Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89642
M. Suratman, Z. Latif
Forests are important biological resources as they provide habitat for many of the world’s species [1]. Forests also provide timber and non-timber forest products such as bamboo and rattan and food ranging from fruits, mushrooms, honey, and a wide variety of traditional medicines that are critical for human survival [2]. Furthermore, they are key component of many species’ habitats, providing nourishment, shelter, and structural features needed for communication, surveillance, and other activities [3]. They also provide significant ecosystem services in terms of nutrients, water cycling, prevention of erosion, sequestration of carbon as well as performing of range of other physical and biological functions. Forests are the main filters in the earth since there are many pollutions from human activities such as industry and motor transportation are disposed, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrogen (N), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (National Research Council U.S., 1972). These pollutants can be filtered by plants for its life cycle, thereby reducing pollution at the atmosphere, although CO2 and H2O become main material for their photosynthesis [4]. Results from photosynthesis of plants are the main energy resources for all animal life including human. It is a substantial ecosystem service in terms of providing nutrients, water recycling, prevention of erosion, and carbon storage in the terrestrial ecosystem as well as sequestering CO2 in the atmosphere [5–8].
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Managing World’s Forests for Sustainable Development","authors":"M. Suratman, Z. Latif","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89642","url":null,"abstract":"Forests are important biological resources as they provide habitat for many of the world’s species [1]. Forests also provide timber and non-timber forest products such as bamboo and rattan and food ranging from fruits, mushrooms, honey, and a wide variety of traditional medicines that are critical for human survival [2]. Furthermore, they are key component of many species’ habitats, providing nourishment, shelter, and structural features needed for communication, surveillance, and other activities [3]. They also provide significant ecosystem services in terms of nutrients, water cycling, prevention of erosion, sequestration of carbon as well as performing of range of other physical and biological functions. Forests are the main filters in the earth since there are many pollutions from human activities such as industry and motor transportation are disposed, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrogen (N), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (National Research Council U.S., 1972). These pollutants can be filtered by plants for its life cycle, thereby reducing pollution at the atmosphere, although CO2 and H2O become main material for their photosynthesis [4]. Results from photosynthesis of plants are the main energy resources for all animal life including human. It is a substantial ecosystem service in terms of providing nutrients, water recycling, prevention of erosion, and carbon storage in the terrestrial ecosystem as well as sequestering CO2 in the atmosphere [5–8].","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127580593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90648
G. Oliveira, N. Brunsell, Y. Shimabukuro, C. D. Santos
{"title":"Prologue: Sustainable Development, Economic Growth and the Fate of Tropical Forests","authors":"G. Oliveira, N. Brunsell, Y. Shimabukuro, C. D. Santos","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90648","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128087739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-26DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.87252
Amadou K. Dit Amobo Waigalo
Deforestation in rural surroundings in Mali is the main problem determining the deterioration of the quality of the environment with consequent climate change (drought, erosion and decrease in rainfall). More than 70% of the Malian's population is predominantly rural, with a poverty line of 48.7% in 2017. Their main source of energy comes from the consumption of firewood and charcoal. The Mali Sahelian country suffered for nearly two decades, from 1968 to 1985, a long cycle of drought that has weakened its ecosystem. Population pressure in the 1970s and 1980s increased demand for farmland. This has resulted in massive deforestation in favor of cereal and cash crops. Since rural agriculture is extensive and has low productivity, the populations find that wood is used as an alternative to offset the decline in their agricultural income. From the analysis of the results obtained, anthropogenic factors significantly impacting deforestation with negative and positive effects are pasture and firewood consumption. The variable associated with population growth is negative and significant at 5%. Population growth positively affects forest cover regeneration.
