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PM2.5 and PM10-related carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment in Iran 伊朗与 PM2.5 和 PM10 相关的致癌和非致癌风险评估
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09463-0
Khatereh Anbari, Pierre Sicard, Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi, Hasan Raja Naqvi, Reza Fouladi Fard, Rajab Rashidi

High levels of particulate matters in the air are a major health issue in Middle East leading to adverse health effects. In this study, we have simultaneously investigated (i) the spatio-temporal distribution of ambient particulate matters in a city located in the Middle East (Khorramabad) over the time period 2021–2022; and (ii) PM2.5 and PM10-related carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment to exposure. For the risk assessment, hourly PM2.5 and PM10 data were obtained from three monitoring stations located in the city. A methodology for risk assessment recommended by the United State Environmental Protection Agency was used for all age groups. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and the hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated, and the backward trajectories were assessed by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model. The Aerosol Optical Depth from 0 to 1000 nm was applied to observe the variations of atmospheric aerosols. The results showed that the annual PM2.5 and PM10 mean concentrations during 2021 and 2022 were exceeded the World Health Organization limit value for human health protection. In 2021 and 2022, 2.2-148.3 and 1.3-134.4 cancers per 1,000,000 inhabitants can be related to ambient PM2.5 exposure. The HQ values for PM2.5 and PM10 were 4.7 and 1.3 in 2021, and 3.8 and 1.1 in 2022, i.e., the risk for human health is expected. To reduce the adverse health effects related to particulate matters, air emissions control strategies are required.

空气中的高浓度颗粒物是中东地区的一个主要健康问题,会对健康造成不良影响。在这项研究中,我们同时调查了:(i) 2021-2022 年期间中东某城市(霍拉马巴德)环境颗粒物的时空分布;(ii) PM2.5 和 PM10 相关的致癌和非致癌暴露风险评估。为进行风险评估,从该市的三个监测站获得了每小时 PM2.5 和 PM10 的数据。对所有年龄组的人都采用了美国环境保护局推荐的风险评估方法。估算了超额终生致癌风险(ELCR)和危害商数(HQ),并利用混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模型评估了后向轨迹。应用 0 至 1000 nm 的气溶胶光学深度观测大气气溶胶的变化。结果表明,2021 年和 2022 年 PM2.5 和 PM10 的年平均浓度超过了世界卫生组织规定的人类健康保护限值。2021 年和 2022 年,每 100 万居民中有 2.2-148.3 例癌症和 1.3-134.4 例癌症与环境 PM2.5 暴露有关。2021 年,PM2.5 和 PM10 的 HQ 值分别为 4.7 和 1.3,2022 年分别为 3.8 和 1.1,即预计会对人类健康造成风险。为减少与颗粒物有关的不良健康影响,需要采取空气排放控制策略。
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引用次数: 0
Stable isotopic, bulk, and molecular compositions of post-monsoon biomass-burning aerosols in Delhi suggest photochemical ageing during regional transport is more pronounced than local processing 德里季风后生物质燃烧气溶胶的稳定同位素、体积和分子组成表明,区域迁移过程中的光化学老化比本地处理更为明显
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09461-2
Rishu Agarwal, Shankar Gopala Aggarwal, Bhagawati Kunwar, Dhananjay Kumar Deshmukh, Khem Singh, Daya Soni, Kimitaka Kawamura

