Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.3788/col202523.091601
Susanta Chakraborty, Jiayao Ye, Luyao Sun, Jidan Yang, Satoshi Aya, Yanqing Lu, Bingxiang Li
Polymer-embedded liquid crystals (LCs) play a pivotal role in smart applications, enabling precise tunability over electrooptical properties.However, high energy consumption in conventional LC-polymeric systems limits their efficiency in sustainable and environmental protection technologies.Reducing driving voltage without compromising mechanical and electro-optical performance remains an unresolved challenge.Here, we demonstrate a polymer-confined ferroelectric nematic (N F ) liquid crystal system, polymerized with mesogenic and non-mesogenic monomers under an electric field.The effective multidomain polymer structure exploits the intriguing properties of the N F LC and generates a highly scattered state with an excellent contrast ratio in the N F phase.Electric field-controlled reorientation of directors leads to a transparent state at a very small voltage.The system demonstrates the advantages of a low driving voltage, sub-millisecond switching time with negligible hysteresis, and improved durability, promoting applications in energy-saving smart windows.This work reveals valuable insights into leveraging N F LCs and tailoring polymer networks to advance the performance of electro-optic devices.
聚合物嵌入液晶（lc）在智能应用中发挥着关键作用，实现了对电光特性的精确可调性。然而，传统lc -聚合物体系的高能耗限制了其在可持续和环保技术中的效率。在不影响机械和光电性能的情况下降低驱动电压仍然是一个未解决的挑战。在这里，我们展示了一个聚合物约束的铁电向列（nf）液晶系统，在电场下与介生和非介生单体聚合。有效的多畴聚合物结构利用了N - F LC的有趣特性，并在N - F相中产生具有优异对比度的高散射态。电场控制的定向器重定向在非常小的电压下导致透明状态。该系统具有驱动电压低、切换时间亚毫秒、迟滞可忽略不计、耐久性提高等优点，在节能智能窗领域具有广泛的应用前景。这项工作揭示了利用N - F lc和定制聚合物网络来提高电光器件性能的宝贵见解。
{"title":"Low energy consumption and fast electro-optic switching in polymer-confined ferroelectric nematics","authors":"Susanta Chakraborty, Jiayao Ye, Luyao Sun, Jidan Yang, Satoshi Aya, Yanqing Lu, Bingxiang Li","doi":"10.3788/col202523.091601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202523.091601","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer-embedded liquid crystals (LCs) play a pivotal role in smart applications, enabling precise tunability over electrooptical properties.However, high energy consumption in conventional LC-polymeric systems limits their efficiency in sustainable and environmental protection technologies.Reducing driving voltage without compromising mechanical and electro-optical performance remains an unresolved challenge.Here, we demonstrate a polymer-confined ferroelectric nematic (N F ) liquid crystal system, polymerized with mesogenic and non-mesogenic monomers under an electric field.The effective multidomain polymer structure exploits the intriguing properties of the N F LC and generates a highly scattered state with an excellent contrast ratio in the N F phase.Electric field-controlled reorientation of directors leads to a transparent state at a very small voltage.The system demonstrates the advantages of a low driving voltage, sub-millisecond switching time with negligible hysteresis, and improved durability, promoting applications in energy-saving smart windows.This work reveals valuable insights into leveraging N F LCs and tailoring polymer networks to advance the performance of electro-optic devices.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"23 9","pages":"091601-091601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.researching.cn/ArticlePdf/m00005/2025/23/9/091601.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147911195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We proposed a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) visualization approach based on photoacoustic tomography (PAT), exploiting the linear relationship between the Grneisen parameter and temperature to map the HIFU-induced temperature field.A differential photoacoustic (DPA) method was employed to effectively suppress background noise caused by changes in the optical absorption coefficient due to structural tissue damage, thereby successfully decoupling the temperaturedependent photoacoustic (PA) signal enhancement.Furthermore, a quantitative model was established to describe the relationship between the temperature rise (T) and the PA signal variation (PA), enabling reconstruction of the temperature distribution within the HIFU focal region.Under short-duration irradiation conditions, where thermal diffusion can be neglected, axial scanning was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional acoustic field distribution of HIFU.The proposed visualization strategy effectively resolves the challenge of characterizing high-energy focal zones, significantly enhancing the ability to assess HIFU acoustic fields and providing a reliable foundation for pre-treatment dose planning and intraoperative precision therapy.
