Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176
Xi Xie,Ou Lu,Hongyang Xu,Jiakang Zhou,Yijie Shen,Changjun Min,Yuquan Zhang,Xiaocong Yuan
Reconfigurable optical manipulation requires controlled switching between conservative confinement and nonconservative transport. However, achieving both functions often relies on digital wavefront shaping or nanofabricated photonic elements. Here, we establish pupil-plane inversion symmetry as a selection rule for controlling photonic spin Hall responses and optical-force landscapes in focused cylindrical vector beams using passive fractional sector masks. Decomposing the mask transmission into inversion-paired and inversion-breaking components shows that the longitudinal spin angular momentum density and transverse energy flow arise from interference between these two symmetry channels. Inversion-asymmetric transmission permits focal-plane spin-dependent momentum circulation, whereas inversion-symmetric transmission restores its cancellation. Electric-dipole and Maxwell-stress-tensor calculations map these regimes onto vortical nonconservative forces and conservative parallel-trapping landscapes. Gold-particle trajectories provide particle-level observations consistent with the calculated mechanical responses, showing opposite rotation directions at conjugate trapping sites and static parallel confinement under inversion-symmetric masks. Thus, pupil-plane inversion symmetry provides a practical design principle for tailoring photonic spin Hall responses and reconfigurable optical manipulation.
{"title":"Pupil-Plane Inversion Symmetry Governs the Photonic Spin Hall Effect for Optical Manipulation","authors":"Xi Xie,Ou Lu,Hongyang Xu,Jiakang Zhou,Yijie Shen,Changjun Min,Yuquan Zhang,Xiaocong Yuan","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable optical manipulation requires controlled switching between conservative confinement and nonconservative transport. However, achieving both functions often relies on digital wavefront shaping or nanofabricated photonic elements. Here, we establish pupil-plane inversion symmetry as a selection rule for controlling photonic spin Hall responses and optical-force landscapes in focused cylindrical vector beams using passive fractional sector masks. Decomposing the mask transmission into inversion-paired and inversion-breaking components shows that the longitudinal spin angular momentum density and transverse energy flow arise from interference between these two symmetry channels. Inversion-asymmetric transmission permits focal-plane spin-dependent momentum circulation, whereas inversion-symmetric transmission restores its cancellation. Electric-dipole and Maxwell-stress-tensor calculations map these regimes onto vortical nonconservative forces and conservative parallel-trapping landscapes. Gold-particle trajectories provide particle-level observations consistent with the calculated mechanical responses, showing opposite rotation directions at conjugate trapping sites and static parallel confinement under inversion-symmetric masks. Thus, pupil-plane inversion symmetry provides a practical design principle for tailoring photonic spin Hall responses and reconfigurable optical manipulation.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrically stimulated emission in organic electroluminescent (EL) gain devices requires high-density excitons generated at high current density, which typically leads to low efficiency and severe efficiency roll-off. To date, limited progress has been made in the development of high-gain EL devices driven at high current densities. Here, we develop a high-efficiency blend material system by combining a custom-designed high-gain dopant, DPASP, with a bipolar-transport host material, 2MCz-CNMCz, which enables efficient triplet exciton utilization. The blend films achieve a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 99%, an extremely low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 0.3 μJ cm–2 and a high net gain coefficient of 73.2 cm–1. A p-i-n heterojunction EL device with a multilayered structure is designed, exhibiting effective suppression of singlet–triplet annihilation (STA) under high current density. The EL device achieves an external quantum efficiency exceeding 2.48% at its critical current density J50 of 1 kA cm–2 and a record radiant exitance of 96 W cm–2 at 3.8 kA cm–2. In addition, the optimized multilayer EL device exhibits a low optically pumped ASE threshold of 3.0 μJ cm–2. More importantly, synchronous electro-optical co-pumping measurements reveal that the electrically injected excitons actively participate in stimulated emission within a time window of approximately 7 ns, resulting in a higher total ASE output intensity compared with that obtained under optical pumping alone. This study demonstrates that effective triplet exciton management enables efficient organic EL devices capable of operating at high current densities. Furthermore, electrically injected excitons are shown to participate in stimulated emission that builds upon the optically pumped ASE.