The composition of aerosols influenced by regional pollution sources during a post-monsoon haze event was studied including the isotopic, bulk, and molecular signatures. The air mass back trajectory and fire spot analysis revealed that the Delhi aerosols were influenced by the regional post-harvest crop (rice plant) residue-burning activities during the sampling period. To better understand the atmospheric processes during such an event, three samples of 4 h duration each (Period I: from 06:00–10:00, Period II: 10:00–14:00, and Period III: 14:00–18:00 h local time) were collected during the sampling period (8th -17th November, 2019) in the daytime. The average mass concentration of PM2.5, molecular compounds including the inorganic and carbonaceous components (dicarboxylic acid class compounds), along with the stable isotopes of C and N were observed to be elevated during Period I of the study. NH4+ and SO42− were found to be the most abundant inorganic ions during Period II and III with Cl being the dominant ion during Period I. The OC/EC, WSOC/EC ratios indicated the influence of biomass burning on Delhi aerosols with little influence of local ageing processes evident from the minimal variation observed between the three periods of study during the day. High concentrations of dicarboxylic acids than previous studies are reported with oxalic and succinic acid being the most abundant diacids, a typical behaviour observed in biomass-burning influenced aerosols with an interesting observation of terephthalic acid to be found in an appreciable amount. The δ15 N of TN and δ13 C of TC signatures clearly indicated the influence of emissions from the burning of a C3 plant on the aerosols. The results strongly suggested that the aerosols were influenced by biomass-burning activities in the neighbouring regions and were aged during the atmospheric transport over to the city of Delhi with minimal effect of local ageing processes during the study period.

研究了季风后雾霾事件期间受区域污染源影响的气溶胶组成,包括同位素、体积和分子特征。气团回溯轨迹和火点分析表明,在采样期间,德里气溶胶受到了区域收获后作物(水稻)残留物焚烧活动的影响。为了更好地了解此类活动期间的大气过程,在采样期间(2019 年 11 月 8 日至 17 日)的白天采集了三个样本,每个样本持续 4 小时(期间 I:当地时间 06:00-10:00;期间 II:当地时间 10:00-14:00;期间 III:当地时间 14:00-18:00)。在研究期间 I,观察到 PM2.5、分子化合物(包括无机和碳质成分(二羧酸类化合物))以及 C 和 N 的稳定同位素的平均质量浓度升高。研究发现,NH4+ 和 SO42- 是周期 II 和 III 中含量最高的无机离子,而 Cl- 则是周期 I 中的主要离子。OC/EC、WSOC/EC 比率表明生物质燃烧对德里气溶胶的影响,从白天三个研究时段之间的最小变化可以看出,当地老化过程的影响很小。与之前的研究相比,报告中二羧酸的浓度较高,草酸和琥珀酸是含量最高的二元酸,这是生物质燃烧影响气溶胶中观察到的典型行为,有趣的是还发现了相当数量的对苯二甲酸。TN 的 δ15 N 和 TC 的 δ13 C 标志清楚地表明了 C3 植物燃烧排放物对气溶胶的影响。研究结果强烈表明,气溶胶受到邻近地区生物质燃烧活动的影响,并在向德里市的大气传输过程中被老化,研究期间当地老化过程的影响微乎其微。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics of surface air quality over provincial capital cities in Northwestern China during 2013–2020 2013-2020 年中国西北地区省会城市地面空气质量特征
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09462-1
Dipesh Rupakheti, Sushma Dhital, Maheswar Rupakheti, Xiufeng Yin, Ping Li, Sishir Dahal, Benzhong Zhang

In this study, we have reported spatial and temporal variation in particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) over five provincial capital cities in northwestern China during 2013–2020. Regarding the seasonal variation, all pollutants (except ozone) exhibited the lowest concentration during summer and the highest concentration during winter, which could be attributed to increased anthropogenic activities (like coal burning) and conducive meteorological features. The highest monthly mean concentrations were primarily observed during December-February, whereas ozone exhibited the highest concentration during April-August, with different cities experiencing the highest concentration during different seasons. Regarding the diurnal variation exhibited by the pollutants, the lowest concentration of pollutants (except O3) was observed during the late afternoon (17:00–18:00) period. Ozone posed the urban site diurnal variation characteristic (peak during afternoon hour) over all sites. Urumqi had the highest PM2.5/PM10 ratio during November-March and the lowest ratio during April-October. Compared to the WHO revised guideline, the annual mean PM2.5 concentration was about 8–12 times higher, whereas the annual PM10 concentration was exceeded by a factor of up to 7. Most pollutants exhibited reduced concentration during the spring festival period. Analysis using HYSPLIT back trajectories indicated that the air masses affecting the five sites primarily originated from the northwestern area of China, although the impact of long-range pollution transport from remote regions should not be overlooked.