{"title":"Economic Impacts of the Anthropic Effects of the Deforestation on the Rural Populations of Mali","authors":"Amadou K. Dit Amobo Waigalo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.87252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87252","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation in rural surroundings in Mali is the main problem determining the deterioration of the quality of the environment with consequent climate change (drought, erosion and decrease in rainfall). More than 70% of the Malian's population is predominantly rural, with a poverty line of 48.7% in 2017. Their main source of energy comes from the consumption of firewood and charcoal. The Mali Sahelian country suffered for nearly two decades, from 1968 to 1985, a long cycle of drought that has weakened its ecosystem. Population pressure in the 1970s and 1980s increased demand for farmland. This has resulted in massive deforestation in favor of cereal and cash crops. Since rural agriculture is extensive and has low productivity, the populations find that wood is used as an alternative to offset the decline in their agricultural income. From the analysis of the results obtained, anthropogenic factors significantly impacting deforestation with negative and positive effects are pasture and firewood consumption. The variable associated with population growth is negative and significant at 5%. Population growth positively affects forest cover regeneration.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122149495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86242
Ahm Ali Reza, Md. Kamrul Hasan
Located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Bangladesh is a tropical country in Southeast Asia and a transitional point for flora and fauna between the Indo-Himalayan and Indo-Chinese subregions. About 11% land area (1,429,000 hectares) of the country is covered with four major forest types: mixed-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, mangrove forests, and freshwater swamp forests. Though Bangladesh is a small and densely populated country, it is the home of 1952 species of invertebrates, 653 fish, 50 amphibians, 147 reptiles, 566 birds, and 127 mammalian species of which many of them are globally threatened. We have discussed the latest status of all the major vertebrate groups in this chapter. Thirty-one species of vertebrates have gone extinct from Bangladesh over the last century. Many of the species are facing continuous threat of extinction due to deforestation and degradation of habitat caused by various anthropogenic activities. In this chapter, we are going to discuss about the current management and conservation practices and issues related to the forests and wildlife of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Forest Biodiversity and Deforestation in Bangladesh: The Latest Update","authors":"Ahm Ali Reza, Md. Kamrul Hasan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86242","url":null,"abstract":"Located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Bangladesh is a tropical country in Southeast Asia and a transitional point for flora and fauna between the Indo-Himalayan and Indo-Chinese subregions. About 11% land area (1,429,000 hectares) of the country is covered with four major forest types: mixed-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, mangrove forests, and freshwater swamp forests. Though Bangladesh is a small and densely populated country, it is the home of 1952 species of invertebrates, 653 fish, 50 amphibians, 147 reptiles, 566 birds, and 127 mammalian species of which many of them are globally threatened. We have discussed the latest status of all the major vertebrate groups in this chapter. Thirty-one species of vertebrates have gone extinct from Bangladesh over the last century. Many of the species are facing continuous threat of extinction due to deforestation and degradation of habitat caused by various anthropogenic activities. In this chapter, we are going to discuss about the current management and conservation practices and issues related to the forests and wildlife of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-04DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85804
R. Kumari, Ayan A. Banerjee, Rahul Kumar, Amit Kumar, P. Saikia, M. L. Khan
Deforestation is one of the most pressing environmental issues that the world is facing currently. It is the conversion of forested land to non-forested land by humans. Deforestation occurs when a land dominated by naturally occurring trees is converted to provide certain services in response to the human demand. The indiscriminate felling of trees has resulted in a reduction of 3.16% in the global forest cover from 1990 to 2015. Although India has seen an increment in the total forest cover of ca. 1%, still there are certain regions in the country that have sought a decrease in the forest cover. The main reasons attributed to the reduction in forest cover are shifting cultivation, rotational felling, other biotic pressures, diversion of forest lands for developmental activities, etc. Continuous illicit cutting of trees has impacted the microclimatic conditions, hydrological cycle, soil quality, biodiversity, etc. of the country, thereby making the country more vulnerable for any uneventful happening. Sustainable forest management practices, alternatives for shifting cultivation, promotion of plantation outside the forest and the usage of certified forest products, etc. are some of the measures that can be adopted to curb the rate of deforestation.
