The aim of this study is to enhance the water budget in the study area through suggested models of water harvesting systems during precipitation, surface runoff or fog areas, to contribute to the restoration of the strategy of conservation and rationalization of exploitation efficiency through the adoption of small development projects based on the involvement of community members in Development. These proposed methods contribute approximately 58% of the total annual household water requirement, harvesting using rooftops can save about 24%, collecting ponds can save about 9%, and about 20% can be obtained using reservoirs. Ponds behind dams, and fog harvesting method estimated the study could save about 5%. In addition to what can be stored by groundwater wells, and through the leakage of water to the subsoil, which works to achieve sustainable development and recharge of surface aquifers in the study area.
{"title":"Suggested models of water harvesting systems: An applied study on the governorates of Al- Mandaq and Bani Hassan: نماذج مقترحة لأنظمة الحصاد المائي: دراسة تطبيقية على محافظتي المندق وبني حسن","authors":"Halima Ibrahim Alzubaidi Halima Ibrahim Alzubaidi","doi":"10.26389/ajsrp.l051221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.l051221","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to enhance the water budget in the study area through suggested models of water harvesting systems during precipitation, surface runoff or fog areas, to contribute to the restoration of the strategy of conservation and rationalization of exploitation efficiency through the adoption of small development projects based on the involvement of community members in Development. These proposed methods contribute approximately 58% of the total annual household water requirement, harvesting using rooftops can save about 24%, collecting ponds can save about 9%, and about 20% can be obtained using reservoirs. Ponds behind dams, and fog harvesting method estimated the study could save about 5%. In addition to what can be stored by groundwater wells, and through the leakage of water to the subsoil, which works to achieve sustainable development and recharge of surface aquifers in the study area.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86678416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following investigation shows the experimental evaluation of a transient heat load centered on a corrosion inhibitor coating employed in the epoxy polyamide primary. The temperature at which the epoxy polyamide film initiated thermal deterioration increased with increased heating rates. This coating is a Deft Inc.'s high- quality solid epoxy primary. A single inch diameter lamp on two types of aluminum substrates was focused on the xenon flashlight: AA2024- T4 and AA7075- T3. For modeling purposes, edge effects have not been explored. The ceramic firebrick isolated the coated aluminum disks to ensure minimum edge effects. The FTCS model has been designed to calculate the temporary reaction to the thermal energy flash load. It has been demonstrated that substrates have a substantial impact on epoxy polyamide film energy absorption, film surface temperatures and absorbed energy.
{"title":"Flash heating of epoxy based corrosion inhibitor thin films on aluminum substrates: التسخين الومضي لمانع التآكل القائم على الإيبوكسي أغشية رقيقة على ركائز الألومنيوم","authors":"Ban Walid Muhammad Ban Walid Muhammad","doi":"10.26389/ajsrp.i240821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.i240821","url":null,"abstract":"The following investigation shows the experimental evaluation of a transient heat load centered on a corrosion inhibitor coating employed in the epoxy polyamide primary. The temperature at which the epoxy polyamide film initiated thermal deterioration increased with increased heating rates. This coating is a Deft Inc.'s high- quality solid epoxy primary. A single inch diameter lamp on two types of aluminum substrates was focused on the xenon flashlight: AA2024- T4 and AA7075- T3. For modeling purposes, edge effects have not been explored. The ceramic firebrick isolated the coated aluminum disks to ensure minimum edge effects. The FTCS model has been designed to calculate the temporary reaction to the thermal energy flash load. It has been demonstrated that substrates have a substantial impact on epoxy polyamide film energy absorption, film surface temperatures and absorbed energy.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87816716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rawan Mohammad Alkaliwi, Morshid Mayudh Alsulami Rawan Mohammad Alkaliwi, Morshid Mayudh Alsulami
