guidance for the forecasters. The Continuous Ranked Probability Score of EPS forecasts is lower by around 9 % than the Mean Absolute Error of CNTL forecasts, and the ROC of EPS shows better discrimination of events and non-events compared to CNTL. These highlight the merits of using an EPS over a deterministic system for forecasting a field of high spatial variability, like lightning, and thereby, the use of vast computational resources to run a convective scale EPS is justified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of cloud enhancement events in a 30-year record of global solar irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigate the characteristics of global horizontal irradiance enhancement events induced by clouds over Thessaloniki for the period 1994–2023 using data recorded every one minute. We identified the cloud enhancement (CE) events by creating an appropriate cloud-free irradiance reference using a radiative transfer model and aerosol optical depth data from a collocated Cimel sun photometer and a Brewer spectrophotometer. We found a trend in CE events of <span><math><mo>+</mo><mn>112</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>35</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>cases</mtext><mo>/</mo><mtext>year</mtext></math></span>, and a trend in the corresponding irradiation of <span><math><mo>+</mo><mn>329.9</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>112.0</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kJ</mi><mo>/</mo><mtext>year</mtext></math></span>. To our knowledge, such long-term changes in CE events have not been presented in the past. The peak of the CE events was observed during May and June. CE events with duration longer than 10 min are very rare (<span><math><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>%</mo></math></span>), with exceptions lasting over an hour and up to 140 min. Finally, we have detected enhancements above the total solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere for the same solar zenith angle of up to <span><math><mn>204</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span>, with the 75 % of the cases below <span><math><mn>40</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span>. Most of these extreme events occur in spring – early summer, with a secondary peak in autumn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the influence of climate change on multiple climate indices in Nepal using CMIP6 global climate models","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate models (GCMs) serve as essential tools for projecting future climate trends, but their coarse resolution limits localized impact assessments in sectors like hydrology, agriculture, and biodiversity. Observation data with a spatial resolution of a few kilometers are crucial for downscaling and bias-correcting GCMs at finer resolutions. However, Nepal's extreme topography and organizational challenges have led to uneven distribution of meteorological stations and inconsistent data quality. Moreover, CMIP6-based climate extremes projections for the entire country are currently unavailable. To tackle these challenges, we developed a comprehensive national database for Nepal, offering high-resolution historical and projected precipitation and temperature data analyzed through 25 climate extreme indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Initially, observation grid data were prepared at a daily timescale with a spatial resolution of 0.05° × 0.05° for baseline period (1981–2010) using the Asian Precipitation High-Resolved Observational Data Integration Toward Evaluation (APHRODITE), the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5), and available good quality observed climate data. This data was then utilized to downscale and bias-correct 18 CMIP6 GCMs for 2015–2100 under four SSPs (1–2.6, 2–4.5, 3–7.0, 5–8.5). Quantile mapping was employed for the bias correction of the CMIP6 GCMs. The performance of the multimodal ensemble (MME) indicated better Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), root mean square error ratio (RSR), and Percent Bias (PBIAS) of climate extreme indices for the historical period. A comparative analysis was conducted across Nepal's major geographic regions to account for spatial variability in regional climate systems. The finer-resolution dataset can be crucial to deepen our understanding of climate impacts, and climate change, and eventually informing the policy-making in Nepal. Moreover, the methodology can be effectively replicated in data-scarce developing nations to promote climate research and adaptation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparity in Meiyu precipitation in the middle-lower Yangtze River basin during El Niño decay years","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meiyu (plume rain) is a distinctive weather phenomenon during boreal early summer, known for its increased precipitation during El Niño decay years bridged through the northwest Pacific anticyclone (NWPAC). It has been widely acknowledged that super El Niño (SEN) events consistently correspond to more Meiyu. This study highlights the instability in the relationship between El Niño and Meiyu, particularly during normal El Niño (NEN) decay years, where the probability of more or less Meiyu is almost equal by statistical analysis. Using the Liang-Kleeman information flow (LIF), our findings confirm that warming in the Maritime Continent (MC) induced by SEN leads to tropical North Atlantic warming in boreal spring. This suppresses northwest Pacific convection via Kevin waves and forms the north-south dipole mode of the NWPAC (EOF2), corresponding to strong Meiyu. Moreover, it is found that subtropical North Pacific cooling induced by NEN leads to the tropical North Atlantic warming in boreal spring via Pacific North American (PNA) pattern, reinforcing the region-wide consistent mode of the NWPAC (EOF1) via Rossby waves and resulting in strong Meiyu. Conversely, warming in the tropical North Atlantic induced by NEN in boreal early summer leads to anticyclonic circulation over the east of Japan (EOF3) and weak Meiyu. The contributions of these three causal structures to the uncertainty of Meiyu are 31 %, 25.7 %, and 28.2 %, respectively. This study sheds new light on the understanding the significance of NEN for Meiyu, emphasizing the importance of its causal relationship with warming in the tropical North Atlantic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}