The widespread application of electronic skin (e-skin) in human–machine interaction necessitates intelligent and information-rich systems. However, the rapid and efficient deployment of e-skin for high-precision multisensor fusion remains a critical challenge. This study introduces a pioneering biomimetic neural intelligent e-skin system that significantly enhances human–machine interaction and robotic perception capabilities. Our innovative approach integrates two novel e-skin technologies: a highly flexible multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based e-skin for precise pressure sensing, and a gallium–indium alloy liquid metal e-skin with exceptional stretchability for motion capture. The MWCNT e-skin, fabricated through a simple carbon nanotube impregnation method, achieves ultrathinness (<1 mm), ease of preparation, and inherent flexibility. The liquid metal e-skin, developed using a unique dispersion and reconstruction method, exhibits excellent linearity (R2 > 99.9%) and impressive stretchability (∼700%). By integrating our two types of e-skins, our system has achieved multidegree-of-freedom control and tactile feedback for robotic arms. It demonstrates the capability to perform object grasping tasks solely through tactile feedback in visually challenging environments, including underwater conditions. The system achieves a 98.26% accuracy in identifying diverse objects and making autonomous decisions through tactile sensing alone, showcasing its self-decision-making abilities. This research establishes a new paradigm for intelligent robotics, advancing human–machine interaction in complex environments.
{"title":"Biomimetic Neural Intelligent E-Skin System for Tactile Perception and Robotic Decision-Making","authors":"Deliang Li, Ruiwen Wang, Kexin Fu, Hao Quan, Hongguo Wei, Ruonan Liu, He Liu, Zhiwei Fu, Huilin Yuan, Hongxing Zhou, Haoqi Bai, Xiaoyu Cui, Ye Tian","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01205","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread application of electronic skin (e-skin) in human–machine interaction necessitates intelligent and information-rich systems. However, the rapid and efficient deployment of e-skin for high-precision multisensor fusion remains a critical challenge. This study introduces a pioneering biomimetic neural intelligent e-skin system that significantly enhances human–machine interaction and robotic perception capabilities. Our innovative approach integrates two novel e-skin technologies: a highly flexible multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based e-skin for precise pressure sensing, and a gallium–indium alloy liquid metal e-skin with exceptional stretchability for motion capture. The MWCNT e-skin, fabricated through a simple carbon nanotube impregnation method, achieves ultrathinness (<1 mm), ease of preparation, and inherent flexibility. The liquid metal e-skin, developed using a unique dispersion and reconstruction method, exhibits excellent linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 99.9%) and impressive stretchability (∼700%). By integrating our two types of e-skins, our system has achieved multidegree-of-freedom control and tactile feedback for robotic arms. It demonstrates the capability to perform object grasping tasks solely through tactile feedback in visually challenging environments, including underwater conditions. The system achieves a 98.26% accuracy in identifying diverse objects and making autonomous decisions through tactile sensing alone, showcasing its self-decision-making abilities. This research establishes a new paradigm for intelligent robotics, advancing human–machine interaction in complex environments.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental pollution by miniaturized plastics such as micro- and nanoplastics continues to escalate, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to detect or identify the plastics. Although the techniques for microplastics have been advanced, those for nanoplastics remain challenging owing to the difficulty of sample collection and sensing reliability. In this study, the identification of polymeric nanoparticles dispersed in water was demonstrated using peptide sensors with a microenvironment-sensitive fluorophore. The fluorescence spectra obtained from peptide sensors were different depending on the polymer species of polymeric nanoparticles. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning on the signal patterns of fluorescence intensities obtained from the spectra successfully identified polymeric nanoparticles with slightly different chemical structures. Systematic evaluation revealed the critical role of both the number and combination of peptide sensors in achieving the precise identification of polymeric nanoparticles. Our approach offers new and foundational insights into the forthcoming identification of nanoplastics dispersed in water.