在这项研究中,我们报告了 2013-2020 年期间中国西北地区五个省会城市上空的颗粒物(PM)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)和臭氧(O3)的时空变化。在季节变化方面,所有污染物(除臭氧外)在夏季浓度最低,在冬季浓度最高,这可能是由于人为活动(如燃煤)增加和有利的气象特征所致。月平均浓度最高的时段主要是 12 月至 2 月,而臭氧的最高浓度则出现在 4 月至 8 月,不同城市在不同季节的浓度最高。在污染物的昼夜变化方面,下午晚些时候(17:00-18:00)的污染物浓度最低(O3 除外)。在所有站点中,臭氧呈现出城市站点日变化特征(下午时段达到峰值)。乌鲁木齐的PM2.5/PM10比率在11月至3月期间最高,在4月至10月期间最低。与世界卫生组织修订的指南相比,PM2.5 的年均浓度高出约 8-12 倍,而 PM10 的年均浓度超标高达 7 倍。大多数污染物在春节期间的浓度都有所下降。使用 HYSPLIT 回溯轨迹分析表明,影响五个站点的气团主要来自中国西北地区,但也不能忽视偏远地区长程污染输送的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A review on sequential extraction of metals bound particulate matter and their health risk assessment 颗粒物结合金属的顺序提取及其健康风险评估综述
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09460-3
Kalpana Rajouriya, Atar Singh Pipal, Ajay Taneja

Sequential Extraction Procedure (SEP) is a method widely used to extract metals and metalloids from Particulate Matter (PM) based on their solubility in different reaction media. This extraction procedure is used to determine the actual mobility of metals present in the environment. A detailed discussion on the significance of sequential extraction analysis is also being given in this scientific document. This review includes different aspects related to the fractions obtained (exchangeable: F1, reducible: F2, oxidizable: F3, bound to organic matter: F4, and residual fraction: F5) during the SEP. The use of each reagent involved in the fractionation process of PM is also discussed briefly. Finally, the present up-to-date information given by different researchers in various fields of atmospheric chemistry along with the possible future developments is also part of this scientific review. The current review also focuses on the relation between SEP and mathematical expressions (bioavailability, source apportionment, and health risk assessment by the USEPA method). It is revealed from the previous studies that Cd and Zn are highly enriched, mobile as well as highly bioavailable in the environment and poses more risk to the human being. The Cr and As showed carcinogenic nature and hence pose carcinogenic diseases in humans. Whereas, Mn and As are non-carcinogenic in nature for children and adults and thereby both pose a non-carcinogenic disease threat to the population.

顺序萃取程序(SEP)是一种广泛用于从颗粒物质(PM)中萃取金属和类金属的方法,其依据是金属和类金属在不同反应介质中的溶解度。这种萃取程序可用于确定环境中存在的金属的实际流动性。本科学文件还详细讨论了顺序萃取分析的意义。本综述包括与所获馏分(可交换馏分:F1;可还原馏分:F2)相关的不同方面:F1,可还原:F2,可氧化:F3,与有机物结合:F4,以及残留部分:F5)。此外,还简要讨论了参与可吸入颗粒物分馏过程的每种试剂的使用情况。最后,大气化学各领域不同研究人员提供的最新信息以及未来可能的发展也是本科学综述的一部分。本综述还重点讨论了可吸入颗粒物与数学表达式(生物利用率、来源分摊和美国环保局方法的健康风险评估)之间的关系。以往的研究表明,镉和锌在环境中富集度高、流动性大、生物利用率高,对人类的风险更大。铬和砷具有致癌性,因此会给人类带来致癌疾病。而锰和砷对儿童和成人来说是非致癌物质,因此对人类构成非致癌疾病威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: India’s cultural heritage: Air quality effects amidst COVID-19 lockdown and seasonal variability 更正:印度的文化遗产:COVID-19 封锁和季节变化对空气质量的影响
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09459-w
Mohd Arif, Saloni Sachdeva, Sherry Mangla, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo
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引用次数: 0
India’s cultural heritage: Air quality effects amidst COVID-19 lockdown and seasonal variability 分析印度遗产地的空气质量状况:气候、COVID-19 封锁和解决方案
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09458-x
Mohd Arif, Saloni Sachdeva, Sherry Mangla, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo

India, one of the most dynamic ancient civilizations, possesses a multitude of historical artifacts, with 37 of its notable architectural structures recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Yet, the ever-changing climate, especially air pollution, expedites the natural deterioration of historic sites and diminishes their aesthetic appeal, causing socio-economic damage. With this in mind, the current study aims to offer a logical scientific foundation for the implications of air pollution, seasonal shifts, and COVID-19 on 14 significant historical places in India during the year 2019-20. Delhi, among the cities most severely affected by atmospheric pollution, recorded an alarming air quality index (AQI) of 102–141, which can intensify the risk of cultural sites to corrode and deteriorate. Analysis reveals that the winter season had elevated levels of NO2 and particle pollution (PM2.5, PM10), whereas summer had the higher levels of O3. Throughout the 5-month lockdown period, ozone levels exhibited an elevation, contrasting with the reduction observed in other air parameters. Notably, there was a substantial 70% decrease in particulate matter concentration, which had previously remained stable over the course of the year. Variations in geographic locales and anthropogenic influences contribute significantly to the dose-response statistics, revealing an unprecedented elevation in corrosion risks to historical limestone and sandstone structures across target sites. Moreover, the research addresses available Governmental initiatives, and effective strategies designed to safeguard heritage sites against the corrosion and material degradation, offering a comprehensive exploration of protective measures. Thereby, the current research is centred on establishing a foundational understanding of the impact of air pollution on cultural heritage, utilizing a comparison to the year with the lowest air pollution levels, which can aid policymakers in enhancing risk management and implementing a robust national mandate for the preservation of cultural heritage sites against corrosion.

印度是最具活力的文明古国之一,拥有众多历史文物,其中 37 处著名建筑被联合国 教科文组织列为世界遗产。然而,不断变化的气候,尤其是空气污染,加速了历史遗址的自然退化,降低了其美学吸引力,造成了社会经济损失。有鉴于此,本研究旨在为 2019-20 年期间空气污染、季节变化和 COVID-19 对印度 14 处重要历史遗迹的影响提供合理的科学依据。德里是受大气污染影响最严重的城市之一,其空气质量指数(AQI)达到令人震惊的 102-141 ,这可能会加剧文化遗址腐蚀和退化的风险。分析显示,冬季的二氧化氮和颗粒污染(PM2.5、PM10)水平较高,而夏季的臭氧水平较高。在为期 5 个月的封锁期间,臭氧水平呈现上升趋势,与其他空气参数的下降形成鲜明对比。值得注意的是,颗粒物浓度大幅下降了 70%,而此前该浓度在一年中一直保持稳定。地理位置的变化和人为影响对剂量-反应统计有很大的影响,揭示了目标地点历史性石灰岩和砂岩结构的腐蚀风险空前升高。此外,研究还探讨了现有的政府举措,以及旨在保护遗址免受腐蚀和材料退化影响的有效策略,对保护措施进行了全面探索。因此,当前研究的核心是通过与空气污染水平最低的年份进行比较,建立空气污染对文化遗产影响的基础性认识,从而帮助决策者加强风险管理,并实施强有力的国家任务,保护文化遗址免受腐蚀。
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引用次数: 0
Quantification and source apportionment of atmospheric trace gases over Dhaka, Bangladesh 孟加拉国达卡上空大气痕量气体的定量和来源分配
IF 3 4区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-024-09457-y
A.T.M. Mustafa Kamal, Md. Safiqul Islam, Shahid Uz Zaman, Md. Jalil Miah, Tanvir Ahmed, Sirajul Hoque, Abdus Salam