The study aims to distribute industrial workshops in Bani Malik neighborhood and identify the neighborhood planning and the overlap between industrial workshops and other uses. From the industrial workshop sites standards used by the competent authorities, land is created for spatial suitability. The methodology relied on field study and comprehensive inventory method in locating workshops and their types and number, which were signed on ARCGIS program and its accessories; and therefore, a space image was used for the study area. The study concluded that the overlap of the workshops is not limited to the random side of the neighborhood, but rather the workshops overlapped with housing, schools, and hospitals in the organized part of Bani Malik3 district. Not all car service center workshops on the main street site were committed, other than light workshops and specialized centers, most of which were committed to it. All workshops of all kinds appeared strongly intertwined with other activities at a distance of less than 500 meters which claims concern for the emergence of environmental and health risks It appears that the lands which are the most suitable for workshops of car service centers numbered only two locations on the main streets only, while the number of light workshops reached 4 sites, and the specialized centers reached 8 in different parts of the neighborhood. The reason for the small number of suitable land may be because the urban area is not compatible with the presence of industrial workshops that require large distances between them and other activities. Study recommends reorganizing industrial workshop sites according to standards in order to maintain the safety of the urban environment from the sources of industrial pollutants and work to permeate the distance of each workshop from other activities within the urban area due to the lack of sufficient spaces, and set up spaces separating the workshops from housing, schools and hospitals, to reduce interference and its problems.
{"title":"Environmentally better positioning of industrial workshops within urban areas (Bani Malik District: Jeddah): تحديد المواقع الأفضل بيئيا للورش الصناعية ضمن المناطق العمرانية: (حي بني مالك: جدة)","authors":"Rawan Mohammad Alkaliwi, Morshid Mayudh Alsulami Rawan Mohammad Alkaliwi, Morshid Mayudh Alsulami","doi":"10.26389/ajsrp.a141221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.a141221","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to distribute industrial workshops in Bani Malik neighborhood and identify the neighborhood planning and the overlap between industrial workshops and other uses. From the industrial workshop sites standards used by the competent authorities, land is created for spatial suitability. The methodology relied on field study and comprehensive inventory method in locating workshops and their types and number, which were signed on ARCGIS program and its accessories; and therefore, a space image was used for the study area. The study concluded that the overlap of the workshops is not limited to the random side of the neighborhood, but rather the workshops overlapped with housing, schools, and hospitals in the organized part of Bani Malik3 district. Not all car service center workshops on the main street site were committed, other than light workshops and specialized centers, most of which were committed to it. All workshops of all kinds appeared strongly intertwined with other activities at a distance of less than 500 meters which claims concern for the emergence of environmental and health risks It appears that the lands which are the most suitable for workshops of car service centers numbered only two locations on the main streets only, while the number of light workshops reached 4 sites, and the specialized centers reached 8 in different parts of the neighborhood. The reason for the small number of suitable land may be because the urban area is not compatible with the presence of industrial workshops that require large distances between them and other activities. Study recommends reorganizing industrial workshop sites according to standards in order to maintain the safety of the urban environment from the sources of industrial pollutants and work to permeate the distance of each workshop from other activities within the urban area due to the lack of sufficient spaces, and set up spaces separating the workshops from housing, schools and hospitals, to reduce interference and its problems.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90195307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saad Antakli, Leon Nejem, Ahmad Kullah Saad Antakli, Leon Nejem, Ahmad Kullah