{"title":"Deforestation in India: Consequences and Sustainable Solutions","authors":"R. Kumari, Ayan A. Banerjee, Rahul Kumar, Amit Kumar, P. Saikia, M. L. Khan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85804","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation is one of the most pressing environmental issues that the world is facing currently. It is the conversion of forested land to non-forested land by humans. Deforestation occurs when a land dominated by naturally occurring trees is converted to provide certain services in response to the human demand. The indiscriminate felling of trees has resulted in a reduction of 3.16% in the global forest cover from 1990 to 2015. Although India has seen an increment in the total forest cover of ca. 1%, still there are certain regions in the country that have sought a decrease in the forest cover. The main reasons attributed to the reduction in forest cover are shifting cultivation, rotational felling, other biotic pressures, diversion of forest lands for developmental activities, etc. Continuous illicit cutting of trees has impacted the microclimatic conditions, hydrological cycle, soil quality, biodiversity, etc. of the country, thereby making the country more vulnerable for any uneventful happening. Sustainable forest management practices, alternatives for shifting cultivation, promotion of plantation outside the forest and the usage of certified forest products, etc. are some of the measures that can be adopted to curb the rate of deforestation.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126469608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86143
E. Cabrera, G. Galindo, J. González, L. Vergara, C. Forero, Alexander Cubillos, J. Espejo, J. Rubiano, Xavier Corredor, L. Hurtado, D. Vargas, Á. Duque
Colombia is a key actor related with the adoption of the relevant UNFCC provisions referred in the context of obtaining result-based payments for REDD+ actions. Since 2012, the Colombian Forest Monitoring System (SMByC, Spanish acronym) has generated wall-to-wall historical information about the deforestation process over the last 27 years at national and regional levels. The SMByC generates a methodology that integrates tools for the preprocessing and semi-automated processing of satellite imagery to detect and quantify the loss of forest cover by deforestation. Also, the SMByC has done an extensive literature review, collecting qualitative and quantitative information to identify how the drivers of deforestation (illicit crops, illegal mining and postconflict scenario) could result in an increased forest lost during a postconflict scenario. Given that Colombia is a country conformed by regions that have differentially socioeconomic and environmental conditions, the study shows how the methods could generate official information and specifies the context of deforestation process of those regions.
{"title":"Colombian Forest Monitoring System: Assessing Deforestation in an Environmental Complex Country","authors":"E. Cabrera, G. Galindo, J. González, L. Vergara, C. Forero, Alexander Cubillos, J. Espejo, J. Rubiano, Xavier Corredor, L. Hurtado, D. Vargas, Á. Duque","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86143","url":null,"abstract":"Colombia is a key actor related with the adoption of the relevant UNFCC provisions referred in the context of obtaining result-based payments for REDD+ actions. Since 2012, the Colombian Forest Monitoring System (SMByC, Spanish acronym) has generated wall-to-wall historical information about the deforestation process over the last 27 years at national and regional levels. The SMByC generates a methodology that integrates tools for the preprocessing and semi-automated processing of satellite imagery to detect and quantify the loss of forest cover by deforestation. Also, the SMByC has done an extensive literature review, collecting qualitative and quantitative information to identify how the drivers of deforestation (illicit crops, illegal mining and postconflict scenario) could result in an increased forest lost during a postconflict scenario. Given that Colombia is a country conformed by regions that have differentially socioeconomic and environmental conditions, the study shows how the methods could generate official information and specifies the context of deforestation process of those regions.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"144 1-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114045854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-16DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86248
Chang-Seok Lee, S. Jung, B. Lim, A. Kim, C. Lim, Hansol Lee
Vegetation in the urban area showed not only a difference in species composition but also lower diversity compared with that of the natural area. Successional trend was normal in natural area, but that in urban areas showed a retrogressive pattern. Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch), a shade intolerant species, dominated such a retrogressive succession. The vegetation decline is due to changes of mesoclimate and soil properties that imbalanced distribution of green space induced as the result of urbanization. In recent years, new environmental stress due to climate change is imposed additively to this forest decline. Drought is the very environmental stress. Drought-induced plant damage started from withering of leaves of plants introduced for landscaping in the urban area. Over time, branches died and death of the whole plant body followed. In particular, damage of Korean mountain ash, the product of retrogressive succession, was remarkable. As retrogressive succession has already progressed much, thus such phenomenon could be recognized as crisis of urban forest.