{"title":"Visualization of HIFU acoustic intensity fields through photoacoustic tomography","authors":"Sicheng Yan, Zhiheng Chen, Chuanyu Lu, Hao Chen, Fanyun Pan, Qiangbing Lu, Xuejun Yan, Ming‐Hui Lu, Yan‐Feng Chen","doi":"10.3788/col202523.121204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202523.121204","url":null,"abstract":"We proposed a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) visualization approach based on photoacoustic tomography (PAT), exploiting the linear relationship between the Grneisen parameter and temperature to map the HIFU-induced temperature field.A differential photoacoustic (DPA) method was employed to effectively suppress background noise caused by changes in the optical absorption coefficient due to structural tissue damage, thereby successfully decoupling the temperaturedependent photoacoustic (PA) signal enhancement.Furthermore, a quantitative model was established to describe the relationship between the temperature rise (T) and the PA signal variation (PA), enabling reconstruction of the temperature distribution within the HIFU focal region.Under short-duration irradiation conditions, where thermal diffusion can be neglected, axial scanning was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional acoustic field distribution of HIFU.The proposed visualization strategy effectively resolves the challenge of characterizing high-energy focal zones, significantly enhancing the ability to assess HIFU acoustic fields and providing a reliable foundation for pre-treatment dose planning and intraoperative precision therapy.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"23 12","pages":"121204-121204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.researching.cn/ArticlePdf/m00005/2025/23/12/121204.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147912323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3788/col202422.081404
Run Fang, Rongbin Dai, Huiying Xu, Zhou Cai
Lasers from 1 I 6 to 3 F 4 transitions were first demonstrated in a Pr 3+ :YLF crystal by inserting a birefringent filter.Output powers up to 2.44 W, 2.10 W, 2.01 W, and 2.42 W were obtained at 691.7 nm, 701.4 nm, 705.0 nm, and 708.7 nm, respectively.Their slope efficiencies were 19.8%, 16.5%, 15.8%, and 19.4%, respectively.The M x 2 and M y 2 factors were measured to be 2.29 and 2.03 at 691.7 nm, 2.23 and 1.86 at 701.4 nm, 2.31 and 2.08 at
{"title":"High-power Pr3+:YLF continuous wave lasers at 691.7 nm, 701.4 nm, 705.0 nm, and 708.7 nm","authors":"Run Fang, Rongbin Dai, Huiying Xu, Zhou Cai","doi":"10.3788/col202422.081404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202422.081404","url":null,"abstract":"Lasers from 1 I 6 to 3 F 4 transitions were first demonstrated in a Pr 3+ :YLF crystal by inserting a birefringent filter.Output powers up to 2.44 W, 2.10 W, 2.01 W, and 2.42 W were obtained at 691.7 nm, 701.4 nm, 705.0 nm, and 708.7 nm, respectively.Their slope efficiencies were 19.8%, 16.5%, 15.8%, and 19.4%, respectively.The M x 2 and M y 2 factors were measured to be 2.29 and 2.03 at 691.7 nm, 2.23 and 1.86 at 701.4 nm, 2.31 and 2.08 at","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"22 8","pages":"081404-081404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.researching.cn/ArticlePdf/m00005/2024/22/8/081404.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3788/COL202321.010005
Jihua Zhang, Jinyong Ma, D. Neshev, A. Sukhorukov
Two-photon state with spatial entanglement is an essential resource for testing fundamental laws of quantum mechanics and various quantum applications. Its creation typically relies on spontaneous parametric down-conversion in bulky nonlinear crystals where the tunability of spatial entanglement is limited. Here, we predict that ultrathin nonlinear lithium niobate metasurfaces can generate and diversely tune spatially entangled photon pairs. The spatial properties of photons including the emission pattern, rate, and degree of spatial entanglement are analysed theoretically with the coupled mode theory and Schmidt decomposition method. We show that by leveraging the strong angular dispersion of the metasurface, the degree of spatial entanglement quantified by the Schmidt number can be decreased or increased by changing the pump laser wavelength and a Gaussian beam size. This flexibility can facilitate diverse quantum applications of entangled photon states generated from nonlinear metasurfaces.
