Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-04
Emmanuel Achori, S. Dada, G. Ogundajo
This study examines the effect of ALM on the performance Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) of DMBs in Nigeria and Ghana. The study used ex-post facto research design. The population comprised 18 DMBs licensed in Nigeria and 22 DMBs licensed in Ghana as at 31st December 2021. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select a sample of 10 DMBs each with relevant data from Nigeria and Ghana. Validated data were obtained from the annual reports of the banks for the period 2007-2021. The reliability of data was premised on the statutory audit and approval of the Financial Statements by the regulatory agencies in Nigeria and Ghana. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that while ALM had insignificant effect on ROA of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.297, W(3, 143) = 3.62, p > 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.372, W(3, 143) = 3.13, p > 0.05), ALM with control variables exerted significant effect on ROA of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.296, W(6, 143) = 29.70, p < 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.394, W(6, 143) = 33.41, p < 0.05). ALM exerted significant effect on ROE of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.327, W(3, 146) = 4.17, p < 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.351, W(3, 146) = 3.68, p < 0.05). ALM with control variables had significant effect on ROE of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.293, W(6, 143) = 6.38, p < 0.05) but an insignificant effect on ROE in Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.337, W(6, 143) = 1.94, p > 0.05).The study concludes that ALM affected performance of DMBs in Nigeria and Ghana. The study recommended that the management of DMBs in both countries should continuously adopt ALM to improve performance. Keywords: Asset liability management, Deposit money banks, Loan deposit ratio, Net interest margin, Return on assets, and Return on equity
本研究考察了资产负债管理对尼日利亚和加纳两国数字资产管理公司的资产收益率(ROA)和股本收益率(ROE)的影响。本研究采用事后研究设计。截至2021年12月31日，人口包括在尼日利亚获得许可的18个数字广播电台和在加纳获得许可的22个数字广播电台。采用有目的抽样技术，从尼日利亚和加纳各选取10个DMBs样本，并提供相关数据。经验证的数据来自这些银行2007-2021年的年度报告。数据的可靠性以尼日利亚和加纳监管机构对财务报表的法定审计和批准为前提。数据分析采用描述性和推断性统计。结果表明，ALM对尼日利亚(Adj.R2 = 0.297, W(3,143) = 3.62, p > 0.05)和加纳(Adj.R2 = 0.372, W(3,143) = 3.13, p > 0.05)和尼日利亚(Adj.R2 = 0.296, W(6,143) = 29.70, p < 0.05)和加纳(Adj.R2 = 0.394, W(6,143) = 33.41, p < 0.05)的DMBs ROA影响不显著。ALM对尼日利亚(adjj . r2 = 0.327, W(3,146) = 4.17, p < 0.05)和加纳(adjj . r2 = 0.351, W(3,146) = 3.68, p < 0.05)的DMBs净资产收益率有显著影响。带控制变量的ALM对尼日利亚dmb的ROE有显著影响(Adj.R2 = 0.293, W(6,143) = 6.38, p < 0.05)，对加纳dmb的ROE影响不显著(Adj.R2 = 0.337, W(6,143) = 1.94, p < 0.05)。该研究得出结论，在尼日利亚和加纳，ALM影响了DMBs的表现。该研究建议两国的DMBs管理应持续采用ALM来提高绩效。关键词:资产负债管理，存款货币银行，存贷比，净息差，资产收益率，净资产收益率
{"title":"Asset liability management and performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria and Ghana","authors":"Emmanuel Achori, S. Dada, G. Ogundajo","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-04","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effect of ALM on the performance Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) of DMBs in Nigeria and Ghana. The study used ex-post facto research design. The population comprised 18 DMBs licensed in Nigeria and 22 DMBs licensed in Ghana as at 31st December 2021. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select a sample of 10 DMBs each with relevant data from Nigeria and Ghana. Validated data were obtained from the annual reports of the banks for the period 2007-2021. The reliability of data was premised on the statutory audit and approval of the Financial Statements by the regulatory agencies in Nigeria and Ghana. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that while ALM had insignificant effect on ROA of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.297, W(3, 143) = 3.62, p > 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.372, W(3, 143) = 3.13, p > 0.05), ALM with control variables exerted significant effect on ROA of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.296, W(6, 143) = 29.70, p < 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.394, W(6, 143) = 33.41, p < 0.05). ALM exerted significant effect on ROE of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.327, W(3, 146) = 4.17, p < 0.05) and Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.351, W(3, 146) = 3.68, p < 0.05). ALM with control variables had significant effect on ROE of DMBs in Nigeria (Adj.R2 = 0.293, W(6, 143) = 6.38, p < 0.05) but an insignificant effect on ROE in Ghana (Adj.R2 = 0.337, W(6, 143) = 1.94, p > 0.05).The study concludes that ALM affected performance of DMBs in Nigeria and Ghana. The study recommended that the management of DMBs in both countries should continuously adopt ALM to improve performance. Keywords: Asset liability management, Deposit money banks, Loan deposit ratio, Net interest margin, Return on assets, and Return on equity","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128427747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-06
A. Abubakar, B. Umoh
