Josep Peñuelas, Fernando Coello, Javier de la Casa, Sandra Nogué, Marcos Fernandez‐Martinez, Romà Ogaya, Jordi Sardans
The elemental composition of organisms and ecosystems, termed the “elementome,” fundamentally determines biological function and ecosystem processes. These elemental profiles, historically relatively stable over geological timescales, have been profoundly altered by human activity, especially since the Industrial Revolution, giving rise to a novel “human elementome.” The number and amounts of elements used biologically and nonbiologically by humans, We synthesized multidisciplinary evidence demonstrating this critical shift, characterized by pervasive imbalances in the ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus driven by extensive anthropogenic inputs, together with the unprecedented mobilization of a wide spectrum of elements, from critical raw materials and fossil fuels to novel technological elements such as rare‐earth metals. This shift in the human elementome is therefore at the root of many of the environmental changes observed today, as it profoundly alters the cycling, distribution, and availability of chemical elements across ecosystems. These elemental perturbations have not acted in isolation but have interacted synergistically with physiological stresses induced by elevated concentrations of CO 2 , warming, and drought, generating complex emergent effects on life. Our findings highlight a rapid transformation of the fundamental elemental makeup of the biosphere driven by humans, with cascading ecological consequences for ecosystem function and species composition globally. This elemental perspective offers a robust framework for understanding and predicting ecosystem responses in the Anthropocene, informing strategies for conserving biodiversity and managing ecosystems.
{"title":"Anthropogenic Effects on Elementomes Across Organisms, Ecosystems, and the Biosphere","authors":"Josep Peñuelas, Fernando Coello, Javier de la Casa, Sandra Nogué, Marcos Fernandez‐Martinez, Romà Ogaya, Jordi Sardans","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71144","url":null,"abstract":"The elemental composition of organisms and ecosystems, termed the “elementome,” fundamentally determines biological function and ecosystem processes. These elemental profiles, historically relatively stable over geological timescales, have been profoundly altered by human activity, especially since the Industrial Revolution, giving rise to a novel “human elementome.” The number and amounts of elements used biologically and nonbiologically by humans, We synthesized multidisciplinary evidence demonstrating this critical shift, characterized by pervasive imbalances in the ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus driven by extensive anthropogenic inputs, together with the unprecedented mobilization of a wide spectrum of elements, from critical raw materials and fossil fuels to novel technological elements such as rare‐earth metals. This shift in the human elementome is therefore at the root of many of the environmental changes observed today, as it profoundly alters the cycling, distribution, and availability of chemical elements across ecosystems. These elemental perturbations have not acted in isolation but have interacted synergistically with physiological stresses induced by elevated concentrations of CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> , warming, and drought, generating complex emergent effects on life. Our findings highlight a rapid transformation of the fundamental elemental makeup of the biosphere driven by humans, with cascading ecological consequences for ecosystem function and species composition globally. This elemental perspective offers a robust framework for understanding and predicting ecosystem responses in the Anthropocene, informing strategies for conserving biodiversity and managing ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam B. Harrison, John L. Godlee, David T. Milodowski, Reza Asiyabi, Penelope J. Mograbi, Zhofre Aguirre, Jarcilene S. Almeida, George K. D. Ametsitsi, Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami, Sally Archibald, Luzmila Arroyo Padilla, Lorena Benitez, Samuel J. Bowers, Thomas K. Brade, Domingos Cardoso, João M. B. Carreiras, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Duncan Chalo, Halidou Compaore, Isabela S. C. da Costa, Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho, Eder C. das Neves, Vera De Cauwer, Tony César de Sousa Oliveira, Hermane Diesse, Tomas F. Domingues, Fernando Elias, Camila Laís Farrapo, G. Feig, Ted R. Feldpausch, Moabe F. Fernandes, David R. Galbraith, Nestor I. Gasparri, Emanuel Gloor, Francisco Maiato, Tatenda Gotore, Karollyne S. Guimarães, Gloria Gutierrez‐Sibauty, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas P. Higginbottom, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Hamza Issifu, John Ngugi Kigomo, Timothy J. Killeen, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, José Romualdo S. Lima, Dante Loto, Elisvan Mariano Sousa, Beatriz S. Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Mário Marcos do Espírito Santo, Antonia M. L. Marques, Matheus Santos Martins, Collins W. Masinde, Musingo Tito E. Mbuvi, Iain M. McNicol, Karina Melgaço, B. Mogonong, Peter W. Moonlight, Paulo S. Morandi, Leonor Patricia Cerdeira Morellato, Magna Soelma Beserra de Moura, Anderson Muchawona, Jonathan Ilunga Muledi, Leena Naftal, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Catherine L. Parr, Nayane Cristina C. S. Prestes, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Tshililo Ramaswiela, Desirée M. Ramos, Simone Matias Reis, Natasha S. Ribeiro, Raphael R. Rocha, Priscyla Maria Silva Rodrigues, Gustavo Saiz, Rubens M. Santos, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, Domingos Fortunato P. F. da Silva, Kathleen G. Smart, Bonaventure Sonké, Elmar Veenendaal, Chemuku Wekesa, Lucy H. Wells, Débora Zuanny, Timothy R. Baker, Kyle G. Dexter, Gabriele C. Hegerl, R. Toby Pennington, Oliver L. Phillips, Stephen Sitch, Ann Carla Staver, Mathew Williams, Shaun Quegan, Steven Hancock, Nicole Helene Augustin, Casey M. Ryan
Accurate mapping of woody biomass and its temporal change is critical for understanding the global carbon balance, informing restoration and supporting evidence‐based policy on climate mitigation and livelihoods. The vegetation of the dry tropics, comprised largely of dry forests and savannas, holds substantial woody carbon stocks, but both stocks and change over time remain uncertain. Where Earth Observation (EO) data have been used to estimate change over time, different products give conflicting results on the direction, magnitude and location of change. We present pan‐dry‐tropical maps of aboveground carbon density (AGCD) and AGCD change at 100 m resolution for the years 2015–2024, developed using ALOS ScanSAR satellite radar observations calibrated with in situ measurements ( n = 237). These maps suggest an aboveground woody carbon pool (AGC) in the dry tropics of 25.3 2.0 PgC, ~13.0% of global AGC. Net AGC has increased by 0.43 0.07 PgC yr −1 , ~20.0% of the global net land sink. The overall net increase (0.43 PgC yr −1 ) is comprised of gross losses from deforestation and degradation (0.27 0.05 PgC yr −1 ) and gains due to densification and extensification of 0.59 0.1 PgC yr −1 , with the balance accounted for by small changes (change < 20% of AGCD; 0.11 PgC yr −1 ). Losses are equally split between degradation and deforestation, while gains are divided roughly 2:1 between the densification of woody ecosystems and expansion into previously grass‐dominated areas. These new maps, created with a dry‐tropics‐specific EO method, highlight the importance of tropical dry forests and savannas in the global carbon cycle. The prominent role of degradation‐related losses suggests that climate change mitigation will need to focus much more on reducing losses from overharvesting than at present. The widespread increases in carbon density and the increase in tree biomass into open systems present major challenges for biodiversity conservation, restoration and livelihoods.
木质生物量及其时间变化的准确测绘对于了解全球碳平衡、为恢复提供信息以及支持基于证据的气候减缓和生计政策至关重要。干燥热带地区的植被主要由干燥的森林和稀树草原组成，拥有大量的木质碳储量，但储量和随时间的变化仍然不确定。当地球观测（EO）数据被用来估计随时间的变化时，不同的产品在变化的方向、幅度和位置上给出了相互矛盾的结果。我们展示了2015-2024年100米分辨率下的pan - dry - tropical地面上碳密度（AGCD）和AGCD变化图，该图使用ALOS ScanSAR卫星雷达观测数据与现场测量校准（n = 237）。这些图表明，干热带地区存在25.3 2.0 PgC的地上木本碳库（AGC），约占全球AGC的13.0%。净AGC增加了0.43 - 0.07 PgC /年，约占全球陆地净汇的20.0%。总体净增加（0.43 PgC / yr - 1）由毁林和退化造成的总损失（0.27 0.05 PgC / yr - 1）和密实化和扩展带来的收益（0.59 0.1 PgC / yr - 1）组成，其余部分由微小变化（AGCD变化<； 20%; 0.11 PgC / yr - 1）弥补。森林退化和森林砍伐造成的损失相等，而木本生态系统的密度化和向以前以草为主的地区扩张所带来的收益大致是2:1。这些新地图是用干燥热带特定的EO方法创建的，突出了热带干燥森林和稀树草原在全球碳循环中的重要性。退化相关损失的突出作用表明，减缓气候变化将需要比目前更加注重减少过度采伐造成的损失。开放系统中碳密度的广泛增加和树木生物量的增加对生物多样性的保护、恢复和生计构成了重大挑战。
{"title":"Carbon Accumulation in Tropical Dry Forests and Savannas Despite Widespread Land‐Cover Change, Revealed by Radar Remote Sensing","authors":"Sam B. Harrison, John L. Godlee, David T. Milodowski, Reza Asiyabi, Penelope J. Mograbi, Zhofre Aguirre, Jarcilene S. Almeida, George K. D. Ametsitsi, Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami, Sally Archibald, Luzmila Arroyo Padilla, Lorena Benitez, Samuel J. Bowers, Thomas K. Brade, Domingos Cardoso, João M. B. Carreiras, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Duncan Chalo, Halidou Compaore, Isabela S. C. da Costa, Ítalo Antônio Cotta Coutinho, Eder C. das Neves, Vera De Cauwer, Tony César de Sousa Oliveira, Hermane Diesse, Tomas F. Domingues, Fernando Elias, Camila Laís Farrapo, G. Feig, Ted R. Feldpausch, Moabe F. Fernandes, David R. Galbraith, Nestor I. Gasparri, Emanuel Gloor, Francisco Maiato, Tatenda Gotore, Karollyne S. Guimarães, Gloria Gutierrez‐Sibauty, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas P. Higginbottom, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Hamza Issifu, John Ngugi Kigomo, Timothy J. Killeen, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, José Romualdo S. Lima, Dante Loto, Elisvan Mariano Sousa, Beatriz S. Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Mário Marcos do Espírito Santo, Antonia M. L. Marques, Matheus Santos Martins, Collins W. Masinde, Musingo Tito E. Mbuvi, Iain M. McNicol, Karina Melgaço, B. Mogonong, Peter W. Moonlight, Paulo S. Morandi, Leonor Patricia Cerdeira Morellato, Magna Soelma Beserra de Moura, Anderson Muchawona, Jonathan Ilunga Muledi, Leena Naftal, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Catherine L. Parr, Nayane Cristina C. S. Prestes, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Tshililo Ramaswiela, Desirée M. Ramos, Simone Matias Reis, Natasha S. Ribeiro, Raphael R. Rocha, Priscyla Maria Silva Rodrigues, Gustavo Saiz, Rubens M. Santos, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, Domingos Fortunato P. F. da Silva, Kathleen G. Smart, Bonaventure Sonké, Elmar Veenendaal, Chemuku Wekesa, Lucy H. Wells, Débora Zuanny, Timothy R. Baker, Kyle G. Dexter, Gabriele C. Hegerl, R. Toby Pennington, Oliver L. Phillips, Stephen Sitch, Ann Carla Staver, Mathew Williams, Shaun Quegan, Steven Hancock, Nicole Helene Augustin, Casey M. Ryan","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71141","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate mapping of woody biomass and its temporal change is critical for understanding the global carbon balance, informing restoration and supporting evidence‐based policy on climate mitigation and livelihoods. The vegetation of the dry tropics, comprised largely of dry forests and savannas, holds substantial woody carbon stocks, but both stocks and change over time remain uncertain. Where Earth Observation (EO) data have been used to estimate change over time, different products give conflicting results on the direction, magnitude and location of change. We present pan‐dry‐tropical maps of aboveground carbon density (AGCD) and AGCD change at 100 m resolution for the years 2015–2024, developed using ALOS ScanSAR satellite radar observations calibrated with in situ measurements ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 237). These maps suggest an aboveground woody carbon pool (AGC) in the dry tropics of 25.3 2.0 PgC, ~13.0% of global AGC. Net AGC has increased by 0.43 0.07 PgC yr <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , ~20.0% of the global net land sink. The overall net increase (0.43 PgC yr <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) is comprised of gross losses from deforestation and degradation (0.27 0.05 PgC yr <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ) and gains due to densification and extensification of 0.59 0.1 PgC yr <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , with the balance accounted for by small changes (change < 20% of AGCD; 0.11 PgC yr <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ). Losses are equally split between degradation and deforestation, while gains are divided roughly 2:1 between the densification of woody ecosystems and expansion into previously grass‐dominated areas. These new maps, created with a dry‐tropics‐specific EO method, highlight the importance of tropical dry forests and savannas in the global carbon cycle. The prominent role of degradation‐related losses suggests that climate change mitigation will need to focus much more on reducing losses from overharvesting than at present. The widespread increases in carbon density and the increase in tree biomass into open systems present major challenges for biodiversity conservation, restoration and livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angus Mitchell, David J. Booth, Sean D. Connell, Timothy Ravasi, Ivan Nagelkerken
Climate change is widely expected to push many taxa beyond their biological limits, yet some populations persist in environments that routinely experience climatic extremes. This raises a fundamental question: does their thermal tolerance reflect species‐level thermal generalism (an evolved capacity to maintain performance across a broad thermal range) or population‐specific acclimation to local conditions (phenotypic plasticity)? Distinguishing between these alternatives is key for predicting whether tolerance to climatic extremes will generalise across species distributions or remain restricted to heat‐tolerant populations. To test these competing hypotheses, we quantified physiological performance (at cellular and organismal levels) in three economically important estuarine fish ( Acanthopagrus australis , Sillago ciliata and Rhabdosargus sarba ) collected from 20 sites across 15 estuaries along a ~1000‐km latitudinal gradient spanning their core and poleward range edges. Sites differed in thermal variability, including some that intermittently exceeded the severest end‐of‐century climate projections. We then experimentally exposed two of the fish species from low and high thermal variability sites to moderate (+2°C, 14 days) or extreme (+4°C, 7 days) simulated marine heatwave events, assessing 12 physiological and behavioural proxies. All three species collected in situ maintained comparable physiological performance across sites of contrasting thermal variability. Both experimental species, each collected from a single high‐ and low‐variability site, tolerated heatwave conditions regardless of thermal history or heatwave intensity, supporting species‐level thermal generalism rather than population‐specific acclimation. In the absence of heatwave conditions, S. ciliata from high‐variability sites also showed steeper allometric scaling and faster growth at 26 versus 24°C experimental control temperatures, suggesting this species may benefit from the warmer baseline temperatures projected under gradual climate change. Combined, our findings support thermal generalism as the primary driver of tolerance in estuarine fishes to climatic extremes, with important implications for the fisheries they support under climate change.