Rapid useful and easy spectrophotometric method for the quantitative analysis of (Atorvastatin calcium) (ATV) in raw material and tablets pharmaceutical formulation has been described. This method is based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complex between Atorvastatin calcium and Bromocresol purple (BCP) in Dichloromethane medium. Different parameters affecting the reaction such as: effect of solvents, stability, reagent concentration, correlation ratio, etc. were optimized. The absorbance of the formed compound was measured by visible spectrum at absorption maximum 405 nm. The range of linearity was 3.02 – 42.33 µg/mL, , regression analysis had a good correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9994. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were to be 0.463 µg/mL and 1.403 µg/mL respectively. The (average percent recovery) was found to be (99.26 – 99.85) % for (Atorvastatin Calcium). This study was applied on Syrian pharmaceutical products: (Atoraz 20 mg & Atoraz 40 mg). The method was successfully applied for the determination of Atorvastatin calcium in tablets pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed method is simple, direct, sensitive doesn’t require any )extraction( process. Thus, the method could be ready to apply in routine analysis and quality control.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of Atorvastatin Calcium in pharmaceutical by charge transfer complexation: التحديد الطيفي لأتورفاستاتين الكالسيوم في المستحضرات الصيدلانية عن طريق معقدات نقل الشحنة","authors":"Saad Antakli, Leon Nejem, Ahmad Kullah Saad Antakli, Leon Nejem, Ahmad Kullah","doi":"10.26389/ajsrp.n271021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.n271021","url":null,"abstract":" Rapid useful and easy spectrophotometric method for the quantitative analysis of (Atorvastatin calcium) (ATV) in raw material and tablets pharmaceutical formulation has been described. This method is based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complex between Atorvastatin calcium and Bromocresol purple (BCP) in Dichloromethane medium. Different parameters affecting the reaction such as: effect of solvents, stability, reagent concentration, correlation ratio, etc. were optimized. The absorbance of the formed compound was measured by visible spectrum at absorption maximum 405 nm. The range of linearity was 3.02 – 42.33 µg/mL, , regression analysis had a good correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9994. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were to be 0.463 µg/mL and 1.403 µg/mL respectively. The (average percent recovery) was found to be (99.26 – 99.85) % for (Atorvastatin Calcium). This study was applied on Syrian pharmaceutical products: (Atoraz 20 mg & Atoraz 40 mg). The method was successfully applied for the determination of Atorvastatin calcium in tablets pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed method is simple, direct, sensitive doesn’t require any )extraction( process. Thus, the method could be ready to apply in routine analysis and quality control.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73324227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.713
Lwando Nzima
This article evaluated the knowledge of Construction Waste Management (CWM) among contractors in Gqeberha and establish what legislative shortcomings were there in terms of CWM regulations. The reduction in landfilling could decrease the waste management cost for construction companies, and reduce negative impacts on the environment. This article used a qualitative design approach. The primary data was obtained through structured interviews from a selected number of main contractors in Gqeberha. The study focused on on-site agents, contracts managers, and Health Safety and Envronment officers through a nonprobability sampling technique. The study reveled that the lack of government legislation, to discourage the landfilling of waste, was the main catalyst. The primary data also stated that the lack of recycling facilities also contributed to the abundance of landfilling waste among contractors in Gqeberha. The research findings also showed that contractors in Gqeberha were knowledgeable on several construction waste management strategies. Future research will require contractors to research the potential economic benefits of CWM, as well as minimisation and recovery CWM strategies, and the local municipality to explore methods of discouraging landfilling waste, within the construction industry and in other sectors, as well as the economic and environmental benefits of CWM. The article provided insight concerning the CW and CWM practices among contractors in Gqeberha, including identifying the interventions required to address shortcomings.