Many employees are merely holding on to their current jobs for lack of alternatives. Such staff members are no longer deriving satisfaction from their current jobs. Lack of satisfaction impinges on workers productivity and attitude to work generally. Some employers strive to engender satisfaction among its employees through improvements in the working environment, staff training and retraining, provision of more working tools and financial incentives including salary reviews. The University system in Nigeria has witnessed mass exodus of staff and general discontent as manifested in strikes, work to rule and other labour antics. To contain this challenge the Federal Government of Nigeria offered wage increases to all publicly owned University workers. This study investigated the effects of the 2017 wage increases on job satisfaction of academic staff in University of Nigeria Nsukka. 75 respondents were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire as well as an interview schedule. Table summaries, frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse the data. Findings show that the 2017 wage increases had some positive relationship with job satisfaction among the academic staff. While wage increases was a factor in academic staff satisfaction with their jobs, it was also found that in spite of wage increases, the academic staff were desirous of decent and improved work environment, infrastructure, training and retraining, workload and independence of the system. To improve job satisfaction among academic staff, a holistic motivational approach need be adopted. Keywords: Academic staff, employee, Job-satisfaction, job description, wage increase, work status, work environment, Nigerian universities and motivation
{"title":"Did the 2017 wage increase improve job satisfaction of academic staff? A case study of the university of Nigeria, Nsukka","authors":"A. Abubakar, B. Umoh","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-06","url":null,"abstract":"Many employees are merely holding on to their current jobs for lack of alternatives. Such staff members are no longer deriving satisfaction from their current jobs. Lack of satisfaction impinges on workers productivity and attitude to work generally. Some employers strive to engender satisfaction among its employees through improvements in the working environment, staff training and retraining, provision of more working tools and financial incentives including salary reviews. The University system in Nigeria has witnessed mass exodus of staff and general discontent as manifested in strikes, work to rule and other labour antics. To contain this challenge the Federal Government of Nigeria offered wage increases to all publicly owned University workers. This study investigated the effects of the 2017 wage increases on job satisfaction of academic staff in University of Nigeria Nsukka. 75 respondents were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire as well as an interview schedule. Table summaries, frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse the data. Findings show that the 2017 wage increases had some positive relationship with job satisfaction among the academic staff. While wage increases was a factor in academic staff satisfaction with their jobs, it was also found that in spite of wage increases, the academic staff were desirous of decent and improved work environment, infrastructure, training and retraining, workload and independence of the system. To improve job satisfaction among academic staff, a holistic motivational approach need be adopted. Keywords: Academic staff, employee, Job-satisfaction, job description, wage increase, work status, work environment, Nigerian universities and motivation","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128514380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-13
Steve Jayeoba, S. A. Oyesode, V.U Achime
Accelerated population growth, increased urbanization and industrial revolution have produced cities of unsatisfactory and unsustainable settlements that use resources inefficiently. A lot can be accomplished from the application of necessary passive design strategies for the creation of livable cities. This study seeks to investigate current level of application of passive design considerations in attaining sustainable built environment. The study focuses on Architecture professionals being the lead creators of built environment assets. Quantitative data was gathered from 100 senior architect respondents from selected architectural firms in Lagos state. The data from respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results presented to ascertain the application level of these strategies by the sampled respondents. The study revealed significant awareness amongst most architects on the application benefits of passive design concepts in creating buildings with reduced energy consumption need and provision of internal comfort for building occupants. The study however revealed that 73.7% still remain undecided about fully incorporating same into their entire design and built process. Lack of enforcement of sustainability implementation measures and lack of required skill-set was identified as major reasons for low considerations of passive design strategies amongst the sampled respondents. The study recommends that the introduction of passive design concept into educational curriculum and formulation of workable and inclusive policies by government would facilitate city sustainability. Keywords: Architectural firms, Built environment, City sustainability, Environmental stress, Livable cities, Passive design.