有机电致发光（EL）增益器件中的电激发射需要在高电流密度下产生高密度激子，这通常导致效率低和严重的效率滚降。迄今为止，在高电流密度驱动下的高增益EL器件的开发方面取得了有限的进展。在这里，我们通过将定制设计的高增益掺杂剂DPASP与双极输运宿主材料2MCz-CNMCz相结合，开发了一种高效的混合材料体系，从而实现了三重态激子的高效利用。该共混薄膜的光致发光量子产率高达99%，放大自发发射（ASE）阈值极低，仅为0.3 μJ cm-2，净增益系数高达73.2 cm-1。设计了一种具有多层结构的p-i-n异质结EL器件，该器件在高电流密度下能有效抑制单重态-三重态湮灭（STA）。该器件在临界电流密度J50为1 kA cm-2时的外量子效率超过2.48%，在3.8 kA cm-2时的辐照度达到了创纪录的96 W cm-2。此外，优化后的多层EL器件具有3.0 μJ cm-2的低光泵浦ASE阈值。更重要的是，同步电光共泵浦测量表明，电注入激子在大约7 ns的时间窗内积极参与受激发射，导致比光泵浦获得更高的ASE总输出强度。该研究表明，有效的三重态激子管理使高效的有机电致发光器件能够在高电流密度下工作。此外，电注入激子被证明参与了建立在光泵浦ASE之上的受激发射。
{"title":"High-Gain Organic Electroluminescent Device","authors":"Zhiyuan Zhang,Jichen Zhao,Yu Mao,Yuan Meng,Zimo Hu,Xu Wang,Lei Ying,Ruidong Xia,Dongge Ma,Qi Zhang,Junbiao Peng","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01735","url":null,"abstract":"Electrically stimulated emission in organic electroluminescent (EL) gain devices requires high-density excitons generated at high current density, which typically leads to low efficiency and severe efficiency roll-off. To date, limited progress has been made in the development of high-gain EL devices driven at high current densities. Here, we develop a high-efficiency blend material system by combining a custom-designed high-gain dopant, DPASP, with a bipolar-transport host material, 2MCz-CNMCz, which enables efficient triplet exciton utilization. The blend films achieve a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 99%, an extremely low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 0.3 μJ cm–2 and a high net gain coefficient of 73.2 cm–1. A p-i-n heterojunction EL device with a multilayered structure is designed, exhibiting effective suppression of singlet–triplet annihilation (STA) under high current density. The EL device achieves an external quantum efficiency exceeding 2.48% at its critical current density J50 of 1 kA cm–2 and a record radiant exitance of 96 W cm–2 at 3.8 kA cm–2. In addition, the optimized multilayer EL device exhibits a low optically pumped ASE threshold of 3.0 μJ cm–2. More importantly, synchronous electro-optical co-pumping measurements reveal that the electrically injected excitons actively participate in stimulated emission within a time window of approximately 7 ns, resulting in a higher total ASE output intensity compared with that obtained under optical pumping alone. This study demonstrates that effective triplet exciton management enables efficient organic EL devices capable of operating at high current densities. Furthermore, electrically injected excitons are shown to participate in stimulated emission that builds upon the optically pumped ASE.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637
Léo Guiramand,Florant Exertier,Alexandre Fahy,Anna Martinez,Matteo De Tullio,Saïd Idlahcen,Jonathan Houard,Gerald Da Costa,Thomas Godin,Xavier Ropagnol,Domenico Paparo,François Blanchard,Angela Vella,Ammar Hideur
High-intensity terahertz (THz) sources combining high repetition rates, strong field amplitudes, and long-term stability are key enabling technologies for next-generation ultrafast photonics. However, simultaneously achieving these characteristics in a compact and practical architecture remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-performance tabletop THz source delivering intense single-cycle pulses at 100 kHz, generated by optical rectification in lithium niobate using an optimized echelon-based tilted-pulse-front scheme and driven by an industrial-grade ytterbium laser. The source achieves optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies exceeding 0.13% at room temperature, peak electric fields of several hundred kV/cm, and excellent long-term stability, establishing a robust platform for high-average-power strong-field THz applications. As a proof of concept, the source was integrated into an atom probe tomography (APT) instrument. APT reconstructs the three-dimensional chemical composition of materials through field-induced ion emission from a sharp nanotip. While THz-assisted ion emission has been shown to improve analytical performance by reducing thermal effects, previous demonstrations were limited to low-repetition-rate THz sources, restricting throughput and accessible analysis volumes. Using an aluminum nanotip, we demonstrate efficient THz-assisted APT at 100 kHz and benchmark its performance against conventional voltage- and laser-assisted operation. The high repetition rate enables rapid large-volume acquisition while improving mass resolving power, reducing thermal tailing, and preserving high-quality three-dimensional reconstructions. Beyond APT, this work establishes a compact and scalable high-repetition-rate THz platform for strong-field physics, nonlinear THz photonics, ultrafast spectroscopy, and material characterization at the nanoscale.
