Vegetative channels convey runoff effectively, prevent flooding, protect soil against erosion, avoid the formation of gullies, maintain adequate water quality, and reduce the generation of sediments. The degree of retardance as a measure of the drag force on the vegetation cover is a crucial parameter for determining resistance to water flow in these channels. This research developed a new procedure to assess Manning’s coefficient and retardance index for vegetation using four Caribbean Area grass species: Bahía Grass (Paspalum notatum), Zoysia Grass (Zoysia sp.), Pangola Grass (Digitaria eriantha), and Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon). The USDA-NRCS Caribbean Area identified 16 species as vegetative lining for waterways and proposed a classification according to the degree of vegetative retardance. The category for these species was developed for use in the Western Gulf Region and required validation for the Caribbean region. A modified universal log law fitted the velocity distributions above the vegetative lining in the experiments. The energy equation for a gradually varied flow, the momentum equation, and Manning’s equation provided a solution for Manning’s coefficient. The procedure allowed us to assign a degree of retardance to the species obtained by comparing Manning’s coefficients with those from USDA-NRCS. Results show that retardance degrees published in the Puerto Rico Erosion and Sedimentation Control Handbook for Developing Areas apply to the species tested in this project. This research identified a new retardance degree for Pangola grass when the plant height is less than 0.15 m. The experimental values for Manning’s coefficient are also recommended for use in overland flow conditions.
{"title":"Experiments on Vegetative Flow Resistance for Erosion Control using Grass Species from the Caribbean Region","authors":"W. Silva-Araya, Enrique Rodríguez-Quiñones","doi":"10.13031/soil.23052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23052","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetative channels convey runoff effectively, prevent flooding, protect soil against erosion, avoid the formation of gullies, maintain adequate water quality, and reduce the generation of sediments. The degree of retardance as a measure of the drag force on the vegetation cover is a crucial parameter for determining resistance to water flow in these channels. This research developed a new procedure to assess Manning’s coefficient and retardance index for vegetation using four Caribbean Area grass species: Bahía Grass (Paspalum notatum), Zoysia Grass (Zoysia sp.), Pangola Grass (Digitaria eriantha), and Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon). The USDA-NRCS Caribbean Area identified 16 species as vegetative lining for waterways and proposed a classification according to the degree of vegetative retardance. The category for these species was developed for use in the Western Gulf Region and required validation for the Caribbean region. A modified universal log law fitted the velocity distributions above the vegetative lining in the experiments. The energy equation for a gradually varied flow, the momentum equation, and Manning’s equation provided a solution for Manning’s coefficient. The procedure allowed us to assign a degree of retardance to the species obtained by comparing Manning’s coefficients with those from USDA-NRCS. Results show that retardance degrees published in the Puerto Rico Erosion and Sedimentation Control Handbook for Developing Areas apply to the species tested in this project. This research identified a new retardance degree for Pangola grass when the plant height is less than 0.15 m. The experimental values for Manning’s coefficient are also recommended for use in overland flow conditions.","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121516133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Functioning ecosystems respond to disturbance through natural processes of vegetation recovery, soil development, shifts in forest structure and composition, and adapting plant and animal populations. In the Anthropocene, a mix of natural and anthropogenic drivers influence our landscapes and the ecological services they provide. Long term studies of forest ecosystem function in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico provide insights into the role of natural disturbances and ecosystem services, while recent high intensity hurricane disturbances provide insight into the interactions of downed trees, landslides, and critical infrastructure. Warming climate will increase the intensity of hurricanes, with greater wind and rain effects occurring from more powerful and slow-moving hurricanes. The combination of learning from recent events and understanding the long-term cycles of natural disturbance and forest recovery provides an opportunity to think about future environmental implications of disturbance. Experimental studies and monitoring of disturbance events can provide new information to manage forests for sustainable benefits in light of climate change.
{"title":"The Effects of Natural Disturbance in Puerto Rico: Forests, Infrastructure and Environmental Implications","authors":"Grizelle González","doi":"10.13031/soil.23700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23700","url":null,"abstract":"Functioning ecosystems respond to disturbance through natural processes of vegetation recovery, soil development, shifts in forest structure and composition, and adapting plant and animal populations. In the Anthropocene, a mix of natural and anthropogenic drivers influence our landscapes and the ecological services they provide. Long term studies of forest ecosystem function in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico provide insights into the role of natural disturbances and ecosystem services, while recent high intensity hurricane disturbances provide insight into the interactions of downed trees, landslides, and critical infrastructure. Warming climate will increase the intensity of hurricanes, with greater wind and rain effects occurring from more powerful and slow-moving hurricanes. The combination of learning from recent events and understanding the long-term cycles of natural disturbance and forest recovery provides an opportunity to think about future environmental implications of disturbance. Experimental studies and monitoring of disturbance events can provide new information to manage forests for sustainable benefits in light of climate change.","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147917470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiyang Chen, Gian L Gerena, Roger A Leyba, Daniela M. Markazi
{"title":"Nursery Automated Irrigation for Optimizing Water Efficiency: A Case Study in Cataño Puerto Rico","authors":"Yiyang Chen, Gian L Gerena, Roger A Leyba, Daniela M. Markazi","doi":"10.13031/soil.23535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23535","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123072771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regional Variability of Topographic Index and Machine Learning Model Applications for Prediction of Ephemeral Gullies","authors":"C. Conoscenti, A. Sheshukov","doi":"10.13031/soil.2023037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.2023037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125002143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The State of Puerto Rico's Climate - Basis for a New Generation of Resilient Communities and Infrastructure","authors":"Ernesto Diaz","doi":"10.13031/soil.23509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126621062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan P. McGehee, Sarmistha Singh, D. Flanagan, P. Srivastava
{"title":"ENSO-Induced Climate Variability Impacts on Erosivity in the United States","authors":"Ryan P. McGehee, Sarmistha Singh, D. Flanagan, P. Srivastava","doi":"10.13031/soil.2023062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.2023062","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115214182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flat Residue Loss by Wind for Different Crop Types: Field Experiments ","authors":"Jiaqiong Zhang, L. Wagner, Katie Talley","doi":"10.13031/soil.2023015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.2023015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116530226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. le Roux, Lefa Morake, R. L. Anderson, B. van der Waal, D. Hedding
{"title":"How Large Can Gullies Be?","authors":"J. le Roux, Lefa Morake, R. L. Anderson, B. van der Waal, D. Hedding","doi":"10.13031/soil.23017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122815790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Cover Crops on Water Quality at a Watershed Scale","authors":"S. Armstrong, Michael D. Ruffatti","doi":"10.13031/soil.23090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114485529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme Rainstorms and Landslides in the Panama Canal Watershed – Lessons Learned from the Storms of December, 2010","authors":"R. Stallard","doi":"10.13031/soil.23600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/soil.23600","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214971,"journal":{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Under a Changing Climate, January 8-13, 2023, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128792655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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