{"title":"Passive design and sustainability convergence: Relevance and expectations from built environment professionals","authors":"Steve Jayeoba, S. A. Oyesode, V.U Achime","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-13","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerated population growth, increased urbanization and industrial revolution have produced cities of unsatisfactory and unsustainable settlements that use resources inefficiently. A lot can be accomplished from the application of necessary passive design strategies for the creation of livable cities. This study seeks to investigate current level of application of passive design considerations in attaining sustainable built environment. The study focuses on Architecture professionals being the lead creators of built environment assets. Quantitative data was gathered from 100 senior architect respondents from selected architectural firms in Lagos state. The data from respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results presented to ascertain the application level of these strategies by the sampled respondents. The study revealed significant awareness amongst most architects on the application benefits of passive design concepts in creating buildings with reduced energy consumption need and provision of internal comfort for building occupants. The study however revealed that 73.7% still remain undecided about fully incorporating same into their entire design and built process. Lack of enforcement of sustainability implementation measures and lack of required skill-set was identified as major reasons for low considerations of passive design strategies amongst the sampled respondents. The study recommends that the introduction of passive design concept into educational curriculum and formulation of workable and inclusive policies by government would facilitate city sustainability. Keywords: Architectural firms, Built environment, City sustainability, Environmental stress, Livable cities, Passive design.","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128255528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-10
Helen Emem Akpabio
This study seeks to investigate into Farmer-Herder Conflict and its implication on Human Security in Agatu Community. Having experienced the unpleasant event in Benue state, the state government enacted the open grazing prohibition and ranches establishment law in November 1, 2017 to prevent further escalation. Extant literature have focused on the impact, demographic implications and understanding of farmer-herder dispute. However, studies are yet to look into the conflict and it affective nature on Human security. The study adopted qualitative method research design. A sample size of 35 participants was randomly selected through Purposive sampling Technique for data collection. The researcher through open-ended interview guide and focus group discussion randomly selected participants from the communities. Content Analysis was used to analyzed data generated from respondents. Findings reveal that the conflict affected the people negatively which made some families to depend on their fellow indigenes for survival with the assistances of concerned Non Governmental Organisations. It was also revealed that Herdsmen no longer exist in Agatu community. The study concludes that nothing significant has been done by the government to assist the farmers in Agatu. The study recommends that there should be more sensitization on how to manage and resolve communal conflict through dialogue and establish ranches for Herdsmen. Keywords: Agatu, Conflict, Farmers, Herders, Human security.