{"title":"A Compact High-Repetition-Rate Intense THz Source for Atomic-Scale Materials Characterization","authors":"Léo Guiramand,Florant Exertier,Alexandre Fahy,Anna Martinez,Matteo De Tullio,Saïd Idlahcen,Jonathan Houard,Gerald Da Costa,Thomas Godin,Xavier Ropagnol,Domenico Paparo,François Blanchard,Angela Vella,Ammar Hideur","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637","url":null,"abstract":"High-intensity terahertz (THz) sources combining high repetition rates, strong field amplitudes, and long-term stability are key enabling technologies for next-generation ultrafast photonics. However, simultaneously achieving these characteristics in a compact and practical architecture remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-performance tabletop THz source delivering intense single-cycle pulses at 100 kHz, generated by optical rectification in lithium niobate using an optimized echelon-based tilted-pulse-front scheme and driven by an industrial-grade ytterbium laser. The source achieves optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies exceeding 0.13% at room temperature, peak electric fields of several hundred kV/cm, and excellent long-term stability, establishing a robust platform for high-average-power strong-field THz applications. As a proof of concept, the source was integrated into an atom probe tomography (APT) instrument. APT reconstructs the three-dimensional chemical composition of materials through field-induced ion emission from a sharp nanotip. While THz-assisted ion emission has been shown to improve analytical performance by reducing thermal effects, previous demonstrations were limited to low-repetition-rate THz sources, restricting throughput and accessible analysis volumes. Using an aluminum nanotip, we demonstrate efficient THz-assisted APT at 100 kHz and benchmark its performance against conventional voltage- and laser-assisted operation. The high repetition rate enables rapid large-volume acquisition while improving mass resolving power, reducing thermal tailing, and preserving high-quality three-dimensional reconstructions. Beyond APT, this work establishes a compact and scalable high-repetition-rate THz platform for strong-field physics, nonlinear THz photonics, ultrafast spectroscopy, and material characterization at the nanoscale.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531
Peng Sun,Shu Li,Yuyang Duan,Yuchao Zhang,Tingxuan Li,Kun Tu,Yibo Dong,Min Gu,Jing Wang
Diffractive neural networks (DNNs) offer a promising route toward high-throughput, low-power optical computing; however, their application to autonomous-driving perception remains limited by insufficient representational capacity for complex scenes, owing to their relatively simple architectures and reliance on spatial-domain information alone. Here, we propose a spatial–frequency diffractive neural network (SFDNN) architecture that jointly exploits spatial- and frequency-domain information through two parallel sub-DNN branches. By leveraging the complementarity of these two domains, the proposed architecture improves feature separability and enhances perception performance, thereby outperforming conventional DNNs in the autonomous-driving segmentation task. Numerical results show that, under the same modulation-layer constraint, the SFDNN consistently surpasses single-domain models in segmentation tasks, improving reconstruction fidelity and spatial overlap over the best single-domain baseline by 10.9% and 23.2%, respectively. The framework further demonstrates strong generalization to traffic sign classification, achieving accuracies of up to 93.67%. Experimentally, we validate the proposed framework using a hybrid optical–digital system and demonstrate reliable target-region segmentation in a physical optical setup. Furthermore, a micrometer-scale SFDNN chip fabricated by laser nanoprinting confirms the feasibility of on-chip integration. This work provides a practical pathway to efficient, intelligent optical perception for autonomous driving and related edge-vision applications.
