Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75944
M. A. Azeez, A. O. Adubi, F. A. Durodola
Landraces are repository of gene pool that enrich biodiversity and maintain and stabilize ecosystem in a sustainable way to make it functional. Cultivation of traditional crops in different regions of the world, aside maintaining biodiversity in agriculture, also avails humanity of regulatory services such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, control of soil erosion, reduction of greenhouse gas emission and control of hydrological processes. However, man through over-exploitation of some plant species with utter neglect to some other either deliberately or otherwise through modern agricultural systems that promote cultivation of a few high-input and high-yielding crop species caused disaffection to biodiversity with consequences of reduction in its regulatory services. In this chapter, different landraces of crops are examined, their usefulness in the maintenance of genetic diversity is explored, and implications of their depletion are discussed.
{"title":"Landraces and Crop Genetic Improvement","authors":"M. A. Azeez, A. O. Adubi, F. A. Durodola","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75944","url":null,"abstract":"Landraces are repository of gene pool that enrich biodiversity and maintain and stabilize ecosystem in a sustainable way to make it functional. Cultivation of traditional crops in different regions of the world, aside maintaining biodiversity in agriculture, also avails humanity of regulatory services such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, control of soil erosion, reduction of greenhouse gas emission and control of hydrological processes. However, man through over-exploitation of some plant species with utter neglect to some other either deliberately or otherwise through modern agricultural systems that promote cultivation of a few high-input and high-yielding crop species caused disaffection to biodiversity with consequences of reduction in its regulatory services. In this chapter, different landraces of crops are examined, their usefulness in the maintenance of genetic diversity is explored, and implications of their depletion are discussed.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121710303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74591
A. Husaini, Sofi Nr
Jammu & Kashmir is an agri-horticulture state (in India) where a large population is economically dependent to agriculture and horticulture, directly or indirectly for livelihood, food and nutritional security. Rice, the staple food of majority population, is cultivated in diverse agro-ecological situations extending from subtropical area (<1000 m amsl) of Jammu, through temperate valley to cold high altitudes regions (1650–2400 m amsl) of Kashmir, and therefore rice biodiversity is rich. Some of the landraces fall into indica type and thrive well in temperate regions of valley, while others fall into japonica type and are prevalent in hilly areas. Cold tolerance is a special feature in most of these peculiar landraces, which are different from rest of the country. However, with the advent of High Yielding Varieties the local biodiversity got neglected and remained confined to seed banks. With new emerging challenges like climate change, population explosion, limited land and water resources, demand for organic products, local landraces have assumed tremendous importance, either for direct exploitation or indirect use. In this chapter, we attempt to bring out information about these landraces in a comprehensive manner and discuss the issues pertaining to their conservation, utilization, cultivation and revival through approaches like participatory plant breeding, participatory varietal selection or plant biotechnology.
{"title":"Rice Biodiversity in Cold Hill Zones of Kashmir Himalayas and Conservation of Its Landraces","authors":"A. Husaini, Sofi Nr","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74591","url":null,"abstract":"Jammu & Kashmir is an agri-horticulture state (in India) where a large population is economically dependent to agriculture and horticulture, directly or indirectly for livelihood, food and nutritional security. Rice, the staple food of majority population, is cultivated in diverse agro-ecological situations extending from subtropical area (<1000 m amsl) of Jammu, through temperate valley to cold high altitudes regions (1650–2400 m amsl) of Kashmir, and therefore rice biodiversity is rich. Some of the landraces fall into indica type and thrive well in temperate regions of valley, while others fall into japonica type and are prevalent in hilly areas. Cold tolerance is a special feature in most of these peculiar landraces, which are different from rest of the country. However, with the advent of High Yielding Varieties the local biodiversity got neglected and remained confined to seed banks. With new emerging challenges like climate change, population explosion, limited land and water resources, demand for organic products, local landraces have assumed tremendous importance, either for direct exploitation or indirect use. In this chapter, we attempt to bring out information about these landraces in a comprehensive manner and discuss the issues pertaining to their conservation, utilization, cultivation and revival through approaches like participatory plant breeding, participatory varietal selection or plant biotechnology.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125879415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74973
M. Nawaz, S. Yang, G. Chung
Reduced genetic diversity in cultivated soybean coupled with changing dietary expecta- tions, climate change, and increase in population demands expansion of current gene pool. Wild soybeans are an opportunistic resource and a rational choice to discover novel genes and gene families for alternative crop production systems and to improve soybean. Multiple agronomic traits, lineage-specific genes, and domestication-related traits have been studied in wild soybeans in contrast to cultivated soybeans, and it has been proved that wild soybeans are an essential genomic resource containing unique and useful genetic resources that have been lost during domestication to expand the gene pool in order to improve soybean. Wild soybean is very often a plant of disturbed habitats of Southeast Asia. The vul- nerability of these habitats to agriculture systems and urban expansion causes a reduction in the area of distribution and hence the diversity. To capture the wild soybean genetic diversity in its main distribution areas, a unique and comprehensive germplasm collection, characterization, and conservation platform is direly needed. Chung’s Wild Legume Germplasm Collection is preserving and maintaining a representative wild soybean germplasm collection guided by the principles of conservation genetics. These wild legumes and particularly wild soybean is a promising genetic resource for soybean