{"title":"Farmer-Herder Conflict and Human Security in Agatu Community in Benue State","authors":"Helen Emem Akpabio","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-10","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to investigate into Farmer-Herder Conflict and its implication on Human Security in Agatu Community. Having experienced the unpleasant event in Benue state, the state government enacted the open grazing prohibition and ranches establishment law in November 1, 2017 to prevent further escalation. Extant literature have focused on the impact, demographic implications and understanding of farmer-herder dispute. However, studies are yet to look into the conflict and it affective nature on Human security. The study adopted qualitative method research design. A sample size of 35 participants was randomly selected through Purposive sampling Technique for data collection. The researcher through open-ended interview guide and focus group discussion randomly selected participants from the communities. Content Analysis was used to analyzed data generated from respondents. Findings reveal that the conflict affected the people negatively which made some families to depend on their fellow indigenes for survival with the assistances of concerned Non Governmental Organisations. It was also revealed that Herdsmen no longer exist in Agatu community. The study concludes that nothing significant has been done by the government to assist the farmers in Agatu. The study recommends that there should be more sensitization on how to manage and resolve communal conflict through dialogue and establish ranches for Herdsmen. Keywords: Agatu, Conflict, Farmers, Herders, Human security.","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124216741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-14
Olaoye Gabriel Ogunyemi, A. Iweka, T. Adejumo, O. Ajayi
Church architecture is the design and building of places of worship for Christians that changed from simple houses converted to meeting places, to architectural styles, of various shapes and sizes. It is a product of culture and human civilization and dynamics of liturgy, and they have forms and are meaningful. There has been little knowledge and understanding of the influence on forms and meanings as regards many local churches, especially as in Sacred Hearts catholic churches in Ikorodu. The need to unravel this knowledge was the focus of this study. The research explored the idea that Form and Meaning of church architecture are influenced by the liturgy and socio culture of the people they belong, and that embedded in the beliefs and values were architecture variables that when assessed bring out the modalities of the influence. Many scholars have examined the relationship between church architectural form and meaning as a reaction to the phenomenon of the desacralization of Catholic Church architecture after the Second Vatican Council, however, the research that addressed the issue of influence on form and meaning of Sacred Hearts Catholic Church Ikorodu architecture has not been carried out. While this was not a wholesome study of history of architecture, it is important to discuss concepts seeking the ordering principles informing the creation of form and meaning for the church under study. The study methodology was qualitative and quantitative and assessed by observation, questionnaire, and interview. The findings enhanced understanding and values attached to the Ikorodu Sacred Hearts Catholic Church and broaden knowledge base for academic research in other churches and fields of research. KEY WORDS. Church Architecture. Church-Form. Church-Meaning. Church-Symbols.
{"title":"Influence of liturgy and socio-culture on the form and meaning of the architecture of Sacred Hearts Catholic Church Odogunyan, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"Olaoye Gabriel Ogunyemi, A. Iweka, T. Adejumo, O. Ajayi","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-14","url":null,"abstract":"Church architecture is the design and building of places of worship for Christians that changed from simple houses converted to meeting places, to architectural styles, of various shapes and sizes. It is a product of culture and human civilization and dynamics of liturgy, and they have forms and are meaningful. There has been little knowledge and understanding of the influence on forms and meanings as regards many local churches, especially as in Sacred Hearts catholic churches in Ikorodu. The need to unravel this knowledge was the focus of this study. The research explored the idea that Form and Meaning of church architecture are influenced by the liturgy and socio culture of the people they belong, and that embedded in the beliefs and values were architecture variables that when assessed bring out the modalities of the influence. Many scholars have examined the relationship between church architectural form and meaning as a reaction to the phenomenon of the desacralization of Catholic Church architecture after the Second Vatican Council, however, the research that addressed the issue of influence on form and meaning of Sacred Hearts Catholic Church Ikorodu architecture has not been carried out. While this was not a wholesome study of history of architecture, it is important to discuss concepts seeking the ordering principles informing the creation of form and meaning for the church under study. The study methodology was qualitative and quantitative and assessed by observation, questionnaire, and interview. The findings enhanced understanding and values attached to the Ikorodu Sacred Hearts Catholic Church and broaden knowledge base for academic research in other churches and fields of research. KEY WORDS. Church Architecture. Church-Form. Church-Meaning. Church-Symbols.","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126460548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-07
Akeem A. Taiwo, Funke Taiwo