{"title":"Parallel Spatial–Frequency Diffractive Neural Networks for Autonomous-Driving Visual Understanding","authors":"Peng Sun,Shu Li,Yuyang Duan,Yuchao Zhang,Tingxuan Li,Kun Tu,Yibo Dong,Min Gu,Jing Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive neural networks (DNNs) offer a promising route toward high-throughput, low-power optical computing; however, their application to autonomous-driving perception remains limited by insufficient representational capacity for complex scenes, owing to their relatively simple architectures and reliance on spatial-domain information alone. Here, we propose a spatial–frequency diffractive neural network (SFDNN) architecture that jointly exploits spatial- and frequency-domain information through two parallel sub-DNN branches. By leveraging the complementarity of these two domains, the proposed architecture improves feature separability and enhances perception performance, thereby outperforming conventional DNNs in the autonomous-driving segmentation task. Numerical results show that, under the same modulation-layer constraint, the SFDNN consistently surpasses single-domain models in segmentation tasks, improving reconstruction fidelity and spatial overlap over the best single-domain baseline by 10.9% and 23.2%, respectively. The framework further demonstrates strong generalization to traffic sign classification, achieving accuracies of up to 93.67%. Experimentally, we validate the proposed framework using a hybrid optical–digital system and demonstrate reliable target-region segmentation in a physical optical setup. Furthermore, a micrometer-scale SFDNN chip fabricated by laser nanoprinting confirms the feasibility of on-chip integration. This work provides a practical pathway to efficient, intelligent optical perception for autonomous driving and related edge-vision applications.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01541
Bo Lu,Yuk Fai Cheung,Hoi Wai Choi
InGaN/GaN multiquantum wells grown on c-plane sapphire substrates exhibit strong quantum-confined Stark effects owing to the lattice mismatch, resulting in a built-in piezoelectric field in the strained heterostructure. One of the commonly observed consequences of the QCSE is the spectral blue-shifting of the emission spectra with dimensional down-scaling of the structures. The extent of the spectral blue-shifts increases with decreasing dimensions, with blue-shifts of over 100 nm observed in nanometer-scale structures, while the shifts are significantly milder at the micrometer scale. In the present study, large cathodoluminescence spectral blue-shifts are observed from etched microstructures following an annealing treatment at 800°C in a N2 environment for 1 h. Specifically, the peak wavelength of the cathodoluminescence spectra shifts from ∼625 nm to ∼469 nm as the diameter of a microdisk is scaled from 20 to 1.5 μm. With the aid of molecular dynamics simulations and scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and elemental mapping, the broadened indium profile at the multiquantum well region is interpreted as evidence of well-barrier intermixing and indium depletion. The reduction in the local indium fraction increases the InGaN bandgap and transition energy, while associated changes in strain, polarization, and the QCSE may further contribute to the blue-shift. Meanwhile, indium out-diffusion is facilitated by the exposed sidewalls near the edges of the microstructures. Based on these observations and analysis, polychromatic emission is demonstrated from an array of annealed microdisks with dimensions ranging from 1 to 20 μm under photoluminescence. This work provides insight into the role of annealing in etched InGaN/GaN MQWs microstructures and serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration of monolithic polychromatic emission.