{"title":"Identification of Polymeric Nanoparticles Using Strategic Peptide Sensor Configurations and Machine Learning.","authors":"Shion Hasegawa,Toshiki Sawada,Yuzo Kitazawa,Masahiro Nagaoka,Takuya Kaneda,Takeshi Serizawa","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01000","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution by miniaturized plastics such as micro- and nanoplastics continues to escalate, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to detect or identify the plastics. Although the techniques for microplastics have been advanced, those for nanoplastics remain challenging owing to the difficulty of sample collection and sensing reliability. In this study, the identification of polymeric nanoparticles dispersed in water was demonstrated using peptide sensors with a microenvironment-sensitive fluorophore. The fluorescence spectra obtained from peptide sensors were different depending on the polymer species of polymeric nanoparticles. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning on the signal patterns of fluorescence intensities obtained from the spectra successfully identified polymeric nanoparticles with slightly different chemical structures. Systematic evaluation revealed the critical role of both the number and combination of peptide sensors in achieving the precise identification of polymeric nanoparticles. Our approach offers new and foundational insights into the forthcoming identification of nanoplastics dispersed in water.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"632 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-21DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c01046
Hongqiang Li, Fanglin Xie, Xiaolin Li, Ming Han, Yueting Yang, Junqu Zhang, Lizhen Zhang, Yingjie Wang, Lu Cao, Enbang Li
In applications subject to temperature variations, developing temperature-insensitive photonic waveguide devices is crucial for ensuring the stability of wavelength-filtering devices. Here, we develop a polymer-based athermal photonic chip for optical biosensing. We adopt polydimethylsiloxane and poly(methyl methacrylate) as the waveguide materials and NOA61 as the substrate and propose an athermal optical demodulator photonic chip for physiological measurement on the basis of mutual compensation of the thermal optical effect and thermal expansion effect. The waveguide Bragg grating photonic sensor for measuring blood glucose and pressure has good temperature stability, and its temperature sensitivity can be reduced to −13.81–13.4 pm/°C. In the temperature range of 20–50 °C, the sensitivity of blood glucose measurement is 208.4 pm/(mg/mL), and the accuracy of blood glucose concentration measurement is 92.766% for 0–1.5 mg/mL; the sensitivity of the pressure measurement is 610 pm/kPa, and a pressure demodulation of 0–12 kPa can be achieved. The temperature sensor has a high temperature sensitivity of −207.8 pm/°C at 35–40 °C. Using cost-effective optical materials, we believe that this athermal design holds promise for overcoming the high temperature-dependent wavelength shift of photonic waveguide devices.
{"title":"Optical Biosensors Utilizing Polymer-Based Athermal Integrated Photonic Devices","authors":"Hongqiang Li, Fanglin Xie, Xiaolin Li, Ming Han, Yueting Yang, Junqu Zhang, Lizhen Zhang, Yingjie Wang, Lu Cao, Enbang Li","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01046","url":null,"abstract":"In applications subject to temperature variations, developing temperature-insensitive photonic waveguide devices is crucial for ensuring the stability of wavelength-filtering devices. Here, we develop a polymer-based athermal photonic chip for optical biosensing. We adopt polydimethylsiloxane and poly(methyl methacrylate) as the waveguide materials and NOA61 as the substrate and propose an athermal optical demodulator photonic chip for physiological measurement on the basis of mutual compensation of the thermal optical effect and thermal expansion effect. The waveguide Bragg grating photonic sensor for measuring blood glucose and pressure has good temperature stability, and its temperature sensitivity can be reduced to −13.81–13.4 pm/°C. In the temperature range of 20–50 °C, the sensitivity of blood glucose measurement is 208.4 pm/(mg/mL), and the accuracy of blood glucose concentration measurement is 92.766% for 0–1.5 mg/mL; the sensitivity of the pressure measurement is 610 pm/kPa, and a pressure demodulation of 0–12 kPa can be achieved. The temperature sensor has a high temperature sensitivity of −207.8 pm/°C at 35–40 °C. Using cost-effective optical materials, we believe that this athermal design holds promise for overcoming the high temperature-dependent wavelength shift of photonic waveguide devices.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intelligent intraocular pressure (IOP) sensors capable of continuous monitoring play a crucial role in the treatment of glaucoma. However, early diagnosis and treatment continue to face significant challenges due to the unique physiological environment of the eye. The primary scientific challenge lies in developing a method for continuous, high-sensitivity IOP monitoring that does not damage corneal tissue. To address this issue, a novel smart contact lens was developed, integrating hydrogel-based micronano architectures with diffraction-grating-embedded films. This device leverages 3D printing technology to achieve conformal adhesion to the ocular surface, enabling real-time IOP monitoring through optical-to-digital signal transduction. Additionally, ex vivo porcine eyeballs were used for in vitro testing and evaluation to quantitatively demonstrate the performance of the smart sensor. The results indicate that the smart contact lens developed in this study exhibits excellent biocompatibility and a high sensitivity of 2.5% mmHg–1 within the range of 0–50 mmHg, enabling precise IOP monitoring. These lenses hold significant potential for clinical IOP monitoring and demonstrate substantial promise for the next generation of ocular disease prevention.