Employee commitment and job satisfaction are traits of motivated workers. These traits translate into increased job productivity and, as a result, improved organisational performance. Employee motivation does not simply come from monetary incentives like salary, fringe benefits, bonuses, commission, etc. In light of this, a study was conducted in selected private secondary schools in the Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria, to examine the effects of identified motivational factors on employees' productivity. The purposive sampling was used in the study to select eight private secondary schools. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. Employees of all privately owned secondary schools in Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State make up the study's population. 25 of these employees served as the study's sample. The 125 questionnaires that were distributed were returned. For the analysis of the hypotheses. The descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment of Correlation (PPMC) were used. The findings showed that employee productivity in a limited group of private secondary schools was strongly positively correlated with both the work environment (r=0.965; p<0.05) and training (r=0.852; p<0.05). Thus, organisations should create an environment that is friendly for both teaching and non-teaching staff members in order to increase their job satisfaction. Keywords: Employee; Motivation; Productivity; Training; Work-environment
{"title":"Influence of Motivational factors on Productivity of Employees in secondary schools in Ogun State","authors":"Akeem A. Taiwo, Funke Taiwo","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-07","url":null,"abstract":"Employee commitment and job satisfaction are traits of motivated workers. These traits translate into increased job productivity and, as a result, improved organisational performance. Employee motivation does not simply come from monetary incentives like salary, fringe benefits, bonuses, commission, etc. In light of this, a study was conducted in selected private secondary schools in the Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria, to examine the effects of identified motivational factors on employees' productivity. The purposive sampling was used in the study to select eight private secondary schools. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. Employees of all privately owned secondary schools in Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State make up the study's population. 25 of these employees served as the study's sample. The 125 questionnaires that were distributed were returned. For the analysis of the hypotheses. The descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment of Correlation (PPMC) were used. The findings showed that employee productivity in a limited group of private secondary schools was strongly positively correlated with both the work environment (r=0.965; p<0.05) and training (r=0.852; p<0.05). Thus, organisations should create an environment that is friendly for both teaching and non-teaching staff members in order to increase their job satisfaction. Keywords: Employee; Motivation; Productivity; Training; Work-environment","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132227252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-15
Y. O. Fasheun-Motesho, Victor Adeyemo, O. Obaleye, Oluwatosin Dorcas Ayanleke
Given its wide scope, architectural criticism as a discipline has had a long history of discussions and debates over its uses, contexts, methods, and even boundaries. Authors have alluded to its complex and virtually indefinable nature. The term architectural criticism itself is diverse in its usage, as it is used to describe the activities of critics, academic architectural treatises, and the architectural design decision-making process. Beyond its architectural origins, architectural criticism itself also approaches architecture from an interdisciplinary standpoint, often blending and adapting the methods and ideas of other disciplines to architecture. Despite its long history, not too many review papers approach the subject from a broad and general perspective. The majority of previous works have tended to focus on gaps or more specialized matters within the subject area. This thematic review therefore focuses on the amalgamation of existing literature on the nature of architectural criticism. A keyword search, followed by a filter using inclusion criteria from the Google Scholar Database, identified 52 articles. After a review of these articles, only 26 were found useful. This paper synthesizes and discusses the works of different authors in the areas of types and contexts of architectural criticism. The discussions will benefit future studies on the general nature or characteristics of architectural criticism and can be used as a guideline for highlighting and understanding the key issues in architectural criticism. Keywords: Architectural Criticism, Criticism Context, Criticism Types
{"title":"Architectural criticism: A review of types and context","authors":"Y. O. Fasheun-Motesho, Victor Adeyemo, O. Obaleye, Oluwatosin Dorcas Ayanleke","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-15","url":null,"abstract":"Given its wide scope, architectural criticism as a discipline has had a long history of discussions and debates over its uses, contexts, methods, and even boundaries. Authors have alluded to its complex and virtually indefinable nature. The term architectural criticism itself is diverse in its usage, as it is used to describe the activities of critics, academic architectural treatises, and the architectural design decision-making process. Beyond its architectural origins, architectural criticism itself also approaches architecture from an interdisciplinary standpoint, often blending and adapting the methods and ideas of other disciplines to architecture. Despite its long history, not too many review papers approach the subject from a broad and general perspective. The majority of previous works have tended to focus on gaps or more specialized matters within the subject area. This thematic review therefore focuses on the amalgamation of existing literature on the nature of architectural criticism. A keyword search, followed by a filter using inclusion criteria from the Google Scholar Database, identified 52 articles. After a review of these articles, only 26 were found useful. This paper synthesizes and discusses the works of different authors in the areas of types and contexts of architectural criticism. The discussions will benefit future studies on the general nature or characteristics of architectural criticism and can be used as a guideline for highlighting and understanding the key issues in architectural criticism. Keywords: Architectural Criticism, Criticism Context, Criticism Types","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128450209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-05