{"title":"Observation and Elucidation of Enhanced Spectral Blue-Shift in InGaN/GaN Quantum Well Microstructures upon Thermal Annealing","authors":"Bo Lu,Yuk Fai Cheung,Hoi Wai Choi","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01541","url":null,"abstract":"InGaN/GaN multiquantum wells grown on c-plane sapphire substrates exhibit strong quantum-confined Stark effects owing to the lattice mismatch, resulting in a built-in piezoelectric field in the strained heterostructure. One of the commonly observed consequences of the QCSE is the spectral blue-shifting of the emission spectra with dimensional down-scaling of the structures. The extent of the spectral blue-shifts increases with decreasing dimensions, with blue-shifts of over 100 nm observed in nanometer-scale structures, while the shifts are significantly milder at the micrometer scale. In the present study, large cathodoluminescence spectral blue-shifts are observed from etched microstructures following an annealing treatment at 800°C in a N2 environment for 1 h. Specifically, the peak wavelength of the cathodoluminescence spectra shifts from ∼625 nm to ∼469 nm as the diameter of a microdisk is scaled from 20 to 1.5 μm. With the aid of molecular dynamics simulations and scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and elemental mapping, the broadened indium profile at the multiquantum well region is interpreted as evidence of well-barrier intermixing and indium depletion. The reduction in the local indium fraction increases the InGaN bandgap and transition energy, while associated changes in strain, polarization, and the QCSE may further contribute to the blue-shift. Meanwhile, indium out-diffusion is facilitated by the exposed sidewalls near the edges of the microstructures. Based on these observations and analysis, polychromatic emission is demonstrated from an array of annealed microdisks with dimensions ranging from 1 to 20 μm under photoluminescence. This work provides insight into the role of annealing in etched InGaN/GaN MQWs microstructures and serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration of monolithic polychromatic emission.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02123
Qingsong Yao,Zhiwei Huang,Haonan Zhang,Guoxing Zheng,Shaohua Yu,Zile Li
Holography, a wavefront reconstruction technique, provides a powerful approach for engineering complex optical fields. However, conventional phase-only holographic approaches for optical vortex generation remain largely confined to specific vortex modes or single-diffraction-order encoding, thereby significantly limiting their design flexibility. Here, we demonstrate an inverse-designed holographic framework based on angular spectrum propagation that moves beyond conventional paradigms. By exploiting the full spatial degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the hologram for full-field wavefront shaping, we generate diverse exotic optical vortices with well-defined intensity and phase distributions. The framework is further extended to meta-holography by encoding the optimized phase profile onto a geometric-phase metasurface, enabling the high-fidelity generation of Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams. This work paves the way for practical holographic complex-amplitude control and opens new opportunities in optical communications, optical tweezers, and spatiotemporal vortex generation.
{"title":"Full-Field Wavefront Shaping for Arbitrary Optical Vortex Generation with Phase-Only Holograms","authors":"Qingsong Yao,Zhiwei Huang,Haonan Zhang,Guoxing Zheng,Shaohua Yu,Zile Li","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02123","url":null,"abstract":"Holography, a wavefront reconstruction technique, provides a powerful approach for engineering complex optical fields. However, conventional phase-only holographic approaches for optical vortex generation remain largely confined to specific vortex modes or single-diffraction-order encoding, thereby significantly limiting their design flexibility. Here, we demonstrate an inverse-designed holographic framework based on angular spectrum propagation that moves beyond conventional paradigms. By exploiting the full spatial degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the hologram for full-field wavefront shaping, we generate diverse exotic optical vortices with well-defined intensity and phase distributions. The framework is further extended to meta-holography by encoding the optimized phase profile onto a geometric-phase metasurface, enabling the high-fidelity generation of Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams. This work paves the way for practical holographic complex-amplitude control and opens new opportunities in optical communications, optical tweezers, and spatiotemporal vortex generation.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the unique wavelength characteristics, blue-green laser sources have shown broad application prospects across multiple fields. In this work, a wide-tuning high-power blue-green semiconductor disk laser based on a dual-gain-chip architecture was reported. A composite resonator was constructed by integrating two plano-concave V-shaped subcavities that share a common birefringent filter. Intracavity frequency doubling was implemented using a type-I phase-matched LBO crystal, enabling a continuous tuning range of 33.1 nm from 484.5 to 517.6 nm and a maximum output power of 12.43 W. In addition, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) experiments were conducted in pure seawater, clear seawater, and coastal seawater using the four wavelengths 486 nm, 495 nm, 507 and 515 nm in combination with acoustic-optical modulation (AOM) technology. At a transmission distance of 15 m and a data rate of 30 Mbps, the bit error rate (BER) in all three water types remained below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold (3.8 × 10–3). The optimum communication performance was achieved at 486 nm in pure seawater (BER = 1.42 × 10–3), 515 nm in clear ocean water (BER = 1.45 × 10–3), and at 515 nm in coastal seawater (BER = 1.25 × 10–3). These results demonstrate that flexible wavelength tuning enables the laser source to maintain reliable communication performance across different water environments, thereby overcoming the limited adaptability of conventional single-wavelength systems to complex marine conditions. The demonstrated blue-green laser sources show great potential for wavelength-adaptive underwater wireless optical communication in diverse oceanic environments.