Five atmospheric trace gases were measured in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using an automated direct sensing gas monitoring system. The average concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, TVOC, and O3 were 2603.6 ± 1216.4, 281.5 ± 158.0, 182.7 ± 69.4, 10,068.2 ± 5296.1 and 36.6 ± 23.6 µg/m3. The measured trace gas concentrations demonstrated significant seasonal and monthly fluctuations, with NO and CO concentrations being the highest in winter, O3 and TVOC concentrations being the highest during the monsoon season, and NO2 concentrations being the highest during the pre-monsoon season. Air mass trajectories and wind rose plots during the monsoon were compared to the winter. It showed that air masses from the southeast and south had an impact on the quantity of most of the trace gases whilst they traveled over the Bay of Bengal throughout the monsoon period. In contrast, air masses from the northwestern region, north, and the west had a bigger effect on the rising amount of trace gases across the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) during the winter season. NO2 (182.7 µg/m3) had the maximum concentration of the gases measured and crossed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual recommended value. The source characteristics of NOx, TVCO, and O3 gases were determined using the positive matrix factorization (PMF 5.0) model. The combustion of fossil fuels and aerosols were found to be the major sources of NOx and O3, with aerosol formation being the primary source of TVOC concentration.

利用自动直感气体监测系统对孟加拉国达卡的五种大气痕量气体进行了测量。CO、NO、NO2、TVOC 和 O3 的平均浓度分别为 2603.6 ± 1216.4、281.5 ± 158.0、182.7 ± 69.4、10068.2 ± 5296.1 和 36.6 ± 23.6 µg/m3。测得的痕量气体浓度表现出明显的季节性和月度波动,其中冬季的 NO 和 CO 浓度最高,季风季节的 O3 和 TVOC 浓度最高,而季风前期的 NO2 浓度最高。季风季节的气团轨迹和风玫瑰图与冬季进行了比较。结果表明,在整个季风期间,来自东南部和南部的气团在孟加拉湾上空飞行时,对大多数痕量气体的数量都有影响。相比之下,来自西北地区、北部和西部的气团对整个印度洋恒河平原(IGP)冬季痕量气体数量的上升影响更大。二氧化氮(182.7 微克/立方米)是测量到的气体中浓度最高的,超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)的年度建议值。使用正矩阵因式分解(PMF 5.0)模型确定了 NOx、TVCO 和 O3 气体的来源特征。结果发现,化石燃料燃烧和气溶胶是 NOx 和 O3 的主要来源,而气溶胶的形成则是 TVOC 浓度的主要来源。
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引用次数: 0
Toxic heavy metals in rainwater samples of Tehran 德黑兰雨水样本中的有毒重金属
IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-023-09454-7
Roholah Malekei, Mohammad Hossein Sayadi, Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz, Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis

This study investigates the concentrations and spatial distribution of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) through chemical analysis of rainwater samples collected in Tehran, Iran during winter and spring of 2022, characterized by different land use, emission sources, traffic conditions and population density. The average concentrations of the examined heavy metals at the five sampling sites were 52.9, 11.8, 14.6 and 0.93 μg l−1 for Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively. The concentrations of all heavy metals were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at the sampling points in central and south Tehran compared to sites in the west and north, due to different urban characteristics, higher pollution emission rates from the traffic and domestic sectors, and local wind patterns developed within the city. High traffic load in the central part of Tehran also escalates the heavy metal concentrations in this region. The significant correlations between the examined heavy metals at the five sites indicate common, local anthropogenic sources. The heavy metal concentrations were higher for rain samples collected in spring than in winter, likely associated with dilution processes in winter and the restriction measures due to COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown period, a drastic decrease in traffic load was observed in Tehran, confirming that motor vehicles is the main regulatory factor for air pollution and potential toxic elements in the city.