{"title":"Smart Contact Lens with High Sensitivity and Biocompatibility for Continuous Non-Invasive Intraocular Pressure Monitoring","authors":"Yunhao Tai, Qilong Cheng, Yuteng Liu, Xingqi Lu, Ting Xu, Xiaojian Li, Ping Liu, Tingting Luo, Guangli Liu, Yijing Gan, Runhuai Yang","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00883","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent intraocular pressure (IOP) sensors capable of continuous monitoring play a crucial role in the treatment of glaucoma. However, early diagnosis and treatment continue to face significant challenges due to the unique physiological environment of the eye. The primary scientific challenge lies in developing a method for continuous, high-sensitivity IOP monitoring that does not damage corneal tissue. To address this issue, a novel smart contact lens was developed, integrating hydrogel-based micronano architectures with diffraction-grating-embedded films. This device leverages 3D printing technology to achieve conformal adhesion to the ocular surface, enabling real-time IOP monitoring through optical-to-digital signal transduction. Additionally, ex vivo porcine eyeballs were used for in vitro testing and evaluation to quantitatively demonstrate the performance of the smart sensor. The results indicate that the smart contact lens developed in this study exhibits excellent biocompatibility and a high sensitivity of 2.5% mmHg<sup>–1</sup> within the range of 0–50 mmHg, enabling precise IOP monitoring. These lenses hold significant potential for clinical IOP monitoring and demonstrate substantial promise for the next generation of ocular disease prevention.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas sensors for rapid identification of formaldehyde (HCHO) exposure risks are of great significance, given the volatility, toxicity, and near-imperceptibility of HCHO. However, the precise design of highly reactive sensing materials remains a substantial challenge that limits the application of gas sensors. Here, PtRh-modified tin oxide (PtRh/SnO2) hollow nanotubes with an open hollow nanostructure and bimetallic sensitization are proposed for regulating the reactivity to achieve ideal improvement in HCHO-sensing performance. The prepared 1.5% PtRh/SnO2 hollow nanotube-based sensor achieves a high sensing response (Ra/Rg = 265.8–25 ppm of HCHO), fast response and recovery rate (2.6 and 6.1 s), good selectivity, and strong anti-interference toward HCHO at 200 °C. Based on the ex/in situ characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the enhanced sensing properties are mainly attributed to the construction of hierarchical hollow nanostructures providing sufficient active sites for gas absorption, as well as the oxygen spillover effect from Pt, the catalytic property of Rh, and their synergistic effects. Hence, the architecture demonstrates enhanced adsorption capacity and interfacial reactivity toward HCHO, thereby improving the sensing response and selectivity. In addition, the PtRh/SnO2 sensor was used to monitor the HCHO in oysters, providing promising applications in real-time aquatic product HCHO monitoring.