{"title":"Thermal Generalism Shapes Tolerance to Extreme Heatwaves in Estuarine Fishes","authors":"Angus Mitchell, David J. Booth, Sean D. Connell, Timothy Ravasi, Ivan Nagelkerken","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71143","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is widely expected to push many taxa beyond their biological limits, yet some populations persist in environments that routinely experience climatic extremes. This raises a fundamental question: does their thermal tolerance reflect species‐level thermal generalism (an evolved capacity to maintain performance across a broad thermal range) or population‐specific acclimation to local conditions (phenotypic plasticity)? Distinguishing between these alternatives is key for predicting whether tolerance to climatic extremes will generalise across species distributions or remain restricted to heat‐tolerant populations. To test these competing hypotheses, we quantified physiological performance (at cellular and organismal levels) in three economically important estuarine fish ( <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Acanthopagrus australis</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> , <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Sillago ciliata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Rhabdosargus sarba</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> ) collected from 20 sites across 15 estuaries along a ~1000‐km latitudinal gradient spanning their core and poleward range edges. Sites differed in thermal variability, including some that intermittently exceeded the severest end‐of‐century climate projections. We then experimentally exposed two of the fish species from low and high thermal variability sites to moderate (+2°C, 14 days) or extreme (+4°C, 7 days) simulated marine heatwave events, assessing 12 physiological and behavioural proxies. All three species collected in situ maintained comparable physiological performance across sites of contrasting thermal variability. Both experimental species, each collected from a single high‐ and low‐variability site, tolerated heatwave conditions regardless of thermal history or heatwave intensity, supporting species‐level thermal generalism rather than population‐specific acclimation. In the absence of heatwave conditions, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>S. ciliata</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> from high‐variability sites also showed steeper allometric scaling and faster growth at 26 versus 24°C experimental control temperatures, suggesting this species may benefit from the warmer baseline temperatures projected under gradual climate change. Combined, our findings support thermal generalism as the primary driver of tolerance in estuarine fishes to climatic extremes, with important implications for the fisheries they support under climate change.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaüzère Pierre, Maria Hällfors, Jussi Mäkinen, Philippe Choler, Risto K. Heikkinen, Romain Goury, Joaquim Estopinan, Cyrille Violle, Franziska Schrodt, Sara Si Moussi, Mickaël Hedde, Luca Santini, Wilfried Thuiller
Understanding how climate shapes ecosystem productivity through energetic constraints and changes in the functional properties expressed by vegetation remains challenging. This is central to trait‐based biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in mountain grasslands where warming and environmental gradients interact. Here, we distinguish direct climatic controls on productivity from indirect pathways operating through changes in canopy functional composition, physiological state, and within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity across the European Alps. Using Sentinel‐2 time series (2017–2024), we quantified canopy functional structure from spectral proxies of pigment investment and water status, within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity using the functional richness (FRic) metric, and vegetation productivity using near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv). We combined panel‐data models with piecewise structural equation modeling to partition climate associations into direct and trait‐mediated components operating through canopy functional properties and used varying‐coefficient models to evaluate how these pathways vary along environmental gradients. We identified two pathways linking climate to productivity. Warmer growing seasons increased productivity directly but were associated with a lower chlorophyll‐to‐carotenoid pigment balance, consistent with greater relative carotenoid investment, generating an opposing indirect pathway. Greater winter snow accumulation reduced productivity primarily through a direct pathway, while its canopy‐mediated pathways were uncertain. Climatic water deficit reduced canopy water status and within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity, but its direct and total associations with productivity were not distinguishable from zero. Environmental context modulated climate–vegetation relationships. Baseline temperature and moisture availability strongly shaped climate effects on canopy traits and productivity, whereas canopy‐property–productivity relationships varied little across space. Positive productivity responses to warming were stronger in wetter and more seasonally variable climatic contexts, but weakened where baseline winter snow accumulation was greater. Together, our findings show that short‐term productivity responses in mountain grasslands reflect a balance between direct energetic constraints and indirect pathways through integrated canopy functional properties, and that this balance varies along macroclimatic gradients.