本研究通过对 2022 年冬季和春季在伊朗德黑兰采集的雨水样本进行化学分析,调查了有毒重金属(镉、铜、铅和锌)的浓度和空间分布情况,该地区的土地利用、排放源、交通状况和人口密度各不相同。五个采样点的重金属平均浓度分别为 52.9、11.8、14.6 和 0.93 μg l-1(锌、铅、铜和镉)。德黑兰中部和南部采样点的所有重金属浓度都明显高于西部和北部采样点(p <0.05),这是由于不同的城市特点、交通和生活污染排放率较高以及城市内形成的局部风型所致。德黑兰中部的高交通负荷也使该地区的重金属浓度升高。五个地点的受检重金属之间存在明显的相关性,这表明当地存在共同的人为污染源。春季采集的雨水样本的重金属浓度高于冬季,这可能与冬季的稀释过程以及 COVID-19 大流行导致的限制措施有关。在封锁期间,德黑兰的交通流量急剧下降,这证明机动车是造成该市空气污染和潜在有毒元素的主要调节因素。
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引用次数: 0
Aerosols in Northern Morocco (Part 3): the application of three complementary approaches towards a better understanding of PM10 sources 摩洛哥北部的气溶胶(第 3 部分):应用三种互补方法更好地了解 PM10 的来源
IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-023-09455-6
Abdelfettah Benchrif, Mounia Tahri, Benjamin Guinot, El Mahjoub Chakir, Fatiha Zahry, Bouamar Bagdhad, Moussa Bounakhla, Hélène Cachier

This study investigates the sources and characteristics of PM10 pollution in Tetouan city, Morocco, by employing a combination of chemical mass closure, source-receptor modelling (namely positive matrix factorization, PMF), and air mass trajectory statistical analyses (concentration weighted trajectory, CWT). It provides compelling evidence that using such a combination is a powerful approach for studying the composition and sources of PM10 in the Tetouan region. The PMF analysis identifies four PM10 sources, namely Vehicle Exhaust, Secondary Aerosols, Nitrate + Biomass Burning, and Fresh Sea Salt, with distinct seasonal contributions. CWT analysis reveals the Mediterranean Basin as the primary source region, with influences from populated areas in northern Morocco, southern Europe, and marine emissions. PM10 mass closure highlights the abundance of Dust, Particulate Organic Matter (POM), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSI), accounting for the majority of the mass. The low OC/EC ratio advocates that carbonaceous aerosols primarily originate from local traffic emissions. Diagnostic of WSI ratios shows that the [NH4+]/[SO42−] ratio indicated an ammonium-poor environment and suggested an acidic nature of the PM10 aerosols, while the [SO42−]/[NO3] ratio reflects the combined influence of stationary and mobile sources, with a partial contribution from industrial activities throughout the year. These findings are expected to shed light on the chemical composition, origin of emission sources, and transport pathways of PM10 in the region, contributing to the understanding of air pollution in the south western Mediterranean.