{"title":"Forest Decline Under Progress in the Urban Forest of Seoul, Central Korea","authors":"Chang-Seok Lee, S. Jung, B. Lim, A. Kim, C. Lim, Hansol Lee","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.86248","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetation in the urban area showed not only a difference in species composition but also lower diversity compared with that of the natural area. Successional trend was normal in natural area, but that in urban areas showed a retrogressive pattern. Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) K.Koch), a shade intolerant species, dominated such a retrogressive succession. The vegetation decline is due to changes of mesoclimate and soil properties that imbalanced distribution of green space induced as the result of urbanization. In recent years, new environmental stress due to climate change is imposed additively to this forest decline. Drought is the very environmental stress. Drought-induced plant damage started from withering of leaves of plants introduced for landscaping in the urban area. Over time, branches died and death of the whole plant body followed. In particular, damage of Korean mountain ash, the product of retrogressive succession, was remarkable. As retrogressive succession has already progressed much, thus such phenomenon could be recognized as crisis of urban forest.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129961770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-09DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85660
E. Silveira, M. Terra, Fausto W. Acerbi-Junior, J. Scolforo
Brazilian Savannas and Semi-arid woodlands biomes exhibit high levels of aboveground biomass (AGB) associated with high rates of deforestation. The state of Minas Gerais (MG), southeast of Brazil, encompasses landscape variations ranging from Savanna and Atlantic Forest to Semiarid woodlands. The understanding of land-cover changes in these biomes is limited due to the fact that most of the efforts for estimating forest cover changes has been focused on the tropical rain forests. Hence, the question is: What is the total amount of AGB loss across Savanna and Semi-arid woodland biomes in MG state, during the period 2007-2017? We first used a total of 1914 field plots from a forest inventory to model the AGB using a combination of remote sensing and spatio-environmental predictor variables to produce a spatial-explicit AGB map. Second, from a global map of forest cover change (GFC), we obtained deforestation patches. As a result, from 2007 to 2017, the Savanna and the Semiarid woodland biomes lost together 508,042 ha of native vegetation in MG state, leading to 21,182,150 Mg of AGB loss (4.65% of total AGB). In Savannas and Semi-arid woodland biomes in MG state, conservation initiatives must be implemented to increase the forests protection and expand AGB.
{"title":"Estimating Aboveground Biomass Loss from Deforestation in the Savanna and Semi-arid Biomes of Brazil between 2007 and 2017","authors":"E. Silveira, M. Terra, Fausto W. Acerbi-Junior, J. Scolforo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85660","url":null,"abstract":"Brazilian Savannas and Semi-arid woodlands biomes exhibit high levels of aboveground biomass (AGB) associated with high rates of deforestation. The state of Minas Gerais (MG), southeast of Brazil, encompasses landscape variations ranging from Savanna and Atlantic Forest to Semiarid woodlands. The understanding of land-cover changes in these biomes is limited due to the fact that most of the efforts for estimating forest cover changes has been focused on the tropical rain forests. Hence, the question is: What is the total amount of AGB loss across Savanna and Semi-arid woodland biomes in MG state, during the period 2007-2017? We first used a total of 1914 field plots from a forest inventory to model the AGB using a combination of remote sensing and spatio-environmental predictor variables to produce a spatial-explicit AGB map. Second, from a global map of forest cover change (GFC), we obtained deforestation patches. As a result, from 2007 to 2017, the Savanna and the Semiarid woodland biomes lost together 508,042 ha of native vegetation in MG state, leading to 21,182,150 Mg of AGB loss (4.65% of total AGB). In Savannas and Semi-arid woodland biomes in MG state, conservation initiatives must be implemented to increase the forests protection and expand AGB.","PeriodicalId":367463,"journal":{"name":"Forest Degradation Around the World","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116547216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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