{"title":"Controlled Assembly of Bimetallic PtRh-Modified Tin Oxide Hollow Nanotubes with High Sensing Activity for Ultrasensitive Formaldehyde Detection","authors":"Ge Wang, Haijie Cai, Jinlei Wei, Xingyu Wang, Xueqing Zhang, Tianjun Ni, Yongheng Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01094","url":null,"abstract":"Gas sensors for rapid identification of formaldehyde (HCHO) exposure risks are of great significance, given the volatility, toxicity, and near-imperceptibility of HCHO. However, the precise design of highly reactive sensing materials remains a substantial challenge that limits the application of gas sensors. Here, PtRh-modified tin oxide (PtRh/SnO<sub>2</sub>) hollow nanotubes with an open hollow nanostructure and bimetallic sensitization are proposed for regulating the reactivity to achieve ideal improvement in HCHO-sensing performance. The prepared 1.5% PtRh/SnO<sub>2</sub> hollow nanotube-based sensor achieves a high sensing response (<i>R</i><sub>a</sub>/<i>R</i><sub>g</sub> = 265.8–25 ppm of HCHO), fast response and recovery rate (2.6 and 6.1 s), good selectivity, and strong anti-interference toward HCHO at 200 °C. Based on the <i>ex</i>/<i>in situ</i> characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the enhanced sensing properties are mainly attributed to the construction of hierarchical hollow nanostructures providing sufficient active sites for gas absorption, as well as the oxygen spillover effect from Pt, the catalytic property of Rh, and their synergistic effects. Hence, the architecture demonstrates enhanced adsorption capacity and interfacial reactivity toward HCHO, thereby improving the sensing response and selectivity. In addition, the PtRh/SnO<sub>2</sub> sensor was used to monitor the HCHO in oysters, providing promising applications in real-time aquatic product HCHO monitoring.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The measurement of thyroid hormones in serum is widely regarded as the most valuable single laboratory tool for assessing thyroid function. This study presents a highly sensitive tin disulfide nanosheet-fabricated field-effect transistor (SnS2-FET) designed for the detections of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSH) and thyroxine (T4). By co-modifying an antibody (AbTSH for detecting hTSH), or a DNA aptamer (AptT4 for detecting T4), with polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the SnS2-FET channel surface, the PEG:AbTSH/SnS2-FET and PEG:AptT4/SnS2-FET devices achieve highly sensitive and selective detections of hTSH and T4, respectively, even in a high ionic strength buffer (1× PBS) or undiluted serum. With a low limit of detection (in the femtomolar level) and a wide linear working range (spanning at least 6 orders of magnitude of analyte concentration), the PEG:AbTSH/SnS2-FET immunosensor and PEG:AptT4/SnS2-FET aptasensor can detect the hTSH and T4 levels encountered in the spectrum of thyroid disorders. Notably, these specific receptor-modified SnS2-FET devices display negligible cross-reactivity with other pituitary hormones or serum components. This research indicates that the nanoelectronic SnS2-FET sensor platforms hold significant potential for point-of-care clinical diagnostics, particularly for the ultrasensitive detection and early screening of medical conditions.
{"title":"Ultrasensitive Quantification of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroxine by Nanoelectronic SnS2 Transistor Sensors.","authors":"Ankur Anand,Feng-Yi Su,Tse-Hao Chen,Yung-Fu Chen,Yit-Tsong Chen","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00115","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of thyroid hormones in serum is widely regarded as the most valuable single laboratory tool for assessing thyroid function. This study presents a highly sensitive tin disulfide nanosheet-fabricated field-effect transistor (SnS2-FET) designed for the detections of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSH) and thyroxine (T4). By co-modifying an antibody (AbTSH for detecting hTSH), or a DNA aptamer (AptT4 for detecting T4), with polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the SnS2-FET channel surface, the PEG:AbTSH/SnS2-FET and PEG:AptT4/SnS2-FET devices achieve highly sensitive and selective detections of hTSH and T4, respectively, even in a high ionic strength buffer (1× PBS) or undiluted serum. With a low limit of detection (in the femtomolar level) and a wide linear working range (spanning at least 6 orders of magnitude of analyte concentration), the PEG:AbTSH/SnS2-FET immunosensor and PEG:AptT4/SnS2-FET aptasensor can detect the hTSH and T4 levels encountered in the spectrum of thyroid disorders. Notably, these specific receptor-modified SnS2-FET devices display negligible cross-reactivity with other pituitary hormones or serum components. This research indicates that the nanoelectronic SnS2-FET sensor platforms hold significant potential for point-of-care clinical diagnostics, particularly for the ultrasensitive detection and early screening of medical conditions.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-17DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c00928
Jun Jiang Luo, Han Yue Liu, Hao Lin Zou, Bang Lin Li
Nanoscale gold (Au) materials have garnered significant attention in chemical and biological analyses owing to their exceptional properties. However, their practical applications in sensing nanotechnologies are remarkably constrained by the inherent and universal drawbacks of nanomaterials. For instance, the poor stability of nanomaterials during storage substantially compromises the test repeatability and accuracy. To date, the lack of standardized protocols for the synthesis and storage of nanomaterials remains a critical barrier to the widespread applications of nanotechnologies. Without the storage, in situ-synthesized nanomaterials might offer a promising solution to overcome these storage-related challenges. In this perspective, Au nanostructures are classified into two categories: presynthesized Au (psAu) and in situ-synthesized Au nanostructures (issAu), respectively. Differing from psAu, issAu refers to protocols in which the preparation of Au nanostructures is simultaneously coupled with their concurrent functional applications. While extensive research has been conducted on psAu strategies, recent studies over the past decade have increasingly focused on issAu nanostructures. The issAu concept has exhibited boosted sensing responses and enhanced anti-interference in chemical and biological analysis. Moreover, issAu nanostructures work as intriguing signal probes, showing high potential in time-saving operation and improved selectivity and sensitivity. This perspective outlines the formation routes of issAu nanostructures and provides a comprehensive review of their unique properties and sensing applications. Additionally, a detailed comparison between psAu and issAu materials is correspondingly presented, underscoring the transformative potential of issAu nanostructures and inspiring broader applications of the in situ-synthesis concept for other vital nanomaterials.