本研究结合使用化学质量闭合、源-受体建模(即正矩阵因式分解,PMF)和空气质量轨迹统计分析(浓度加权轨迹,CWT),对摩洛哥泰图安市的 PM10 污染源和特征进行了研究。它提供了令人信服的证据,证明使用这种组合是研究特图安地区 PM10 构成和来源的有力方法。PMF 分析确定了 PM10 的四个来源,即汽车尾气、二次气溶胶、硝酸盐 + 生物质燃烧和新鲜海盐,这些来源具有明显的季节性。CWT 分析表明,地中海盆地是主要来源地区,摩洛哥北部人口稠密地区、欧洲南部和海洋排放物也对其产生影响。PM10 的质量闭合凸显了粉尘、颗粒有机物(POM)和水溶性无机离子(WSI)的丰富性,占质量的大部分。OC/EC 比率较低,说明碳质气溶胶主要来自当地的交通排放。对 WSI 比率的诊断显示,[NH4+]/[SO42-] 比率表明环境中缺乏铵,并表明 PM10 气溶胶具有酸性,而[SO42-]/[NO3-] 比率则反映了固定源和移动源的综合影响,其中一部分来自全年的工业活动。这些发现有望揭示该地区 PM10 的化学成分、排放源和传输路径,有助于了解地中海西南部的空气污染情况。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-temporal variability and possible source identification of criteria pollutants from Ahmedabad-a megacity of Western India 印度西部大城市艾哈迈达巴德标准污染物的时空变化和可能的来源识别
IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-023-09456-5
Shahana Bano, Vrinda Anand, Ritesh Kalbande, Gufran Beig, Devendra Singh Rathore

This study addresses the spatio-temporal variability and plausible sources of criteria air pollutants in the Western Indian city-Ahmedabad. The air pollutants PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO have been analyzed at ten locations in Ahmedabad from 2017 to 2019. The seasonal variability indicates that the air pollutant concentration is highest during winter, followed by pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and monsoon seasons. The concentration of PM2.5 (59.52 ± 16.68–89.72 ± 20.68) and PM10 (107.25 ± 30.43–176.04 ± 38.34) crosses the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in all seasons. However, the seasonal difference from winter to pre-monsoon is not highly significant (p > 0.05), indicating that the pollution remains fairly similar during these two seasons. The spatial variability of air pollutants over Ahmedabad indicates that the concentration is highest in the south and central region of Ahmedabad and lowest at the east location. The Ventilation Coefficient (VC) has been used to understand the dispersion of air pollutants. The K-means clustering was performed to assess the locations within Ahmedabad with similar air pollutants sources followed by source identification using Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression method (PCA-MLR) of 5 clusters. The different locations identified were industrial, residential, and traffic which mainly contribute to the air pollutants in Ahmedabad city. The health risk assessment indicates PMs are the leading pollutant and causing excess risk (ER > 1) at all the locations. With the help of the different statistical techniques, it helps in ascertaining the hotspots of air pollution in a region which will be beneficial in studying health exposure and for policymakers to adopt mitigation strategies.

本研究解决了印度西部城市艾哈迈达巴德标准空气污染物的时空变化和可能的来源。从2017年到2019年,对艾哈迈达巴德10个地点的空气污染物PM10、PM2.5、O3、NO2、SO2和CO进行了分析。季节变化表明,空气污染物浓度在冬季最高,其次是季风前、季风后和季风季节。PM2.5(59.52±16.68 ~ 89.72±20.68)、PM10(107.25±30.43 ~ 176.04±38.34)浓度全年均超过国家环境空气质量标准。然而,从冬季到季风前的季节差异不是非常显著(p > 0.05),表明这两个季节的污染保持相当相似。艾哈迈达巴德大气污染物的空间变异性表明,艾哈迈达巴德南部和中部地区的浓度最高,东部地区的浓度最低。通风系数(VC)已被用来了解空气污染物的扩散。采用k均值聚类方法评估艾哈迈达巴德地区空气污染物来源相似的地点,然后使用主成分分析-多元线性回归方法(PCA-MLR)对5个聚类进行源识别。确定的不同地点是工业,住宅和交通,主要是造成艾哈迈达巴德市空气污染物的地方。健康风险评价结果表明,pmms是主要污染物,并在所有地点造成超额风险(ER > 1)。在不同统计技术的帮助下,它有助于确定一个地区的空气污染热点,这将有利于研究健康暴露和政策制定者采取缓解战略。
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Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry
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