{"title":"CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY","authors":"Lwando Nzima","doi":"10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.713","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluated the knowledge of Construction Waste Management (CWM) among contractors in Gqeberha and establish what legislative shortcomings were there in terms of CWM regulations. The reduction in landfilling could decrease the waste management cost for construction companies, and reduce negative impacts on the environment. This article used a qualitative design approach. The primary data was obtained through structured interviews from a selected number of main contractors in Gqeberha. The study focused on on-site agents, contracts managers, and Health Safety and Envronment officers through a nonprobability sampling technique. The study reveled that the lack of government legislation, to discourage the landfilling of waste, was the main catalyst. The primary data also stated that the lack of recycling facilities also contributed to the abundance of landfilling waste among contractors in Gqeberha. The research findings also showed that contractors in Gqeberha were knowledgeable on several construction waste management strategies. Future research will require contractors to research the potential economic benefits of CWM, as well as minimisation and recovery CWM strategies, and the local municipality to explore methods of discouraging landfilling waste, within the construction industry and in other sectors, as well as the economic and environmental benefits of CWM. The article provided insight concerning the CW and CWM practices among contractors in Gqeberha, including identifying the interventions required to address shortcomings.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81123325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.710
A. Olatunji, Iruka Chijindu
This article identified machine accidents, the number of days lost, cost impact and related accidents in the Construction Industry in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Accidents in the construction industry cause severe challenges to the business. The critical parameters for assessing project deliveries are health and safety, cost, time and project quality. The events of accidents on construction premises sabotages these critical parameters of delivery. The main focus of this article was to determine the significance of lost days and the number of accidents on the cost per accident, using the accident data of KwaZulu-Natal from the year 2000 to 2020. Statistical tests were conducted to determine the significance of the lost days and the number of accidents (independent variables) on the cost per accident (dependent variable). Five statistical tests were used in the analysis of the data and tests were grouped into three classes; regression, correlation and paired sample tests. Regression is subdivided into ANOVA, correlation and model summary test. All five tests display the significance of testing variables. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. There was also a positive relationship between lost days and the average cost per accident. At the same time, there was a negative relationship between the number of accidents and the average cost per accident. The positive B value of lost days mean that it directly influenced the average cost per accident. This means that for every increase in days lost to accidents on the site, the costs increased and vice versa. The negative B of the number of days indicated that accidents did not directly influence the average cost per accident. Further, the machine accidents that most caused fatalities were: motorised equipment, truck, lorries, dumpers, building structures, roof work, scaffoldings and staging and wall projections. It is recommended that workers pay more attention to the sources of accidents while working on site.
{"title":"MACHINE ACCIDENTS AND PROJECT DELIVERY IN KWAZULU-NATAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY","authors":"A. Olatunji, Iruka Chijindu","doi":"10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.710","url":null,"abstract":"This article identified machine accidents, the number of days lost, cost impact and related accidents in the Construction Industry in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Accidents in the construction industry cause severe challenges to the business. The critical parameters for assessing project deliveries are health and safety, cost, time and project quality. The events of accidents on construction premises sabotages these critical parameters of delivery. The main focus of this article was to determine the significance of lost days and the number of accidents on the cost per accident, using the accident data of KwaZulu-Natal from the year 2000 to 2020. Statistical tests were conducted to determine the significance of the lost days and the number of accidents (independent variables) on the cost per accident (dependent variable). Five statistical tests were used in the analysis of the data and tests were grouped into three classes; regression, correlation and paired sample tests. Regression is subdivided into ANOVA, correlation and model summary test. All five tests display the significance of testing variables. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. There was also a positive relationship between lost days and the average cost per accident. At the same time, there was a negative relationship between the number of accidents and the average cost per accident. The positive B value of lost days mean that it directly influenced the average cost per accident. This means that for every increase in days lost to accidents on the site, the costs increased and vice versa. The negative B of the number of days indicated that accidents did not directly influence the average cost per accident. Further, the machine accidents that most caused fatalities were: motorised equipment, truck, lorries, dumpers, building structures, roof work, scaffoldings and staging and wall projections. It is recommended that workers pay more attention to the sources of accidents while working on site.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82027750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.715
Jeffrey Khangale, I. Musonda, Sylvia Okoro
Contractual claims are essential issues and normally disputed because they cause losses if the contractual claims fail to be honoured. The completion of projects can be best without any arising contractual claims by the contractors. However, this appears to be too ideal and almost impossible. Contractual claims have connotations of time and monies, which are to be honoured by the client to the contractor as a payment or compensation for the incurred cost. This article established the success rate or extent to which contractual claims were honoured and the implications of the client’s decisions on contractual claims that were not honoured. The questionnaire was distributed to professionals involved in the administration of contractual claims in projects. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse data. Findings revealed that most contractual claims were honoured in full when they were small in numbers, and when contractual claims increase, the success rate also decreased. The findings further indicated that most projects ended in cost and time overruns due to clients’ decisions on contractual claims. It is expected that the findings of this research will help construction stakeholders to avoid the main causes of contractual claims, and thus increasing the chances of contractual claims being honoured and improving the overall performance of construction projects concerning minimized delays and cost overruns.