{"title":"33.1 nm Wide-Tuning High-Power Blue-Green Semiconductor Disk Laser and Its Application in Underwater Wireless Optical Communication with Various Water Types","authors":"Tian Liu,Cheng Zhang,Tao Wang,Lidan Jiang,Renjiang Zhu,Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01626","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the unique wavelength characteristics, blue-green laser sources have shown broad application prospects across multiple fields. In this work, a wide-tuning high-power blue-green semiconductor disk laser based on a dual-gain-chip architecture was reported. A composite resonator was constructed by integrating two plano-concave V-shaped subcavities that share a common birefringent filter. Intracavity frequency doubling was implemented using a type-I phase-matched LBO crystal, enabling a continuous tuning range of 33.1 nm from 484.5 to 517.6 nm and a maximum output power of 12.43 W. In addition, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) experiments were conducted in pure seawater, clear seawater, and coastal seawater using the four wavelengths 486 nm, 495 nm, 507 and 515 nm in combination with acoustic-optical modulation (AOM) technology. At a transmission distance of 15 m and a data rate of 30 Mbps, the bit error rate (BER) in all three water types remained below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold (3.8 × 10–3). The optimum communication performance was achieved at 486 nm in pure seawater (BER = 1.42 × 10–3), 515 nm in clear ocean water (BER = 1.45 × 10–3), and at 515 nm in coastal seawater (BER = 1.25 × 10–3). These results demonstrate that flexible wavelength tuning enables the laser source to maintain reliable communication performance across different water environments, thereby overcoming the limited adaptability of conventional single-wavelength systems to complex marine conditions. The demonstrated blue-green laser sources show great potential for wavelength-adaptive underwater wireless optical communication in diverse oceanic environments.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"495 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-26DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01324
Ziwei Feng,Hangchi Huang,Siyuan Shen,Feng-Jun Li,Tan Shi,Xiangping Li,Zi-Lan Deng
Wide-field imaging is important for advanced optical systems, whereas conventional multielement refractive optics remain constrained by bulky form factors and large system weight. Metalenses provide a compact platform for wavefront manipulation, but their application to wide-angle focusing and imaging is limited by the pronounced efficiency degradation that occurs at large incident angles. Here, we propose a spatially variable period modulation strategy, in which the lattice period of the meta-atoms is locally tailored to accommodate the angle-dependent focusing requirement over a wide field of view. A rapid determination method based on a precomputed simulation database is further developed to reduce the computational cost of structural optimization. Experimentally, the fabricated planar single-layer metalens enables imaging over a 100° full field of view and maintains a focusing efficiency of 63% at an incident angle of 50°, while preserving compact focal spots and resolvable image features across the entire angular range. This work provides an effective route toward high-performance wide-field metalenses and offers a general framework for the design of angle-robust metasurface devices.
{"title":"Spatially Variable Period Modulation Enables High-Efficiency Large-Field-of-View Metalens","authors":"Ziwei Feng,Hangchi Huang,Siyuan Shen,Feng-Jun Li,Tan Shi,Xiangping Li,Zi-Lan Deng","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01324","url":null,"abstract":"Wide-field imaging is important for advanced optical systems, whereas conventional multielement refractive optics remain constrained by bulky form factors and large system weight. Metalenses provide a compact platform for wavefront manipulation, but their application to wide-angle focusing and imaging is limited by the pronounced efficiency degradation that occurs at large incident angles. Here, we propose a spatially variable period modulation strategy, in which the lattice period of the meta-atoms is locally tailored to accommodate the angle-dependent focusing requirement over a wide field of view. A rapid determination method based on a precomputed simulation database is further developed to reduce the computational cost of structural optimization. Experimentally, the fabricated planar single-layer metalens enables imaging over a 100° full field of view and maintains a focusing efficiency of 63% at an incident angle of 50°, while preserving compact focal spots and resolvable image features across the entire angular range. This work provides an effective route toward high-performance wide-field metalenses and offers a general framework for the design of angle-robust metasurface devices.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-24DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00793
Xinzhi Zhang,Ping Ma,Tobias Blatter,Yannik Horst,Wolfgang Heni,Alexandros Emboras,Tatsuhiko Watanabe,Nikolaus Flöry,Lukas Novotny,Delwin L. Elder,Larry R. Dalton,Juerg Leuthold
Resonant electro-optic modulators are of interest for encoding electrical signals to the optical domain with an option to perform simultaneous wavelength-division multiplexing while reducing the modulation energy consumption. Here, we demonstrate a compact, high-speed, and energy-efficient resonant modulator exploiting the ultrafast characteristics of graphene and organic materials, enabling efficient electro-optic modulation on the silicon platform. Graphene, with its extraordinary electronic and optical properties, is used as a transparent electrode material that brings the radio frequency field close to the photonic mode with minimal extra losses, while the organic material provides a high linear electro-optic coefficient. This arrangement provides both efficient light modulation in a compact device with an active length of 50 μm and a large modulation bandwidth of ∼35 GHz. High-speed data transmission experiments demonstrate a line rate of 320 Gbit/s, while a rate of 128 Gbit/s is achieved under CMOS-compatible voltages with energy consumption of ∼10.1 femtojoules per bit. The presented technology offers a practical and promising route toward integration of graphene into high-speed communication links.