{"title":"In Situ-Synthesized Gold Nanostructures (issAu) to Minimize Storage Constraints in Sensing Applications","authors":"Jun Jiang Luo, Han Yue Liu, Hao Lin Zou, Bang Lin Li","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00928","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoscale gold (Au) materials have garnered significant attention in chemical and biological analyses owing to their exceptional properties. However, their practical applications in sensing nanotechnologies are remarkably constrained by the inherent and universal drawbacks of nanomaterials. For instance, the poor stability of nanomaterials during storage substantially compromises the test repeatability and accuracy. To date, the lack of standardized protocols for the synthesis and storage of nanomaterials remains a critical barrier to the widespread applications of nanotechnologies. Without the storage, in situ-synthesized nanomaterials might offer a promising solution to overcome these storage-related challenges. In this perspective, Au nanostructures are classified into two categories: presynthesized Au (<b>psAu</b>) and in situ-synthesized Au nanostructures (<b>issAu</b>), respectively. Differing from <b>psAu</b>, <b>issAu</b> refers to protocols in which the preparation of Au nanostructures is simultaneously coupled with their concurrent functional applications. While extensive research has been conducted on <b>psAu</b> strategies, recent studies over the past decade have increasingly focused on <b>issAu</b> nanostructures. The <b>issAu</b> concept has exhibited boosted sensing responses and enhanced anti-interference in chemical and biological analysis. Moreover, <b>issAu</b> nanostructures work as intriguing signal probes, showing high potential in time-saving operation and improved selectivity and sensitivity. This perspective outlines the formation routes of <b>issAu</b> nanostructures and provides a comprehensive review of their unique properties and sensing applications. Additionally, a detailed comparison between <b>psAu</b> and <b>issAu</b> materials is correspondingly presented, underscoring the transformative potential of <b>issAu</b> nanostructures and inspiring broader applications of the in situ-synthesis concept for other vital nanomaterials.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limited by inherent physicochemical properties and surface-adsorption-dominated gas-sensing behavior, traditional metal oxides are susceptible to ambient humidity levels and oxygen content within test environments. To overcome this issue, we proposed one highly sensitive MEMS-type H2S sensor featuring electrospun cerium oxide (CeO2)/copper oxide (CuO) nanotubes as the sensing layer. The constituent ratio-optimized sensors (CeO2/CuO-5) exhibited superior H2S-sensing performance over pure CeO2 counterparts, including lower operation temperature, more than two times stronger response (7.4 vs 3.1@4 ppm), and favorable selectivity. Density functional theory calculations and a series of characterization methods found that the increased oxygen vacancies and abundant CeO2/CuO n-p heterojunctions jointly contributed to the promotion of receptor and transducer function. In addition, a humidity-resistant and oxygen content-independent sensor performance was demonstrated. On the one hand, the self-refreshing effect of CeO2 endowed the CeO2/CuO-5 sensor with 75.6% retention of response toward 4 ppm of H2S under 70% RH with respect to the dry case, thus showcasing an excellent humidity tolerance. On the other hand, the decent oxygen storage ability of CeO2 favored a high response even under oxygen-lean environments. Furthermore, a patrol monitor apparatus loaded with the as-prepared sensor was designed, which showed efficient detection and alerting for on-site H2S leakage.