Lukman Alfa Busari
The effect of credit risk management and capital adequacy on the profitability of Money Deposit Bank had been a subject of hot debates among the professionals and academic scholars. This study examines the impacts of credit risk management and capital adequacy on the performance of money deposit banks in Nigeria using panel data regression analysis conducted on E-view 7 data analysis software. Secondary data in the form of time series and cross-sectional data were obtained from the bank’s reports. Credit risk variables and capital adequacy ratio were extracted from 12 banks annual reports for the period 2015 to 2021. The independent variables are credit risk and capital adequacy ratio , while the independent variable is bank performance proxied on Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity(ROE).This study found that loans and advances (LA) has negative and significant relationship with return on asset (ROA) (β=0.04; t=4). Loans and advances (LA) have positive and significant relationship with banks financial performance as proxied by return on equity (ROE) (α=0.01; t=2). The study also found that capital adequacy ratio (CAR) has positive and significant relationship with banks financial performance as proxied by return on equity (ROE) (α =-0.04; t=2). Loans and advances have negative and significant relationship with return on asset (ROA) (β=-0.19; t=-2). Non-performing loan has negative and significant relationship with return on equity (ROE) (α=-0.057; t=2). It is therefore recommended that banks management should constantly review their credit policy guidelines from time to time in consonance with the dynamics of business environment. Nigerian banks must constantly enhance their capital to serve as buffer to cushion the adverse effect of loan capital erosion arising from non-performing loans. Keywords: Credit; Risk, Capital adequacy, Management, Financial performance
{"title":"Credit Risk Management, Capital Adequacy Ratio and the Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria","authors":"Lukman Alfa Busari","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-05","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of credit risk management and capital adequacy on the profitability of Money Deposit Bank had been a subject of hot debates among the professionals and academic scholars. This study examines the impacts of credit risk management and capital adequacy on the performance of money deposit banks in Nigeria using panel data regression analysis conducted on E-view 7 data analysis software. Secondary data in the form of time series and cross-sectional data were obtained from the bank’s reports. Credit risk variables and capital adequacy ratio were extracted from 12 banks annual reports for the period 2015 to 2021. The independent variables are credit risk and capital adequacy ratio , while the independent variable is bank performance proxied on Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity(ROE).This study found that loans and advances (LA) has negative and significant relationship with return on asset (ROA) (β=0.04; t=4). Loans and advances (LA) have positive and significant relationship with banks financial performance as proxied by return on equity (ROE) (α=0.01; t=2). The study also found that capital adequacy ratio (CAR) has positive and significant relationship with banks financial performance as proxied by return on equity (ROE) (α =-0.04; t=2). Loans and advances have negative and significant relationship with return on asset (ROA) (β=-0.19; t=-2). Non-performing loan has negative and significant relationship with return on equity (ROE) (α=-0.057; t=2). It is therefore recommended that banks management should constantly review their credit policy guidelines from time to time in consonance with the dynamics of business environment. Nigerian banks must constantly enhance their capital to serve as buffer to cushion the adverse effect of loan capital erosion arising from non-performing loans. Keywords: Credit; Risk, Capital adequacy, Management, Financial performance","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"268 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133796089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-08
Oluwasola Oni, Oluwaseun Babatunde
Manufacturing companies in a bid to realize high-quality development, figure out how to make the most use of their materials and improve their operating processes in a sustainable way. With an emphasis on sustainable energy practices that lessen reliance on fossil fuels and cut CO2 emissions, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption, manufacturing output, and economic growth in Nigeria. The study examines the effects of natural gas, renewable biofuels, fuel oil, gas/diesel, gasoline, and electricity on manufacturing production using time series data covering 1990 to 2019. It employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model estimate technique. The short-run dynamics and long-run relationships are examined in the ARDL model. In the short-run motor gasoline, natural gas renewable biofuel, gas/diesel and fuel oil are economically and statistically significant both in the current year and up to the second lagged period. While the ARDL bound test reveals that there is cointegration among the variable in the long run. Renewable biofuels and fuel oil are the only variables that have a direct and statistically significant positive relationship with GDP manufacturing output. Therefore, increasing the use of these energy sources is likely to increase the output of GDP manufacturing in the long run. According to the Granger Causality Test, there is a bidirectional relationship between manufacturing output and both gasoline and renewable biofuel. In contrast, there is a Granger causality relationship between manufacturing output and gas/diesel and electricity. Furthermore, the test indicates that manufacturing GDP only has a Granger cause renewable biofuel. The findings show the individual effects of the renewable biofuel energy source and thus its importance viz-a-viz reduction of CO2 emissions, sustainability, sufficiency in capacity (in Nigeria context) can increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) manufacturing output. It is therefore recommended that policymakers ensure a switch and make available renewable biofuel sources.
