Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science最新文献

{"title":"Effect of showerhead hole injection angle on film cooling distribution in a turbine vane cascade","authors":"Woojun Kim,&nbsp;Chan Gyu Lee,&nbsp;Wonseok Lim,&nbsp;Jin Young Jeong,&nbsp;Min Seok Kang,&nbsp;Jae Su Kwak","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigated the effect of showerhead hole injection angle on film cooling effectiveness over a turbine vane surface. A linear cascade was designed based on the 50 % span profile of a high pressure turbine vane, and the test vanes were manufactured using additive manufacturing. Coolant was supplied independently through separate internal channels to the showerhead, pressure side, and suction side holes. The showerhead injection angle was set to 0°, 30°, and 60°, and a vane without showerhead holes was also tested to isolate the effect of hole presence. Film cooling effectiveness was measured using the pressure-sensitive paint method under a mainstream inlet Mach number of 0.109 and average blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. The results show that the showerhead hole configuration influences not only the leading edge region but also the downstream film cooling effectiveness on the vane surface. Smaller injection angles reduce film cooling effectiveness in the downstream region, even in the absence of showerhead coolant injections. Under showerhead-only injection conditions, increasing the blowing ratio enhances coolant lift-off, while increasing the injection angle promotes lateral redistribution of coolant toward the shroud side and upper span region. Under full injection conditions, higher film cooling effectiveness is observed in the upper span region, indicating that coolant distribution varies with the showerhead injection angle. Within the tested range, the 30° case generally provided the highest area-averaged FCE under most full-injection conditions, whereas lower and higher injection angles result in reduced performance due to non-uniform distribution or excessive spanwise redistribution. These results demonstrate that the showerhead hole configuration affects vane cooling performance through modification of coolant distribution along the vane surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148958767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaporation-driven control of uniform nanoparticle deposition using ternary mixture droplets","authors":"Bamunu Arachchige Hiruni Maheshika Bamunuarachchi,&nbsp;Jinghao Jin,&nbsp;Hyung Ju Lee,&nbsp;Chang Kyoung Choi,&nbsp;Seok-min Kim,&nbsp;Longnan Li,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Seong Hyuk Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates evaporation-driven deposition of ternary mixture droplets laden with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates to achieve uniform films suitable for flexible and wearable device applications. Deposition patterns obtained from single-component, binary, and ternary mixtures were compared to elucidate the mechanisms governing uniform deposition patterns. While deionized water droplets produced substantial inner patterns and binary mixtures exhibited only partial suppression, the ternary mixture containing water, ethanol, and surfactant consistently yielded highly uniform deposition patterns with reduced rim accumulation and enhanced interior particle coverage. This uniformity is attributed to the coupled effects of volatility contrast and interfacial tension differences, which are consistent with inferred Marangoni-assisted particle redistribution during evaporation. Concentration-dependent experiments revealed distinct deposition regimes ranging from non-uniform film formation to uniform films across different ethanol-surfactant combinations. To quantitatively interpret these transitions, a modified contact-line pinning model was employed to evaluate the ratio of the characteristic contact-line recession-onset time to the characteristic particle-migration time during evaporation. The model provided a semi-empirical framework for rationalizing the experimentally observed pattern transitions. Furthermore, increasing droplet volume improved deposition homogeneity and suppressed cracking, as confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional profilometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148958766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of cross-flow transport of air bubbles by multiple hydrophobic strips in horizontal channel flows","authors":"Atsuhide Kitagawa,&nbsp;Petr Denissenko","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigate the cross-flow transport of millimeter-sized air bubbles in horizontal channel flows using hydrophobic strips on a hydrophilic surface. Configurations with one, two, or three hydrophobic strips (of equal total area) angled at 15˚ relative to the streamwise direction are tested over channel Reynolds numbers Re = 3000 − 8000 and Weber numbers We = 5 − 25. The contact angle hysteresis at the downstream edge of the hydrophobic strip induces an adhesion force that suppresses bubble detachment. Consequently, the configuration of three hydrophobic strips achieves the greatest cross-flow bubble transport. We also examine the flow modification induced by bubble transport using three hydrophobic strips at Re = 5000 and We = 11. Liquid near the upper wall flows towards the channel center along the upstream interface of each transported bubble, and immediately downstream of each bubble, liquid flows towards the upper wall. Additionally, wall-normal oscillations of transported bubbles enhance both the streamwise and wall-normal turbulence intensities of the liquid phase near the channel center.