{"title":"Direct and Trait‐Mediated Effects of Climate on Grassland Productivity Across the Alps","authors":"Gaüzère Pierre, Maria Hällfors, Jussi Mäkinen, Philippe Choler, Risto K. Heikkinen, Romain Goury, Joaquim Estopinan, Cyrille Violle, Franziska Schrodt, Sara Si Moussi, Mickaël Hedde, Luca Santini, Wilfried Thuiller","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71142","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how climate shapes ecosystem productivity through energetic constraints and changes in the functional properties expressed by vegetation remains challenging. This is central to trait‐based biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in mountain grasslands where warming and environmental gradients interact. Here, we distinguish direct climatic controls on productivity from indirect pathways operating through changes in canopy functional composition, physiological state, and within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity across the European Alps. Using Sentinel‐2 time series (2017–2024), we quantified canopy functional structure from spectral proxies of pigment investment and water status, within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity using the functional richness (FRic) metric, and vegetation productivity using near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv). We combined panel‐data models with piecewise structural equation modeling to partition climate associations into direct and trait‐mediated components operating through canopy functional properties and used varying‐coefficient models to evaluate how these pathways vary along environmental gradients. We identified two pathways linking climate to productivity. Warmer growing seasons increased productivity directly but were associated with a lower chlorophyll‐to‐carotenoid pigment balance, consistent with greater relative carotenoid investment, generating an opposing indirect pathway. Greater winter snow accumulation reduced productivity primarily through a direct pathway, while its canopy‐mediated pathways were uncertain. Climatic water deficit reduced canopy water status and within‐plot spectral functional heterogeneity, but its direct and total associations with productivity were not distinguishable from zero. Environmental context modulated climate–vegetation relationships. Baseline temperature and moisture availability strongly shaped climate effects on canopy traits and productivity, whereas canopy‐property–productivity relationships varied little across space. Positive productivity responses to warming were stronger in wetter and more seasonally variable climatic contexts, but weakened where baseline winter snow accumulation was greater. Together, our findings show that short‐term productivity responses in mountain grasslands reflect a balance between direct energetic constraints and indirect pathways through integrated canopy functional properties, and that this balance varies along macroclimatic gradients.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149198936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuwan Wang, Ted R. Feldpausch, Graeme T. Swindles, Rob Marchant, Colin Courtney‐Mustaphi, Scott Mooney, Susan E. Page, René Dommain, Angela V. Gallego‐Sala
{"title":"Charcoal as a Fire Reconstruction Proxy","authors":"Yuwan Wang, Ted R. Feldpausch, Graeme T. Swindles, Rob Marchant, Colin Courtney‐Mustaphi, Scott Mooney, Susan E. Page, René Dommain, Angela V. Gallego‐Sala","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dmitri Mauquoy, Thomas Theurer, Julie C. Aleman, Ahmed Adam Ali, Sandra O. Camara‐Brugger, Christopher Carcaillet, Daniel G. Gavin, Clemens von Scheffer, Katarzyna Marcisz
{"title":"One Proxy to Rule Them All? The Use of Charcoal in Estimating Tropical Peatland Burning History","authors":"Dmitri Mauquoy, Thomas Theurer, Julie C. Aleman, Ahmed Adam Ali, Sandra O. Camara‐Brugger, Christopher Carcaillet, Daniel G. Gavin, Clemens von Scheffer, Katarzyna Marcisz","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71156","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristen S. Ellis, Michael J. Anteau, Lawrence D. Igl, Garrett J. MacDonald, Neal D. Niemuth, Aaron T. Pearse, Jill A. Shaffer, Christine A. Ribic, Josh L. Vest, Masanori Abe, Daniel S. Ackerman, Marissa A. Ahlering, Johanna N. Alpert, Anahit Amiri, Kent Andersson, Jacqueline K. Augustine, Kristel K. Bakker, Jeffrey L. Beck, Adam C. Behney, Jacy S. Bernath-Plaisted, Todd R. Bogenschutz, Eric K. Bollinger, Lauren E. Bortolotti, Andy J. Boyce, Jeffrey D. Brawn, Fred C. Bryant, Andrew J. Campomizzi, Jay D. Carlisle, J. Matthew Carroll, Rachel Carroll, John P. Carroll, Justin R. Clarke, Michael R. Conover, Reesa Y. Conrey, Jaime J. Coon, Kyle A. Cutting, Stephen K. Davis, Dawn M. Davis, Duane R. Diefenbach, Jonathan B. Dinkins, R. Andrew Dreelin, Victoria J. Dreitz, Courtney J. Duchardt, Michael W. Eichholz, Susan N. Ellis-Felege, Kevin S. Ellison, Bradley C. Fedy, Samantha R. Fino, Robert J. Fletcher Jr., Dillon T. Fogarty, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Pamela R. Garrettson, Robert J. Gates, Erin L. Gelling, James J. Giocomo, Alex Glass, Cheri L. Gratto-Trevor, Kirsty E. B. Gurney, Ryan D. Haffele, Christian A. Hagen, Vanessa B. Harriman, Samuel W. H. Harryman, David A. Haukos, Robert T. Haynam, Heather A. Herakovich, James R. Herkert, Fidel Hernández, Jason M. Hill, H. Jeffrey Homan, Torre J. Hovick, Jonathan A. Jenks, William E. Jensen, Aaron N. Johnston, Sydney-Marie Jones, Carly S. Kelly, Kaylan M. Kemink, Silka L. F. Kempema, Dylan C. Kesler, Christopher P. Kirol, Robert W. Klaver, Page E. Klug, Jesse L. Kolar, Nicola Koper, Kyle J. Kuechle, Jonathan D. Lautenbach, Zoe M. Lebrun-Southcott, David W. Londe, Scott R. Loss, Cullen M. Mackenzie, Patrick A. Magee, Douglas L. Manzer, John P. McCarty, Gwyn McKee, Ann E. McKellar, Lance B. McNew, James R. Miller, Megan C. Milligan, Ashlee K. Minor, Rocco J. Murano, Les D. Murray, David