{"title":"Wild Soybeans: An Opportunistic Resource for Soybean Improvement","authors":"M. Nawaz, S. Yang, G. Chung","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74973","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced genetic diversity in cultivated soybean coupled with changing dietary expecta- tions, climate change, and increase in population demands expansion of current gene pool. Wild soybeans are an opportunistic resource and a rational choice to discover novel genes and gene families for alternative crop production systems and to improve soybean. Multiple agronomic traits, lineage-specific genes, and domestication-related traits have been studied in wild soybeans in contrast to cultivated soybeans, and it has been proved that wild soybeans are an essential genomic resource containing unique and useful genetic resources that have been lost during domestication to expand the gene pool in order to improve soybean. Wild soybean is very often a plant of disturbed habitats of Southeast Asia. The vul- nerability of these habitats to agriculture systems and urban expansion causes a reduction in the area of distribution and hence the diversity. To capture the wild soybean genetic diversity in its main distribution areas, a unique and comprehensive germplasm collection, characterization, and conservation platform is direly needed. Chung’s Wild Legume Germplasm Collection is preserving and maintaining a representative wild soybean germplasm collection guided by the principles of conservation genetics. These wild legumes and particularly wild soybean is a promising genetic resource for soybean","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134599098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70813
A. Gerrano
Okra, Abelmoschusesculentus L.(Moench),isanimportantfruitvegetablecropwhichbelongs seed weight, which indicates that all yield components are important for the improvement of grain yield in okra genotypes. Number of fruit was positively and significantly associated with yield contributing traits such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield, grain yield, number of seeds per fruit, thousand seed weight as well as shelled fruit weight without seeds. Moderately positive and significant association was also observed between grain yield and fruit yield ( r = 0.48) and plant height ( r = 0.34). Plant height was moderately and positively significantly associated with number of fruits per plant, number of internodes, number of seeds per fruit, internode length, and thousand seed weight. Moreover, fruit length was also positively and significantly associated with grain yield and its related traits. The strong positive association between the different phenotypic traits would allow the breeder for simultaneous selection and improvement of these traits. In this study, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield, grain yield, number of seeds per fruit, and thousand seed weight were identified as selection criteria for obtaining potential and good parents for the development of new cultivar in the okra breeding programme in the South African condition.
{"title":"Agronomic Performance, Nutritional Phenotyping and Trait Associations of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Genotypes in South Africa","authors":"A. Gerrano","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70813","url":null,"abstract":"Okra, Abelmoschusesculentus L.(Moench),isanimportantfruitvegetablecropwhichbelongs seed weight, which indicates that all yield components are important for the improvement of grain yield in okra genotypes. Number of fruit was positively and significantly associated with yield contributing traits such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield, grain yield, number of seeds per fruit, thousand seed weight as well as shelled fruit weight without seeds. Moderately positive and significant association was also observed between grain yield and fruit yield ( r = 0.48) and plant height ( r = 0.34). Plant height was moderately and positively significantly associated with number of fruits per plant, number of internodes, number of seeds per fruit, internode length, and thousand seed weight. Moreover, fruit length was also positively and significantly associated with grain yield and its related traits. The strong positive association between the different phenotypic traits would allow the breeder for simultaneous selection and improvement of these traits. In this study, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield, grain yield, number of seeds per fruit, and thousand seed weight were identified as selection criteria for obtaining potential and good parents for the development of new cultivar in the okra breeding programme in the South African condition.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127838122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79595
O. Grillo, M. L. Bianco, S. Blangiforti, LauraSiracusa, G. Venora, G. Ruberto
In the last decade, encouraged by economic, social and nutritional reasons, the trend towards the rediscovery and reuse of durum wheat landraces moved on in Sicily. This growing attention in local wheat landraces made necessary to design new effective and objective identification methods that are able to distinguish landraces. Considering the difficulties coming from the genetic and morphological heterogeneity of a landrace, in this chapter a multidisciplinary approach for durum wheat landraces identification is proposed. Nine Sicilian wheat landraces were investigated from the genotypic and pheno- typic point of view, studying their polyphenolic profile, and analyzing the glumes morpho-colorimetric traits, in search of similarities and/or differences. In particular, hydro-alcoholic extracts from whole wheat grains were analyzed by means of HPLC/ DAD and HPLC/ESI-MS, revealing 13 metabolites mainly belonging to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavones C -glycosides. The quantitative pattern of the 13 phenolic markers allowed to perfectly identify all the wheat samples, confirming a specific and genotype-dependent pattern of phenolics concentration. Moreover, computerized image analysis techniques were applied to compare the wheat samples on the basis of 138 quantitative morpho-colorimetric variables descriptive of glumes size, shape, color and texture, confirming the possibility to undoubtedly identify wheat samples belonging to local landraces.