由于固有的物理化学性质和表面吸附为主的气敏行为的限制，传统的金属氧化物在测试环境中容易受到环境湿度水平和氧含量的影响。为了克服这个问题，我们提出了一种高灵敏度的mems型H2S传感器，该传感器采用电纺丝氧化铈(CeO2)/氧化铜（CuO）纳米管作为传感层。组成比优化的传感器（CeO2/CuO-5）比纯CeO2传感器具有更优越的h2s传感性能，包括更低的工作温度，两倍以上的响应（7.4 vs 3.1@4 ppm）和良好的选择性。密度泛函理论计算和一系列表征方法发现，增加的氧空位和丰富的CeO2/CuO n-p异质结共同促进了受体和换能器的功能。此外，还证明了抗湿度和不依赖氧含量的传感器性能。一方面，CeO2的自刷新效应使CeO2/CuO-5传感器在70% RH条件下对4 ppm H2S的响应保持率比干燥情况下的75.6%，从而表现出优异的耐湿性。另一方面，CeO2良好的储氧能力有利于在贫氧环境下的高响应。在此基础上，设计了装有传感器的巡逻监测装置，对现场H2S泄漏进行了有效的检测和报警。
{"title":"Deciphering the Humidity Resistance and Oxygen-Content Independence of Conductometric Hydrogen Sulfide Sensors Based on Electrospun CeO2/CuO Nanotubes","authors":"Yanjie Wang, Mengqing Wang, Xinke Jiang, Xiaopeng She, Yi Chen, Yin Long, Yong Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00478","url":null,"abstract":"Limited by inherent physicochemical properties and surface-adsorption-dominated gas-sensing behavior, traditional metal oxides are susceptible to ambient humidity levels and oxygen content within test environments. To overcome this issue, we proposed one highly sensitive MEMS-type H<sub>2</sub>S sensor featuring electrospun cerium oxide (CeO<sub>2</sub>)/copper oxide (CuO) nanotubes as the sensing layer. The constituent ratio-optimized sensors (CeO<sub>2</sub>/CuO-5) exhibited superior H<sub>2</sub>S-sensing performance over pure CeO<sub>2</sub> counterparts, including lower operation temperature, more than two times stronger response (7.4 vs 3.1@4 ppm), and favorable selectivity. Density functional theory calculations and a series of characterization methods found that the increased oxygen vacancies and abundant CeO<sub>2</sub>/CuO n-p heterojunctions jointly contributed to the promotion of receptor and transducer function. In addition, a humidity-resistant and oxygen content-independent sensor performance was demonstrated. On the one hand, the self-refreshing effect of CeO<sub>2</sub> endowed the CeO<sub>2</sub>/CuO-5 sensor with 75.6% retention of response toward 4 ppm of H<sub>2</sub>S under 70% RH with respect to the dry case, thus showcasing an excellent humidity tolerance. On the other hand, the decent oxygen storage ability of CeO<sub>2</sub> favored a high response even under oxygen-lean environments. Furthermore, a patrol monitor apparatus loaded with the as-prepared sensor was designed, which showed efficient detection and alerting for on-site H<sub>2</sub>S leakage.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-17DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c01138
Yu-Xuan Lu, Guan-Ying Chen, Fang-Min Lin, Ming-Hsiu Tsai, Chih-Ting Lin
Most graphene-sensor researches have focused on direct graphene modifications to enhance performance. However, supporting-substrate effects on graphene sensing mechanisms remain underexplored. Because of graphene 2D architecture, substrates affect its surface potential, wettability, and molecular adsorption. These effects intensify in the presence of polar molecules, e.g., water molecules, further complicating the sensing characteristics. To explore these effects, this study investigates the influence of substrate on the sensing capabilities and mechanisms of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) in organic solvents through electrical-transport measurements. Specifically, we compare partially suspended graphene FETs (PS-GFETs) and oxide-supported graphene FETs (OS-GFETs) in response to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, and isopropanol (IPA) at different concentrations. By quantifying Dirac-point hysteresis, we experimentally show that the hysteresis correlates with molecular polarity, following the trend DMSO < ethanol < IPA. Moreover, OS-GFETs exhibit a 1.5-fold sensitivity enhancement compared to PS-GFETs when detecting organic solution concentrations. Employing the two-dimensional hydrogen bond network (2D-HBNS) model, we theoretically illustrate that hydrophobic PS-GFET surfaces maintain equilibrium through hydration shell and 2D-HBNS formation. In contrast, hydrophilic OS-GFET surfaces disrupt this balance, enhancing van der Waals interactions and attracting organic molecules. This leads to superior sensitivity in OS-GFETs. To further validate this hypothesis, we introduced poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers on the SiO2 substrate. The experiments show it changes graphene-surface hydrophilicity and graphene-sensor sensitivity. These findings establish a theoretical and experimental framework for optimizing graphene-based sensors. This framework elucidates a solute–solvent interfacial interaction model for polar liquids, aiming to improve the sensing characteristics of 2D materials.