{"title":"SUCCESS RATE AND IMPLICATIONS OF CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS DECISIONS ON CONTRACTORS IN SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"Jeffrey Khangale, I. Musonda, Sylvia Okoro","doi":"10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.715","url":null,"abstract":"Contractual claims are essential issues and normally disputed because they cause losses if the contractual claims fail to be honoured. The completion of projects can be best without any arising contractual claims by the contractors. However, this appears to be too ideal and almost impossible. Contractual claims have connotations of time and monies, which are to be honoured by the client to the contractor as a payment or compensation for the incurred cost. This article established the success rate or extent to which contractual claims were honoured and the implications of the client’s decisions on contractual claims that were not honoured. The questionnaire was distributed to professionals involved in the administration of contractual claims in projects. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse data. Findings revealed that most contractual claims were honoured in full when they were small in numbers, and when contractual claims increase, the success rate also decreased. The findings further indicated that most projects ended in cost and time overruns due to clients’ decisions on contractual claims. It is expected that the findings of this research will help construction stakeholders to avoid the main causes of contractual claims, and thus increasing the chances of contractual claims being honoured and improving the overall performance of construction projects concerning minimized delays and cost overruns.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78717662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.714
C. Amoah, Corne van der Linde
Cost management is essential in the construction industry, and could cause contractual disputes if not done correctly. This article investigated how project cost management contributed to contractual disputes in the construction project environment. A qualitative approach was used to interview eleven construction professionals. The data received was then analysed using content and narrative analysis methods. It was found that cost management contributed insignificantly to contractual disputes; however, measures such as the engagement of a contract manager, good change control system, approval of project scope, compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract, good project management, competent consultants and contractor, effective communication before and during project execution could be put in place to minimise the incidence of disputes. It was also revealed that construction stakeholders prefer the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) method, such as mediation, to resolve cost-related contractual disputes when they occured. Only eleven construction professionals were interviewed; hence the findings could not be generalisable as the opinion of the construction professionals in South Africa. The construction stakeholders should not put all their efforts into the management of project cost, in an attempt to prevent the incidents of contractual disputes; instead, they should institute other stringent measures that prevent poor scoping, poor cost estimating, and ineffective project management practices, to minimise the incidence of contractual disputes in their projects. The article gave an insight into measures that the construction stakeholders must take to prevent cost-related contractual disputes aside from effective cost management
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT ON CONTRACTUAL DISPUTES IN SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"C. Amoah, Corne van der Linde","doi":"10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.714","url":null,"abstract":"Cost management is essential in the construction industry, and could cause contractual disputes if not done correctly. This article investigated how project cost management contributed to contractual disputes in the construction project environment. A qualitative approach was used to interview eleven construction professionals. The data received was then analysed using content and narrative analysis methods. It was found that cost management contributed insignificantly to contractual disputes; however, measures such as the engagement of a contract manager, good change control system, approval of project scope, compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract, good project management, competent consultants and contractor, effective communication before and during project execution could be put in place to minimise the incidence of disputes. It was also revealed that construction stakeholders prefer the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) method, such as mediation, to resolve cost-related contractual disputes when they occured. Only eleven construction professionals were interviewed; hence the findings could not be generalisable as the opinion of the construction professionals in South Africa. The construction stakeholders should not put all their efforts into the management of project cost, in an attempt to prevent the incidents of contractual disputes; instead, they should institute other stringent measures that prevent poor scoping, poor cost estimating, and ineffective project management practices, to minimise the incidence of contractual disputes in their projects. The article gave an insight into measures that the construction stakeholders must take to prevent cost-related contractual disputes aside from effective cost management","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87526040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.711