{"title":"Phenolic Fingerprinting and Glumes Image Analysis as an Effective Approach for Durum Wheat Landraces Identification","authors":"O. Grillo, M. L. Bianco, S. Blangiforti, LauraSiracusa, G. Venora, G. Ruberto","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79595","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, encouraged by economic, social and nutritional reasons, the trend towards the rediscovery and reuse of durum wheat landraces moved on in Sicily. This growing attention in local wheat landraces made necessary to design new effective and objective identification methods that are able to distinguish landraces. Considering the difficulties coming from the genetic and morphological heterogeneity of a landrace, in this chapter a multidisciplinary approach for durum wheat landraces identification is proposed. Nine Sicilian wheat landraces were investigated from the genotypic and pheno- typic point of view, studying their polyphenolic profile, and analyzing the glumes morpho-colorimetric traits, in search of similarities and/or differences. In particular, hydro-alcoholic extracts from whole wheat grains were analyzed by means of HPLC/ DAD and HPLC/ESI-MS, revealing 13 metabolites mainly belonging to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavones C -glycosides. The quantitative pattern of the 13 phenolic markers allowed to perfectly identify all the wheat samples, confirming a specific and genotype-dependent pattern of phenolics concentration. Moreover, computerized image analysis techniques were applied to compare the wheat samples on the basis of 138 quantitative morpho-colorimetric variables descriptive of glumes size, shape, color and texture, confirming the possibility to undoubtedly identify wheat samples belonging to local landraces.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127469289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-28DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73425
E. R. Konzen, S. Tsai
In this chapter, we outline the significance of landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for unraveling novel morphological, biochemical and genetic variation that could be integrated to breeding programs, related to seed coat color and glossiness and disease resistance. Moreover, we emphasize how important the conservation of such genetic resources is in small-farming areas, the prevailing system for bean cultivation. A particular Brazilian landrace referred as Serro Azul by local farmers is highlighted to show new evidences of the genetic control of seed glossiness in common bean and how it implicates in the seed protection against diseases and insects. Moreover, new findings presented here give insights into a remarkable anthracnose resistance of one of the variants of Serro Azul, which also presents seed coat glossiness. The potential benefits for human health after consuming beans with glossy seed coat are also discussed. This is one among the various landraces that need better understanding for strengthening the knowledge of the genetic diversity of common bean. Such knowledge is important for conducting conservation actions and performing new crosses for providing genetic materials with desirable combinations for farmers, breeders and consumers.
{"title":"Genetic Variation of Landraces of Common Bean Varying for Seed Coat Glossiness and Disease Resistance: Valuable Resources for Conservation and Breeding","authors":"E. R. Konzen, S. Tsai","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73425","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we outline the significance of landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for unraveling novel morphological, biochemical and genetic variation that could be integrated to breeding programs, related to seed coat color and glossiness and disease resistance. Moreover, we emphasize how important the conservation of such genetic resources is in small-farming areas, the prevailing system for bean cultivation. A particular Brazilian landrace referred as Serro Azul by local farmers is highlighted to show new evidences of the genetic control of seed glossiness in common bean and how it implicates in the seed protection against diseases and insects. Moreover, new findings presented here give insights into a remarkable anthracnose resistance of one of the variants of Serro Azul, which also presents seed coat glossiness. The potential benefits for human health after consuming beans with glossy seed coat are also discussed. This is one among the various landraces that need better understanding for strengthening the knowledge of the genetic diversity of common bean. Such knowledge is important for conducting conservation actions and performing new crosses for providing genetic materials with desirable combinations for farmers, breeders and consumers.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125290209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70756
Fabio Palumbo, G. Barcaccia
A total of 90 original articles concerning the varietal characterization and identification by means of SSR analysis of the five most economically relevant crops in Italy (i.e., Olea europaea L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Vitis vinifera L., Triticum spp. and Malus (cid:1) domestica Borkh.) have been selected and reviewed. Since the genetic traceability of processed products may result more complex, wine and olive oil have been considered too. Specif- ically, this chapter deals with three main aspects: (i) the criteria adopted for the selection of the most appropriate number, type, and distribution of SSR marker loci to be employed for varietal genotyping, (ii) the use of genetic statistics and parameters for the evaluation of the discriminant ability and applicability of SSR marker loci, and (iii) how to make different experimental works on the same species that are standardized, reliable, and comparable. What emerges from the studies reviewed here is a lack of wider consensus among the authors regarding the strategy to design and to adopt for genotyping plant varieties with SSR markers. This finding highlights the urgent need to establish a common procedure, especially for characterizing and preserving landraces, and for supporting its rediscovery and valorization locally.