{"title":"An Elucidation of Substrate Effects in Graphene-Based Sensing Characteristics─Interfaces between Organic Solvent and Graphene","authors":"Yu-Xuan Lu, Guan-Ying Chen, Fang-Min Lin, Ming-Hsiu Tsai, Chih-Ting Lin","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01138","url":null,"abstract":"Most graphene-sensor researches have focused on direct graphene modifications to enhance performance. However, supporting-substrate effects on graphene sensing mechanisms remain underexplored. Because of graphene 2D architecture, substrates affect its surface potential, wettability, and molecular adsorption. These effects intensify in the presence of polar molecules, e.g., water molecules, further complicating the sensing characteristics. To explore these effects, this study investigates the influence of substrate on the sensing capabilities and mechanisms of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) in organic solvents through electrical-transport measurements. Specifically, we compare partially suspended graphene FETs (PS-GFETs) and oxide-supported graphene FETs (OS-GFETs) in response to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, and isopropanol (IPA) at different concentrations. By quantifying Dirac-point hysteresis, we experimentally show that the hysteresis correlates with molecular polarity, following the trend DMSO < ethanol < IPA. Moreover, OS-GFETs exhibit a 1.5-fold sensitivity enhancement compared to PS-GFETs when detecting organic solution concentrations. Employing the two-dimensional hydrogen bond network (2D-HBNS) model, we theoretically illustrate that hydrophobic PS-GFET surfaces maintain equilibrium through hydration shell and 2D-HBNS formation. In contrast, hydrophilic OS-GFET surfaces disrupt this balance, enhancing van der Waals interactions and attracting organic molecules. This leads to superior sensitivity in OS-GFETs. To further validate this hypothesis, we introduced poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers on the SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate. The experiments show it changes graphene-surface hydrophilicity and graphene-sensor sensitivity. These findings establish a theoretical and experimental framework for optimizing graphene-based sensors. This framework elucidates a solute–solvent interfacial interaction model for polar liquids, aiming to improve the sensing characteristics of 2D materials.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5c01358
Zhaorui Zhang,Chonghui Zhu,Yu Liang,Jinkui Chu,Yuxia Shan,Minghui Yang
Real-time, remote monitoring of human biomarkers is essential for personalized medical diagnostics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a key endogenous gas, serves as a crucial biomarker for conditions such as oral diseases. However, accurately detecting ppb-level H2S in high-humidity environments remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a Pt-loaded CrVN2 fuel cell-type H2S sensor that exhibits high humidity resistance, ultralow detection limits (50 ppb), rapid response (4 s), and exceptional selectivity. The stable electronic structure of CrVN2 ensures a consistent response across a wide relative humidity range (9%-79%). Furthermore, a wireless detection system incorporating the Pt/CrVN2 sensor was designed and validated for breath diagnosis, demonstrating its practical application in smart healthcare. This study highlights the potential of Pt/CrVN2 sensor as a promising platform for real-time, sensitive biomarker detection, contributing to the advancement of next-generation medical diagnostics.
{"title":"Humidity-Resistant Pt/CrVN2 Fuel Cell Sensor for H2S Biomarker Detection.","authors":"Zhaorui Zhang,Chonghui Zhu,Yu Liang,Jinkui Chu,Yuxia Shan,Minghui Yang","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.5c01358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c01358","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time, remote monitoring of human biomarkers is essential for personalized medical diagnostics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a key endogenous gas, serves as a crucial biomarker for conditions such as oral diseases. However, accurately detecting ppb-level H2S in high-humidity environments remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a Pt-loaded CrVN2 fuel cell-type H2S sensor that exhibits high humidity resistance, ultralow detection limits (50 ppb), rapid response (4 s), and exceptional selectivity. The stable electronic structure of CrVN2 ensures a consistent response across a wide relative humidity range (9%-79%). Furthermore, a wireless detection system incorporating the Pt/CrVN2 sensor was designed and validated for breath diagnosis, demonstrating its practical application in smart healthcare. This study highlights the potential of Pt/CrVN2 sensor as a promising platform for real-time, sensitive biomarker detection, contributing to the advancement of next-generation medical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144295849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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