E. Naugle, Clayton K. Nielsen, Christopher J. Norment, Sarah B. Ogden, Lindsey A. Parsons, Brian D. Peer, Noah G. Perlut, James C. Pitman, Christopher D. Pollentier, Larkin A. Powell, Aaron C. Pratt, John P. Pulliam, Nancy M. Raginski, Dan L. Reinking, Kaitlyn M. Reintsma, Terry Z. Riley, Kevin M. Ringelman, Joseph R. Robb, Scott K. Robinson, Andres N. Rosales, Charlotte L. Roy, Kayla A. Ruth, Brett K. Sandercock, Kevin K. Sedivec, Steve K. Sherrod, Justin J. Shew, Mason L. Sieges, Jenny L. Sika, Susan K. Skagen, Cassandra G. Skaggs, Joseph Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Kurt T. Smith, Alex J. Solem, Joshua D. Stafford, Glenn E. Stauffer, Matthew D. Stephenson, Lee Sutcliffe, Amber E. Swicegood, Jason Tack, Evan P. Tanner, Catrina V. Terry, Wendy P. Tori, Ashley M. Unger, Kelly R. VanBeek, William E. Vetter, Jay A. VonBank, Brett L. Walker, Michael D. Whitson, Maiken Winter, Kimberly A. With, Donald H. Wolfe, Amy A. Yackel Adams, Benjamin Zuckerberg
The timing of biological events for wildlife species reflects and influences ecological and evolutionary processes and helps guide management actions to meet conservation objectives. Climate change may cause phenological shifts across trophic levels and ecosystems, which can have broad ecological impacts. Shifts may also result in mistiming between management practices based on historical conditions and current biological events, reducing the effectiveness of natural resource management and conservation efforts. We analyzed nesting phenology patterns over recent decades across North America for 44 species of grassland-nesting birds, including waterfowl, upland gamebirds, shorebirds, and passerines, many of which have experienced precipitous population declines. Understanding nesting phenologies of these species is important to their conservation, as grassland management activities often conflict with reproductive periods leading to high nest and young mortality. We compiled a dataset of over 172,000 nest records spanning five decades and evaluated environmental factors influencing long-term shifts and short-term flexibility in nesting phenology. We found considerable variation in responses among species, with differences in both direction and magnitude of spatiotemporal effects on nest initiation dates. Notably, the community-level nesting season lengthened over time, but shifts exhibited spatial heterogeneity within this community of grassland birds. Nesting dates shifted asymmetrically across the breeding season with differential changes in early, peak, and late nesting dates whereas long-term changes were mediated by weather and geographic gradients. For example, nest initiation was earlier in warmer and wetter years. By applying a quantile-based analysis, we provide estimates of the full nesting period that could serve as a flexible tool for scheduling monitoring efforts and balancing management and human activities with periods of reduced nesting activity. Our collaborative effort illustrates the challenges and opportunities of collecting long-term data on avian communities necessary for answering questions across large regions but highlights the value of research coordination for bird conservation.
{"title":"Phenological Flexibility in Nesting Grassland Birds Over a Half Century Informs Timing of Management","authors":"Kristen S. Ellis, Michael J. Anteau, Lawrence D. Igl, Garrett J. MacDonald, Neal D. Niemuth, Aaron T. Pearse, Jill A. Shaffer, Christine A. Ribic, Josh L. Vest, Masanori Abe, Daniel S. Ackerman, Marissa A. Ahlering, Johanna N. Alpert, Anahit Amiri, Kent Andersson, Jacqueline K. Augustine, Kristel K. Bakker, Jeffrey L. Beck, Adam C. Behney, Jacy S. Bernath-Plaisted, Todd R. Bogenschutz, Eric K. Bollinger, Lauren E. Bortolotti, Andy J. Boyce, Jeffrey D. Brawn, Fred C. Bryant, Andrew J. Campomizzi, Jay D. Carlisle, J. Matthew Carroll, Rachel Carroll, John P. Carroll, Justin R. Clarke, Michael R. Conover, Reesa Y. Conrey, Jaime J. Coon, Kyle A. Cutting, Stephen K. Davis, Dawn M. Davis, Duane R. Diefenbach, Jonathan B. Dinkins, R. Andrew Dreelin, Victoria J. Dreitz, Courtney J. Duchardt, Michael W. Eichholz, Susan N. Ellis-Felege, Kevin S. Ellison, Bradley C. Fedy, Samantha R. Fino, Robert J. Fletcher Jr., Dillon T. Fogarty, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Pamela R. Garrettson, Robert J. Gates, Erin L. Gelling, James J. Giocomo, Alex Glass, Cheri L. Gratto-Trevor, Kirsty E. B. Gurney, Ryan D. Haffele, Christian A. Hagen, Vanessa B. Harriman, Samuel W. H. Harryman, David A. Haukos, Robert T. Haynam, Heather A. Herakovich, James R. Herkert, Fidel Hernández, Jason M. Hill, H. Jeffrey Homan, Torre J. Hovick, Jonathan A. Jenks, William E. Jensen, Aaron N. Johnston, Sydney-Marie Jones, Carly S. Kelly, Kaylan M. Kemink, Silka L. F. Kempema, Dylan C. Kesler, Christopher P. Kirol, Robert W. Klaver, Page E. Klug, Jesse L. Kolar, Nicola Koper, Kyle J. Kuechle, Jonathan D. Lautenbach, Zoe M. Lebrun-Southcott, David W. Londe, Scott R. Loss, Cullen M. Mackenzie, Patrick A. Magee, Douglas L. Manzer, John P. McCarty, Gwyn McKee, Ann E. McKellar, Lance B. McNew, James R. Miller, Megan C. Milligan, Ashlee K. Minor, Rocco J. Murano, Les D. Murray, David E. Naugle, Clayton K. Nielsen, Christopher J. Norment, Sarah B. Ogden, Lindsey A. Parsons, Brian D. Peer, Noah G. Perlut, James C. Pitman, Christopher D. Pollentier, Larkin A. Powell, Aaron C. Pratt, John P. Pulliam, Nancy M. Raginski, Dan L. Reinking, Kaitlyn M. Reintsma, Terry Z. Riley, Kevin M. Ringelman, Joseph R. Robb, Scott K. Robinson, Andres N. Rosales, Charlotte L. Roy, Kayla A. Ruth, Brett K. Sandercock, Kevin K. Sedivec, Steve K. Sherrod, Justin J. Shew, Mason L. Sieges, Jenny L. Sika, Susan K. Skagen, Cassandra G. Skaggs, Joseph Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Kurt T. Smith, Alex J. Solem, Joshua D. Stafford, Glenn