{"title":"Critical Aspects on the Use of Microsatellite Markers for Assessing Genetic Identity of Crop Plant Varieties and Authenticity of their Food Derivatives","authors":"Fabio Palumbo, G. Barcaccia","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.70756","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 90 original articles concerning the varietal characterization and identification by means of SSR analysis of the five most economically relevant crops in Italy (i.e., Olea europaea L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Vitis vinifera L., Triticum spp. and Malus (cid:1) domestica Borkh.) have been selected and reviewed. Since the genetic traceability of processed products may result more complex, wine and olive oil have been considered too. Specif- ically, this chapter deals with three main aspects: (i) the criteria adopted for the selection of the most appropriate number, type, and distribution of SSR marker loci to be employed for varietal genotyping, (ii) the use of genetic statistics and parameters for the evaluation of the discriminant ability and applicability of SSR marker loci, and (iii) how to make different experimental works on the same species that are standardized, reliable, and comparable. What emerges from the studies reviewed here is a lack of wider consensus among the authors regarding the strategy to design and to adopt for genotyping plant varieties with SSR markers. This finding highlights the urgent need to establish a common procedure, especially for characterizing and preserving landraces, and for supporting its rediscovery and valorization locally.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115836827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71359
N. Ntuli
Phaseolus vulgaris L. of the family Fabaceae is widely grown for essential nutrients in its edible leaves, immature pods, and mature seeds. Landraces are local crops with wide morphological and genetic diversity. Morpho-agronomically, P. vulgaris landraces vary exceptionally in their vegetative and reproductive traits. These landraces vary in their germinationrate and finalpercentage. Theirgrowthformvariesfrom bushyto vining type. Flowers rangein their time to flowering, color, and size. Podsalso vary widelyintheir time to pod formation; pod size, color, and shape; number of pods per plant; and time to pod maturity. Seeds also vary in their size, shape, color, and mass, as well as their number per pod and per plant. These landraces also vary in their resistance to pests and diseases from seedgermination,plantgrowthandyield,andseedstorageduration.Areviewonvariationamong P.vulgaris landracesformsbasisfortheirfuturebreedingastheyareagoodsourceof genetic diversity. This enables a possible selection for leaf, pod, and seed consumption, as wellasresistancetowardpestsanddiseasesduringtheentiregrowth.
{"title":"Morpho-Agronomic Variation among Phaseolus vulgaris Landraces: A Review","authors":"N. Ntuli","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71359","url":null,"abstract":"Phaseolus vulgaris L. of the family Fabaceae is widely grown for essential nutrients in its edible leaves, immature pods, and mature seeds. Landraces are local crops with wide morphological and genetic diversity. Morpho-agronomically, P. vulgaris landraces vary exceptionally in their vegetative and reproductive traits. These landraces vary in their germinationrate and finalpercentage. Theirgrowthformvariesfrom bushyto vining type. Flowers rangein their time to flowering, color, and size. Podsalso vary widelyintheir time to pod formation; pod size, color, and shape; number of pods per plant; and time to pod maturity. Seeds also vary in their size, shape, color, and mass, as well as their number per pod and per plant. These landraces also vary in their resistance to pests and diseases from seedgermination,plantgrowthandyield,andseedstorageduration.Areviewonvariationamong P.vulgaris landracesformsbasisfortheirfuturebreedingastheyareagoodsourceof genetic diversity. This enables a possible selection for leaf, pod, and seed consumption, as wellasresistancetowardpestsanddiseasesduringtheentiregrowth.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117312099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71669
A. Cortés, M. Blair
Warming is expected to lead to drier environments worldwide, especially in the tropics, and it is unclear how crops will react. Drought tolerance often varies at small spatial scales in natural ecosystems, where many of the wild relatives and landraces of the main crops have been collected. Through a series of examples, we will show that collections of wild relatives and landraces, many of those deposited at germplasm banks, may represent this desired source of variation, as they are genetically diverse and phenotypically variable. For instance, using a spectrum of genotyping and phenotyping approaches, we have studied the extent of genetic and phenotypic diversity for drought tolerance in wild and landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and compared it with the one available at cultivated varieties. Not surprisingly, most of the naturally available variation to cope with drought in the natural environments was lost through domestication and recent plant breeding. It is therefore imperative to exploit the reservoir of wild relatives and landraces to make crops more tolerant. Yet, it remains to be seen if the rate at which this naturally available variation can be incorporated into the cultivated varieties may keep pace with the rate of climate change.