{"title":"Photon pair generation from lithium niobate metasurface with tunable spatial entanglement","authors":"Jihua Zhang, Jinyong Ma, D. Neshev, A. Sukhorukov","doi":"10.3788/COL202321.010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/COL202321.010005","url":null,"abstract":"Two-photon state with spatial entanglement is an essential resource for testing fundamental laws of quantum mechanics and various quantum applications. Its creation typically relies on spontaneous parametric down-conversion in bulky nonlinear crystals where the tunability of spatial entanglement is limited. Here, we predict that ultrathin nonlinear lithium niobate metasurfaces can generate and diversely tune spatially entangled photon pairs. The spatial properties of photons including the emission pattern, rate, and degree of spatial entanglement are analysed theoretically with the coupled mode theory and Schmidt decomposition method. We show that by leveraging the strong angular dispersion of the metasurface, the degree of spatial entanglement quantified by the Schmidt number can be decreased or increased by changing the pump laser wavelength and a Gaussian beam size. This flexibility can facilitate diverse quantum applications of entangled photon states generated from nonlinear metasurfaces.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"58 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90937055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3788/col202321.092701
Wei-Hang Zhang, Ying-hao Ye, Lei Zeng, Enze Li, Jing-Yuan Peng, D. Ding, B. Shi
One of the major difficulties in realizing a high-dimensional frequency converter for conventional optical vortex (COV) stems from the difference in ring diameter of COV modes with different topological charge numbers l. Here, we implement a high-dimensional frequency convertor for perfect optical vortex (POV) modes with invariant size through the four-wave mixing (FWM) process by utilizing Bessel-Gaussian beams instead of Laguerre-Gaussian beams. The measured conversion efficiency from 1530 nm to 795 nm is independent of l at least in subspace of {-6,...,6}, and the achieved conversion fidelities for two-dimensional (2D) superposed POV states exceed 97%. We further realize the frequency conversion of 3D, 5D and 7D superposition states with fidelities as high as 96.70%, 89.16% and 88.68%, respectively. The reported scheme is implemented in hot atomic vapor, it's also compatible with the cold atomic system and may find applications in high-capacity and long-distance quantum communication.
{"title":"High-dimensional frequency conversion in a hot atomic system","authors":"Wei-Hang Zhang, Ying-hao Ye, Lei Zeng, Enze Li, Jing-Yuan Peng, D. Ding, B. Shi","doi":"10.3788/col202321.092701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202321.092701","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major difficulties in realizing a high-dimensional frequency converter for conventional optical vortex (COV) stems from the difference in ring diameter of COV modes with different topological charge numbers l. Here, we implement a high-dimensional frequency convertor for perfect optical vortex (POV) modes with invariant size through the four-wave mixing (FWM) process by utilizing Bessel-Gaussian beams instead of Laguerre-Gaussian beams. The measured conversion efficiency from 1530 nm to 795 nm is independent of l at least in subspace of {-6,...,6}, and the achieved conversion fidelities for two-dimensional (2D) superposed POV states exceed 97%. We further realize the frequency conversion of 3D, 5D and 7D superposition states with fidelities as high as 96.70%, 89.16% and 88.68%, respectively. The reported scheme is implemented in hot atomic vapor, it's also compatible with the cold atomic system and may find applications in high-capacity and long-distance quantum communication.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84942117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Shack – Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) is commonly used for its high speed and precision in adaptive optics. However, its performance is limited in low light conditions, particularly when observing faint objects in astronomical applications. Instead of a pixelated detector, we present a new approach for wavefront sensing using a single-pixel detector, which is able to code the spatial position of a light spot array into the polarization dimension and decode the polarization state in the polar coordinate. We propose validation experiments with simple and complex wavefront distortions to demonstrate our approach as a promising alternative to traditional SHWFS systems, with potential applications in a wide range of fields.
{"title":"Single-pixel wavefront sensing via vectorial polarization modulation","authors":"æ¦ç”· æ�Ž, 毓 曹, 禹 å®�, 锋æ�° ä¹, å…¨ å™, 晓军 许","doi":"10.3788/col202321.090008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202321.090008","url":null,"abstract":"The Shack – Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) is commonly used for its high speed and precision in adaptive optics. However, its performance is limited in low light conditions, particularly when observing faint objects in astronomical applications. Instead of a pixelated detector, we present a new approach for wavefront sensing using a single-pixel detector, which is able to code the spatial position of a light spot array into the polarization dimension and decode the polarization state in the polar coordinate. We propose validation experiments with simple and complex wavefront distortions to demonstrate our approach as a promising alternative to traditional SHWFS systems, with potential applications in a wide range of fields.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terahertz (THz) lenses have numerous applications in imaging and communication systems. Currently, the common THz lenses are still based on the traditional design of a circular convex lens. In this work, we present a method for the design of a 3D-printed multilevel THz lens, taking advantage of the benefits offered by 3D printing technology, including compact size, lightweight construction, and cost-effectiveness. The approach utilizes an inverse design methodology, employing optimization methods to promise accurate performance. To reduce simulation time, we employ the finite-difference time-domain method in cylindrical coordinates for near-field computation and couple it with the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory to address far-field calculations. This technology holds great potential for various applications in the field of THz imaging, sensing, and communications, offering a novel approach to the design and development of functional devices operating in the THz frequency range.