{"title":"Energy consumption of manufacturing sector: a search for sustainable energy source in Nigeria","authors":"Oluwasola Oni, Oluwaseun Babatunde","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-08","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing companies in a bid to realize high-quality development, figure out how to make the most use of their materials and improve their operating processes in a sustainable way. With an emphasis on sustainable energy practices that lessen reliance on fossil fuels and cut CO2 emissions, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption, manufacturing output, and economic growth in Nigeria. The study examines the effects of natural gas, renewable biofuels, fuel oil, gas/diesel, gasoline, and electricity on manufacturing production using time series data covering 1990 to 2019. It employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model estimate technique. The short-run dynamics and long-run relationships are examined in the ARDL model. In the short-run motor gasoline, natural gas renewable biofuel, gas/diesel and fuel oil are economically and statistically significant both in the current year and up to the second lagged period. While the ARDL bound test reveals that there is cointegration among the variable in the long run. Renewable biofuels and fuel oil are the only variables that have a direct and statistically significant positive relationship with GDP manufacturing output. Therefore, increasing the use of these energy sources is likely to increase the output of GDP manufacturing in the long run. According to the Granger Causality Test, there is a bidirectional relationship between manufacturing output and both gasoline and renewable biofuel. In contrast, there is a Granger causality relationship between manufacturing output and gas/diesel and electricity. Furthermore, the test indicates that manufacturing GDP only has a Granger cause renewable biofuel. The findings show the individual effects of the renewable biofuel energy source and thus its importance viz-a-viz reduction of CO2 emissions, sustainability, sufficiency in capacity (in Nigeria context) can increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) manufacturing output. It is therefore recommended that policymakers ensure a switch and make available renewable biofuel sources.","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"86 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132789184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-03
Muhammad Abdullahi, Abubakar Sadiq Sallau
This paper examines social entrepreneurship as a way of attaining sustainable community development. It specifically examines the practice of social entrepreneurship and how the idea gained popularity in recent discourse, as well as the focus of the idea as the use of business ventures in addressing social problems, promoting economic growth and enhancing community development. The paper adopted a conceptual review method to reveal that social entrepreneurship is a hybrid approach that emerge to transform communities with deliberate thoughts of social responsibility and has the potential of addressing social, economic and environmental challenges of communities including poverty, climate change, unemployment, education, healthcare, and security among others. Sustainable development requires a sustained social entrepreneurship that presents a holistic approach to community’s growth and development. Social entrepreneurship is therefore a veritable tool for sustainable community development which every nation must aspire to promote, encourage and establish policies capable of enhancing it. Keywords: Community Development, Social Change, Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainability
{"title":"Social Entrepreneurship as Panacea for Sustainable Community Development","authors":"Muhammad Abdullahi, Abubakar Sadiq Sallau","doi":"10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2023-06-01-03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines social entrepreneurship as a way of attaining sustainable community development. It specifically examines the practice of social entrepreneurship and how the idea gained popularity in recent discourse, as well as the focus of the idea as the use of business ventures in addressing social problems, promoting economic growth and enhancing community development. The paper adopted a conceptual review method to reveal that social entrepreneurship is a hybrid approach that emerge to transform communities with deliberate thoughts of social responsibility and has the potential of addressing social, economic and environmental challenges of communities including poverty, climate change, unemployment, education, healthcare, and security among others. Sustainable development requires a sustained social entrepreneurship that presents a holistic approach to community’s growth and development. Social entrepreneurship is therefore a veritable tool for sustainable community development which every nation must aspire to promote, encourage and establish policies capable of enhancing it. Keywords: Community Development, Social Change, Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainability","PeriodicalId":236629,"journal":{"name":"Caleb International Journal of Development Studies","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134482334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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