{"title":"High-Speed Energy-Efficient Resonant Modulator on a Graphene-Organic Hybrid Platform","authors":"Xinzhi Zhang,Ping Ma,Tobias Blatter,Yannik Horst,Wolfgang Heni,Alexandros Emboras,Tatsuhiko Watanabe,Nikolaus Flöry,Lukas Novotny,Delwin L. Elder,Larry R. Dalton,Juerg Leuthold","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00793","url":null,"abstract":"Resonant electro-optic modulators are of interest for encoding electrical signals to the optical domain with an option to perform simultaneous wavelength-division multiplexing while reducing the modulation energy consumption. Here, we demonstrate a compact, high-speed, and energy-efficient resonant modulator exploiting the ultrafast characteristics of graphene and organic materials, enabling efficient electro-optic modulation on the silicon platform. Graphene, with its extraordinary electronic and optical properties, is used as a transparent electrode material that brings the radio frequency field close to the photonic mode with minimal extra losses, while the organic material provides a high linear electro-optic coefficient. This arrangement provides both efficient light modulation in a compact device with an active length of 50 μm and a large modulation bandwidth of ∼35 GHz. High-speed data transmission experiments demonstrate a line rate of 320 Gbit/s, while a rate of 128 Gbit/s is achieved under CMOS-compatible voltages with energy consumption of ∼10.1 femtojoules per bit. The presented technology offers a practical and promising route toward integration of graphene into high-speed communication links.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149241537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent electrical and optical characteristics of AlGaInP-based red micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) across a cryogenic range from 80 to 300 K. Experimental results demonstrate that decreasing temperatures lead to an increase in operating bias voltage and an enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE). Using a modified ABC model that incorporates carrier transport and leakage effects, the carrier recombination behaviors behind EQE results were analyzed. By fitting the size-dependent Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) coefficients, the surface recombination velocity (SRV) was extracted, showing a reduction from 1. 53 × 105 cm/s at 300 K to 2. 62 × 104 cm/s at 80 K. Furthermore, an effective trap offset regarding the bulk defect (ΔE = 6. 05 meV) was identified through a theoretical fitting of the temperature-dependent bulk SRH lifetime. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying thermal behavior of defects, specifically how bulk and surface SRH recombination evolve at cryogenic temperatures.
{"title":"Cryogenic Insights into Bulk and Sidewall Nonradiative Recombination in AlGaInP Red Micro-LEDs","authors":"Ming-June Wu,Chee-Keong Yee,Natchanon Prechatavanich,Cheng-En Wu,Zhi-An Lin,Zih-Wei Cyue,Chao-Hsin Wu","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01493","url":null,"abstract":"This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent electrical and optical characteristics of AlGaInP-based red micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) across a cryogenic range from 80 to 300 K. Experimental results demonstrate that decreasing temperatures lead to an increase in operating bias voltage and an enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE). Using a modified ABC model that incorporates carrier transport and leakage effects, the carrier recombination behaviors behind EQE results were analyzed. By fitting the size-dependent Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) coefficients, the surface recombination velocity (SRV) was extracted, showing a reduction from 1. 53 × 105 cm/s at 300 K to 2. 62 × 104 cm/s at 80 K. Furthermore, an effective trap offset regarding the bulk defect (ΔE = 6. 05 meV) was identified through a theoretical fitting of the temperature-dependent bulk SRH lifetime. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying thermal behavior of defects, specifically how bulk and surface SRH recombination evolve at cryogenic temperatures.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149241523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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