E. Stauffer, Matthew D. Stephenson, Lee Sutcliffe, Amber E. Swicegood, Jason Tack, Evan P. Tanner, Catrina V. Terry, Wendy P. Tori, Ashley M. Unger, Kelly R. VanBeek, William E. Vetter, Jay A. VonBank, Brett L. Walker, Michael D. Whitson, Maiken Winter, Kimberly A. With, Donald H. Wolfe, Amy A. Yackel Adams, Benjamin Zuckerberg","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71128","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.71128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The timing of biological events for wildlife species reflects and influences ecological and evolutionary processes and helps guide management actions to meet conservation objectives. Climate change may cause phenological shifts across trophic levels and ecosystems, which can have broad ecological impacts. Shifts may also result in mistiming between management practices based on historical conditions and current biological events, reducing the effectiveness of natural resource management and conservation efforts. We analyzed nesting phenology patterns over recent decades across North America for 44 species of grassland-nesting birds, including waterfowl, upland gamebirds, shorebirds, and passerines, many of which have experienced precipitous population declines. Understanding nesting phenologies of these species is important to their conservation, as grassland management activities often conflict with reproductive periods leading to high nest and young mortality. We compiled a dataset of over 172,000 nest records spanning five decades and evaluated environmental factors influencing long-term shifts and short-term flexibility in nesting phenology. We found considerable variation in responses among species, with differences in both direction and magnitude of spatiotemporal effects on nest initiation dates. Notably, the community-level nesting season lengthened over time, but shifts exhibited spatial heterogeneity within this community of grassland birds. Nesting dates shifted asymmetrically across the breeding season with differential changes in early, peak, and late nesting dates whereas long-term changes were mediated by weather and geographic gradients. For example, nest initiation was earlier in warmer and wetter years. By applying a quantile-based analysis, we provide estimates of the full nesting period that could serve as a flexible tool for scheduling monitoring efforts and balancing management and human activities with periods of reduced nesting activity. Our collaborative effort illustrates the challenges and opportunities of collecting long-term data on avian communities necessary for answering questions across large regions but highlights the value of research coordination for bird conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"32 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.71128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149151802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tucker J. Furniss, Paul F. Hessburg, Nicholas A. Povak, R. Brion Salter, Susan J. Prichard, Derek J. Churchill
Open‐canopy forests and woodlands are a foundational component of historically fire‐adapted landscapes, yet their persistence under contemporary climate and fire regimes remains poorly understood. Here, we leverage historical aerial photogrammetry integrated with contemporary satellite imagery to assess landscape change, vegetation transitions, and ecological stability over a century (1930s–2020s) for a large regional landscape of the Interior Northwest. We found woodlands declined by more than 40% across the region and exhibited high rates of type conversion, with roughly half converting to closed‐canopy forests and a quarter transitioning to grass‐ and shrub‐dominated ecosystems. Forest area, in contrast, remained relatively stable over the same period as woodland‐to‐forest conversion compensated for forest losses. The widespread decline in woodlands demonstrates that they exist as a metastable state, created and maintained only under stable, low‐ and mixed‐severity fire regimes. The loss of these keystone ecosystems portends the erosion of landscape resilience—as remaining woodlands disappear, their ability to buffer for forest losses will decline as well, increasing the risk of abrupt and persistent ecosystem transitions under shifting fire regimes and warmer future climates.
{"title":"Woodland Decline Undermines Resilience in Fire‐Adapted Landscapes","authors":"Tucker J. Furniss, Paul F. Hessburg, Nicholas A. Povak, R. Brion Salter, Susan J. Prichard, Derek J. Churchill","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71148","url":null,"abstract":"Open‐canopy forests and woodlands are a foundational component of historically fire‐adapted landscapes, yet their persistence under contemporary climate and fire regimes remains poorly understood. Here, we leverage historical aerial photogrammetry integrated with contemporary satellite imagery to assess landscape change, vegetation transitions, and ecological stability over a century (1930s–2020s) for a large regional landscape of the Interior Northwest. We found woodlands declined by more than 40% across the region and exhibited high rates of type conversion, with roughly half converting to closed‐canopy forests and a quarter transitioning to grass‐ and shrub‐dominated ecosystems. Forest area, in contrast, remained relatively stable over the same period as woodland‐to‐forest conversion compensated for forest losses. The widespread decline in woodlands demonstrates that they exist as a metastable state, created and maintained only under stable, low‐ and mixed‐severity fire regimes. The loss of these keystone ecosystems portends the erosion of landscape resilience—as remaining woodlands disappear, their ability to buffer for forest losses will decline as well, increasing the risk of abrupt and persistent ecosystem transitions under shifting fire regimes and warmer future climates.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to “Status of Polar Blue Carbon: Toward Recognition and Integration in Marine Policy”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinyu He, Zhisheng Yao, Tianli Zhang, Haojie Guo, Yang Zhan, Rui Wang, Yong Li, Xunhua Zheng, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl
Intercropping is a promising sustainable agriculture practice, but its adoption is hindered by the potential reduction in benefits when shifting from monoculture to intercropping, especially if there are trade‐offs between yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. In this study, we synthesized 3843 paired observations from 510 field‐based studies that compared the yields, SOC and N 2 O emissions of intercropping systems (only crop‐crop intercropping for grain yield and including crop‐tree agroforestry in addition to crop‐crop intercropping for SOC and N 2 O) with monoculture systems. Our meta‐analysis revealed that on average, intercropping increased grain yields by 22.3%, calorie production by 16.1% and protein yields by 14.4%, while reducing N 2 O emissions by 14.3%. Legume‐based intercropping was found to be more effective than non‐legume intercropping. Intercropping also significantly increased SOC content, with crop‐tree agroforestry outperforming crop‐crop intercropping (average increases of 15.5% and 6.1%, respectively). However, the effectiveness of intercropping systems varies depending on climate, soil properties and management practices. Based on data‐driven machine learning models, our upscaling analyses show that converting monoculture land to cereal‐legume intercropping could increase grain yields by 5.35 × 10 8 Mg yr. −1 , potentially feeding nearly 1013 million people. This conversion could also enhance SOC stocks by 2.84 Pg C yr. −1 and reduce N 2 O emissions by 625 Gg N yr. −1 , resulting in a reduction of 10.6 Pg CO 2 ‐eq yr. −1 for net global warming potential. Overall, converting monoculture systems to intercropping could generate approximately US$595 billion in economic benefits annually. These findings highlight the critical role of intercropping as a scalable nature‐based solution for addressing the dual challenges of global food security and climate change.
间作是一种很有前途的可持续农业做法，但由于从单一种植转向间作可能会降低效益，特别是在产量、土壤有机碳（SOC）和氧化亚氮（n2o）排放之间存在权衡的情况下，间作的采用受到阻碍。在这项研究中，我们综合了来自510个实地研究的3843个成对观测结果，比较了间作系统（仅作物-作物间作用于粮食产量，除了作物-作物间作之外还包括作物-树木复合林业用于有机碳和氮氧化物）与单一栽培系统的产量、有机碳和氮氧化物排放。我们的荟萃分析显示，平均而言，间作增加了22.3%的粮食产量，16.1%的卡路里产量和14.4%的蛋白质产量，同时减少了14.3%的氮排放。豆科作物间作比非豆科作物间作更有效。间作也显著提高了有机碳含量，其中，作物-树木复合林业的表现优于作物-作物间作（平均增幅分别为15.5%和6.1%）。然而，间作制度的有效性因气候、土壤性质和管理实践而异。基于数据驱动的机器学习模型，我们的升级分析表明，将单一农田转换为谷物-豆类间作可使粮食产量增加5.35 × 108毫克/年- 1，可能养活近10.13亿人。这种转化还可以使SOC储量增加2.84 Pg C /年，减少625 Gg N /年，从而使净全球变暖潜势减少10.6 Pg CO 2 - eq /年。总体而言，将单一栽培系统转换为间作每年可产生约5,950亿美元的经济效益。这些发现突出了间作作为一种可扩展的基于自然的解决方案在应对全球粮食安全和气候变化双重挑战方面的关键作用。
{"title":"Co‐Benefits of Intercropping on Crop Productivity, Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and N 2 O Mitigation","authors":"Jinyu He, Zhisheng Yao, Tianli Zhang, Haojie Guo, Yang Zhan, Rui Wang, Yong Li, Xunhua Zheng, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl","doi":"10.1111/gcb.71149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.71149","url":null,"abstract":"Intercropping is a promising sustainable agriculture practice, but its adoption is hindered by the potential reduction in benefits when shifting from monoculture to intercropping, especially if there are trade‐offs between yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrous oxide (N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O) emissions. In this study, we synthesized 3843 paired observations from 510 field‐based studies that compared the yields, SOC and N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O emissions of intercropping systems (only crop‐crop intercropping for grain yield and including crop‐tree agroforestry in addition to crop‐crop intercropping for SOC and N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O) with monoculture systems. Our meta‐analysis revealed that on average, intercropping increased grain yields by 22.3%, calorie production by 16.1% and protein yields by 14.4%, while reducing N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O emissions by 14.3%. Legume‐based intercropping was found to be more effective than non‐legume intercropping. Intercropping also significantly increased SOC content, with crop‐tree agroforestry outperforming crop‐crop intercropping (average increases of 15.5% and 6.1%, respectively). However, the effectiveness of intercropping systems varies depending on climate, soil properties and management practices. Based on data‐driven machine learning models, our upscaling analyses show that converting monoculture land to cereal‐legume intercropping could increase grain yields by 5.35 × 10 <jats:sup>8</jats:sup> Mg yr. <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , potentially feeding nearly 1013 million people. This conversion could also enhance SOC stocks by 2.84 Pg C yr. <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and reduce N <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O emissions by 625 Gg N yr. <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , resulting in a reduction of 10.6 Pg CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ‐eq yr. <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> for net global warming potential. Overall, converting monoculture systems to intercropping could generate approximately US$595 billion in economic benefits annually. These findings highlight the critical role of intercropping as a scalable nature‐based solution for addressing the dual challenges of global food security and climate change.","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：