{"title":"Inverse design on terahertz multilevel diffractive lens based on 3D printing","authors":"Chenyu Shi, Yu Wang, Qiongjun Liu, Sai Chen, Weipeng Zhao, Xiaojun Wu, Jierong Cheng, Shengjiang Chang","doi":"10.3788/col202321.110006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202321.110006","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) lenses have numerous applications in imaging and communication systems. Currently, the common THz lenses are still based on the traditional design of a circular convex lens. In this work, we present a method for the design of a 3D-printed multilevel THz lens, taking advantage of the benefits offered by 3D printing technology, including compact size, lightweight construction, and cost-effectiveness. The approach utilizes an inverse design methodology, employing optimization methods to promise accurate performance. To reduce simulation time, we employ the finite-difference time-domain method in cylindrical coordinates for near-field computation and couple it with the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory to address far-field calculations. This technology holds great potential for various applications in the field of THz imaging, sensing, and communications, offering a novel approach to the design and development of functional devices operating in the THz frequency range.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135612376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3788/col202321.101203
Jiahui Zhang, Feng Xu, Ran An, Lin Wang, Min Jiang, Guanghui Wang, Yanqing Lu
Fluorescence detection is widely used in biology and medicine, while the realization of on-chip fluorescence detection is vital for the portable and point-of-care test (POCT) application. In this Letter, we propose an efficient fluorescence excitation and collection system using an integrated GaN chip consisting of a slot waveguide and a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) waveguide. The slot waveguide is used to confine the excitation light for intense light–sample interaction, and the one-trip collection efficiency at the end of slot waveguide is up to 14.65%. More interestingly, due to the introduction of the 1D PC waveguide, the fluorescence signal is directly filtered out, and the excitation light is reflected to the slot waveguide for multiple excitations. Its transmittances for the designed exciting wavelength of 520 nm and the fluorescent wavelength of 612 nm are 0.2% and 85.4%, respectively. Finally, based on numerical analysis, the total fluorescence collection efficiency in our system amounts to 15.93%. It is the first time, to our knowledge, that the concept of an all-in-one-chip fluorescence detection system has been proposed, which paves the way for on-chip fluorescence excitation and collection, and may find potential applications of miniaturized and portable devices for biomedical fluorescence detection.
{"title":"Integrated fluorescence excitation, collection, and filtering on a GaN waveguide chip","authors":"Jiahui Zhang, Feng Xu, Ran An, Lin Wang, Min Jiang, Guanghui Wang, Yanqing Lu","doi":"10.3788/col202321.101203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3788/col202321.101203","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescence detection is widely used in biology and medicine, while the realization of on-chip fluorescence detection is vital for the portable and point-of-care test (POCT) application. In this Letter, we propose an efficient fluorescence excitation and collection system using an integrated GaN chip consisting of a slot waveguide and a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) waveguide. The slot waveguide is used to confine the excitation light for intense light–sample interaction, and the one-trip collection efficiency at the end of slot waveguide is up to 14.65%. More interestingly, due to the introduction of the 1D PC waveguide, the fluorescence signal is directly filtered out, and the excitation light is reflected to the slot waveguide for multiple excitations. Its transmittances for the designed exciting wavelength of 520 nm and the fluorescent wavelength of 612 nm are 0.2% and 85.4%, respectively. Finally, based on numerical analysis, the total fluorescence collection efficiency in our system amounts to 15.93%. It is the first time, to our knowledge, that the concept of an all-in-one-chip fluorescence detection system has been proposed, which paves the way for on-chip fluorescence excitation and collection, and may find potential applications of miniaturized and portable devices for biomedical fluorescence detection.","PeriodicalId":10293,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Optics Letters","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136206809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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