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 111827"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148958765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the turbulent wake of the actuated fluidic pinball: Dynamics, bifurcations and control authority","authors":"Alicia Rodríguez-Asensio,&nbsp;Luigi Marra,&nbsp;Ignacio Andreu-Angulo,&nbsp;Andrea Meilán-Vila,&nbsp;Juan Alfaro,&nbsp;Guy Y. Cornejo Maceda,&nbsp;Bernd R. Noack,&nbsp;Andrea Ianiro,&nbsp;Stefano Discetti","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present the first comprehensive experimental and numerical study featuring the turbulent wake of the fluidic pinball for a large actuation range. The fluidic pinball is a cluster of three equal parallel circular cylinders centered on the vertices of an equilateral triangle, pointing upstream in uniform flow. This configuration has become a canonical benchmark for control-oriented reduced-order modeling, for nonlinear control design and for a large kaleidoscope of drag reduction mechanisms. While the literature covers well the laminar two-dimensional Reynolds number regime, we focus on unexplored terra incognita: experiments of the symmetrically actuated turbulent regime at a Reynolds number of <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>9100</mn></mrow></math></span>. In other words, the upstream cylinder is kept stationary, while the two downstream cylinders rotate with equal and opposite angular velocities. A large range of base-bleeding and boat-tailing actuation parameters is investigated with time-resolved particle image velocimetry and aerodynamic force measurement with a companion Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation. Our results indicate that the turbulent wake of the fluidic pinball can be approximated by a three-dimensional actuation manifold (Marra et al., 2024 <span><span>[1]</span></span>), comprising two inverse pitchfork bifurcations. In the boat-tailing limit, a reduced control authority with a new low-frequency shedding state is observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111798"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upscaling very low-resolution chemiluminescence images for predicting a marker of the thermoacoustic source term using machine learning","authors":"Adam Atoom,&nbsp;Anas Chaaban,&nbsp;Sina Kheirkhah","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoacoustic oscillations are a safety concern for the operation of gas turbine engines. These oscillations shall be monitored and mitigated, which require acquisition of heat release rate information, usually in the form of high-resolution flame chemiluminescence images. These, however, are not readily available in industrial settings due to lack of optical access to the gas turbine combustors. In this study, provided low-resolution flame chemiluminescence images can be obtained using few sensors, we investigate the feasibility of using such low-resolution images with neural networks to produce high-resolution flame chemiluminescence images and predict thermoacoustics in real-time. We propose a Multi Path Chemiluminescence and Pressure Network (MPCP-Net) that uses low-resolution images combined with pressure measurements to construct high-resolution images and predict a marker of the thermoacoustic source term. The effectiveness of the proposed neural network is studied using image similarity metrics, and comparisons are made with existing image upscaling neural networks in the literature. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of detailed monitoring of thermoacoustic oscillations in industrial applications using low-resolution chemiluminescence data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and scalar dissipation rates in a weakly heated turbulent plane wake","authors":"Madjid Sehaba,&nbsp;Jean Lemay,&nbsp;Azemi Benaïssa","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding scalar mixing requires determining the scalar dissipation rate in its full form, without relying on simplifying assumptions especially in shear flows. Approaches that use a constant turbulent Prandtl number <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and derive the mechanical to thermal time scale ratio under a local isotropy assumption can lead to dissipation estimates that are either over or under-predicted, and may distort its spatial distribution when applied in numerical models. To address this, an experimental investigation was carried out in a fully developed turbulent plane wake behind a slightly heated plate, where temperature acts as a passive scalar. The kinetic-energy and temperature-variance dissipation rates, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> , were obtained directly from the corresponding energy budgets without invoking simplifying hypotheses. Measurements of Reynolds shear stress and heat flux were found to be consistent with the self-preserved forms of the momentum and enthalpy equations. All terms in the energy budgets were carefully measured, except for the pressure-diffusion term, which was estimated using Lumley’s model. Particular attention was given to obtaining the third-order velocity moment <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>v</mi><msup><mrow><mi>w</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>, essential for evaluating the turbulent-diffusion term in the turbulent kinetic-energy equation. The study also demonstrated the importance of the temperature self-similarity variable <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, which strongly influences the convection term <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and the overall scalar-variance budget. The distributions of the turbulent Prandtl number <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and the mechanical-to-thermal time-scale ratio <span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span> parameters commonly assumed constant in numerical simulations were shown to vary significantly across the wake. However, <span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span>, tends toward a constant value of approximately 2 for <span><math><mi>ξ</mi></math></span> greater than 0.5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a fast-response temperature-sensitive paint to spatially and temporally resolve transitional phenomena","authors":"Benjamin Dimond,&nbsp;Marco Costantini,&nbsp;Christian Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time-resolved temperature-sensitive paint is employed in this work to investigate transitional boundary layer phenomena on a flat plate model under high Reynolds number and high subsonic Mach number conditions. Spatially and temporally resolved surface heat flux distribution are inferred from the surface temperature evolution. The experiments are conducted at a Mach number of 0.8, high chord Reynolds numbers of 6 and 7.5 million, and under streamwise favourable pressure gradients with an acquisition frequency of 20<!--> <!-->kHz. The bimodal distribution of surface heat flux enables the identification of laminar and turbulent boundary layer states, allowing for the direct determination of the time-dependent transition front and the time-averaged intermittency distribution. It is demonstrated, that conventional time-averaged transition detection methods — specifically, the location of maximum temperature gradient and peak temperature fluctuation — accurately correspond to the location of 50<!