{"title":"Lessons from Common Bean on How Wild Relatives and Landraces Can Make Tropical Crops More Resistant to Climate Change","authors":"A. Cortés, M. Blair","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71669","url":null,"abstract":"Warming is expected to lead to drier environments worldwide, especially in the tropics, and it is unclear how crops will react. Drought tolerance often varies at small spatial scales in natural ecosystems, where many of the wild relatives and landraces of the main crops have been collected. Through a series of examples, we will show that collections of wild relatives and landraces, many of those deposited at germplasm banks, may represent this desired source of variation, as they are genetically diverse and phenotypically variable. For instance, using a spectrum of genotyping and phenotyping approaches, we have studied the extent of genetic and phenotypic diversity for drought tolerance in wild and landraces of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and compared it with the one available at cultivated varieties. Not surprisingly, most of the naturally available variation to cope with drought in the natural environments was lost through domestication and recent plant breeding. It is therefore imperative to exploit the reservoir of wild relatives and landraces to make crops more tolerant. Yet, it remains to be seen if the rate at which this naturally available variation can be incorporated into the cultivated varieties may keep pace with the rate of climate change.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123709596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71360
F. Rincón-Sánchez, N. Ruiz-Torres
Traditional agricultural system is referring to the maize production based on indig- enous or farmers knowledge and practices that have been developed through many generations. In the area of study, genetic maize diversity was explored by the expres- sion of quantitative traits of the ear and the race classification approach. Evaluation results indicated that the native populations adapted to the transition and highland (above 2000 masl) areas, showed a contrasting yield response when they were evaluated at the intermediate environment; whereas, those populations adapted to the lowland and intermediate altitudes showed a satisfactory yield performance in both environments. The above performance pattern is essential because it may be useful to identify favorable alleles that, in a local population per se or through genetic combination, results in population changes in allele frequencies that could mitigate the effects of climate changes, particularly in maize populations adapted to highland altitudes. Selection procedures applied to a local adapted population can be managed attending different goals, including the conservation of genetic diversity ( per se selection), and to develop novel germplasm. The introgression of foreign germplasm into a local popula- tion and the application of three selection cycles resulted in a novel variety (JAGUAN) adapted to a regional northeast Mexico environmental conditions.
{"title":"Genetic Potential and Usefulness of Native Maize Populations in Developing Novel Germplasm for Current and Upcoming Goals","authors":"F. Rincón-Sánchez, N. Ruiz-Torres","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.71360","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional agricultural system is referring to the maize production based on indig- enous or farmers knowledge and practices that have been developed through many generations. In the area of study, genetic maize diversity was explored by the expres- sion of quantitative traits of the ear and the race classification approach. Evaluation results indicated that the native populations adapted to the transition and highland (above 2000 masl) areas, showed a contrasting yield response when they were evaluated at the intermediate environment; whereas, those populations adapted to the lowland and intermediate altitudes showed a satisfactory yield performance in both environments. The above performance pattern is essential because it may be useful to identify favorable alleles that, in a local population per se or through genetic combination, results in population changes in allele frequencies that could mitigate the effects of climate changes, particularly in maize populations adapted to highland altitudes. Selection procedures applied to a local adapted population can be managed attending different goals, including the conservation of genetic diversity ( per se selection), and to develop novel germplasm. The introgression of foreign germplasm into a local popula- tion and the application of three selection cycles resulted in a novel variety (JAGUAN) adapted to a regional northeast Mexico environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":192131,"journal":{"name":"Rediscovery of Landraces as a Resource for the Future","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124864697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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