Mufalo Nanyama, Erastus M. Mwanaumo, J. Tembo
The narrative that septic tanks are agents of ground water pollution, has contributed to the false negative responses that are experienced any time an installation of these tanks is undertaken. To demystify this narrative, it was imperative to explore different perspectives from social-cultural environment to technological one. The study used qualitative multiple case study approach, to review available published literature, surveys and experimental studies on septic tanks. To resolve the challenge of low sanitation coverage that may risk achievement of SDG 6.2, focus should shift from conventional centralised systems to onsite in this case septic tanks. Within the context of septic tanks, dome shaped digesters should be preferred because of structural integrity when tested for deformations, bending moments and shear forces under different combinations of loads. The social perspectives of pollution, caused by septic tanks, should not stand if baseline data on variables such as space, soil formation and strength of material are conducted. To avoid environmental contamination, areas designated for septic tanks should be delineated as such. An inventory of all septic tanks should be kept. Consultants and developers involved in selection of waste water treatment options, should avoid false negative response and focus on empirical results, after delineation. The research findings have indicated that dome shaped digesters as opposed to traditional rectangular septic tanks, should be adopted if developing countries are to improve sanitation coverage.
{"title":"Demystifying use of septic tanks for waste water treatment in developing countries","authors":"Mufalo Nanyama, Erastus M. Mwanaumo, J. Tembo","doi":"10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.711","url":null,"abstract":"The narrative that septic tanks are agents of ground water pollution, has contributed to the false negative responses that are experienced any time an installation of these tanks is undertaken. To demystify this narrative, it was imperative to explore different perspectives from social-cultural environment to technological one. The study used qualitative multiple case study approach, to review available published literature, surveys and experimental studies on septic tanks. To resolve the challenge of low sanitation coverage that may risk achievement of SDG 6.2, focus should shift from conventional centralised systems to onsite in this case septic tanks. Within the context of septic tanks, dome shaped digesters should be preferred because of structural integrity when tested for deformations, bending moments and shear forces under different combinations of loads. The social perspectives of pollution, caused by septic tanks, should not stand if baseline data on variables such as space, soil formation and strength of material are conducted. To avoid environmental contamination, areas designated for septic tanks should be delineated as such. An inventory of all septic tanks should be kept. Consultants and developers involved in selection of waste water treatment options, should avoid false negative response and focus on empirical results, after delineation. The research findings have indicated that dome shaped digesters as opposed to traditional rectangular septic tanks, should be adopted if developing countries are to improve sanitation coverage.","PeriodicalId":16473,"journal":{"name":"Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74387752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.53974/unza.jonas.5.1.716
Tirivavi Moyo, Benviolent Chigara
Sustainability-related challenges, are evident in the construction industries. Therefore, a contextual interrogation of sustainability awareness for the determination of knowledge-based improvement strategies is supported. This article pursued the sustainability awareness needs for construction professionals and evaluated statistically significant variances due to gender, designation, educational levels, and experience of respondents. A web-based questionnaire survey was administered to built environment professionals, and the collected numerical data was analysed through descriptive and non-parametric statistical methods. Factor analysis determined six significant components, with the most important being cultural diversity and evolution and futures thinking. These were the broad learning objectives within which sustainability instruction should be implemented. Significant variances, due to the selected demographic variables, were non-existent, indicating consensus on the required sustainability learning objectives. However, a few individual sustainability learning objectives had statistically significant differences that required intervention for Architects and Engineers as well as for those with degrees and MSc educational levels. The determination of sustainability learning objectives established the knowledge for curriculum re-design, continuous professional development, and improvement for built environment professionals. However, due to the exploratory nature of the study, the insights of clients were not considered. Further studies should aim to establish the context-specific sustainability learning objectives for each designation. The derivation of sustainability awareness needs for architectural, engineering and construction professionals enabled operationalisation of remedial strategies within the construction companies and professionals’ bodies.
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