--> <!-->% intermittency. Furthermore, the evolution of an isolated turbulent spot is spatially and temporally resolved and compared to hot-film traces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation between multiphase flow patterns and performance of an air-lift system: A visualization study","authors":"Jin Yin,&nbsp;Yongjun Zhang,&nbsp;Huanfeng Song,&nbsp;Can Kang,&nbsp;Hyoung-Bum Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aims to elucidate the relationship between multiphase flow patterns and lifting performance of an air-lift system. Experiments were conducted in a vertical riser pipe of 25.4 mm in inner diameter and 1000 mm in length at a submergence ratio of 0.43. Solid particles of 2.0 mm in diameter and 1320 kg/m³ in density were used. Both gas–liquid and gas–liquid-solid flow patterns were visualized using the high-speed photography. At different superficial gas velocities, mass flow rates of liquid and solid particles, pressure drop, and lifting efficiency were measured to establish quantitative correlations between flow regime and lifting performance. The results show that the lifting efficiency reaches its maximum of 21.6 % at an intermediate superficial gas velocity corresponding to the slug-to-churn flow transition regime. Under slug flow conditions, both the Taylor bubble length and slug frequency increase with the superficial gas velocity, whereas the overall slug unit length remains nearly invariant during the transition to churn flow. The introduction of solid particles accelerates the collapse of Taylor bubbles and promotes early flow regime transition due to enhanced interfacial instability and particle-bubble interactions. At a solid volume fraction of 0.046, particles with a diameter of 2.0 mm can be effectively lifted under both slug and churn flow conditions. Although churn flow exhibits stronger oscillations and higher energy dissipation, it maintains a relatively high particle lifting rate. These findings provide new insights into the coupled hydrodynamic mechanisms governing three-phase transport in air-lift systems and offer practical guidance for the design and optimization of air-lift systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111794"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid nitrogen transfer line chilldown experiments in a 2-meter-long tube with focus on chilldown efficiency, flow direction effects, and microgravity implication","authors":"Bohan Huang,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;J.N. Chung,&nbsp;J.W. Hartwig","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental data, analysis, and physical insights are presented on the liquid nitrogen (LN₂) transfer line chilldown on a 2-meter-long stainless-steel tube using both pulse flows and continuous flows in terrestrial gravity. This paper focuses on the evaluation of chilldown efficiency, and also the effects of flow direction. Additionally, this paper also provides insights on the implication of current data to microgravity chilldown process. Both the vertical upward flow and vertical downward flow configurations were investigated to gauge the effects of gravity. The chilldown efficiency, along with chilldown time and LN2 (liquid nitrogen) mass consumption were analyzed to assess the characteristics of the LN2 line chilldown process. Results show that thermal efficiency is inversely proportional to the cooling flow mass flux, i.e. Reynolds number. Slower flows allow more residence time for the coolant to extract heat from the tube wall. For pulse flow, thermal efficiency is higher for smaller duty cycles, but insensitive to periods as smaller duty cycles provide more frequent refreshes in heat transfer. Pulse flow enhances efficiency by 10–20 % when optimized in terms of period and duty cycle, compared to continuous flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111801"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental flow characterization of R515B condensation in downward inclined micro-fin tubes","authors":"Maryam Adwan,&nbsp;Nima Irannezhad,&nbsp;Andrea Diani","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2026.111795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phase-down of high-GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is accelerating the adoption of low-GWP A1 refrigerant blends such as R515B, renewing the need for flow regime evidence to support reliable condenser design in compact enhanced tubes and non-horizontal layouts. This study experimentally investigates R515B flow condensation in helical micro-fin tubes with outer diameters of 4, 5, and 7 mm operated at downward inclinations (<em>β</em> = -30° and −60°), extending earlier horizontal and upward datasets obtained in the same geometry family. Flow patterns were identified in an outlet visualization chamber using high-speed imaging (2000 fps), supported by circumferential wall temperature indicators, over mass fluxes of 50–400 <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and outlet vapor qualities of approximately <em>x</em>  = 0.1–0.9. Four regimes were consistently observed: wavy-stratified, intermittent, transitional, and annular. A clear inclination sign effect emerges in the gravity-controlled region, where downward orientations stabilize stratified configurations and suppress the instability route toward churn-like structures, while annular flow remains comparatively robust and primarily governed by vapor shear and inertia. The inclination response is diameter dependent, being most pronounced for the 7 mm OD tube and progressively constrained as diameter decreases. Finally, the database is assessed against established flow-map frameworks, showing that modified force-balance representations provide the most transferable separation between gravity and shear controlled regimes across tube diameters and inclination sign, offering a practical basis for regime-aware interpretation of inclined micro-fin condensation. The six additional downward tube-inclination maps complement the horizontal and upward configurations previously available for this geometry family, substantially enlarging the sign-resolved database and extending the usable inclination envelope to cover the full −60° to +60° range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 111795"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148542333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}