Pub Date : 2026-10-29DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02074
Yuanlu Chen,Xinning Yu,Jun Chen,Zhifang Lin
The relationship between spin and momentum is a cornerstone of wave physics, exemplified by the recent discovery of unidirectional spin-momentum locking. Here, we propose a fundamental and generalized spin-momentum relation, termed bidirectional interlocking, that treats spin and momentum as symmetric field constituents. We demonstrate that in N-wave lattices, the spin and momentum densities emerge as the mutual curls of one another─a universal relationship extending beyond electromagnetism to acoustic and water wave systems. This interlocking framework reveals a unique mechanical phenomenon valid for scatterers of arbitrary size: a dynamically tunable, purely spin-induced lateral force and an in-plane trapping force. We show that by simply tuning the phase difference or polarization of the incident waves, one can precisely control the equilibrium position or transport direction of the manipulated particle within the lattice. Such dynamic manipulation, akin to an optical conveyor belt, provides a level of reconfigurability that conventional static optical traps lack. Finally, we confirm that this interlocking remains robust under experimentally realistic conditions, including Gaussian-beam lattices and structural perturbations. Our results establish a unified paradigm for spin-momentum physics across classical wave systems, providing a versatile foundation for advanced wave-matter interactions and manipulation.
{"title":"Spin-Momentum Interlocking in Classical Fields","authors":"Yuanlu Chen,Xinning Yu,Jun Chen,Zhifang Lin","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02074","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between spin and momentum is a cornerstone of wave physics, exemplified by the recent discovery of unidirectional spin-momentum locking. Here, we propose a fundamental and generalized spin-momentum relation, termed bidirectional interlocking, that treats spin and momentum as symmetric field constituents. We demonstrate that in N-wave lattices, the spin and momentum densities emerge as the mutual curls of one another─a universal relationship extending beyond electromagnetism to acoustic and water wave systems. This interlocking framework reveals a unique mechanical phenomenon valid for scatterers of arbitrary size: a dynamically tunable, purely spin-induced lateral force and an in-plane trapping force. We show that by simply tuning the phase difference or polarization of the incident waves, one can precisely control the equilibrium position or transport direction of the manipulated particle within the lattice. Such dynamic manipulation, akin to an optical conveyor belt, provides a level of reconfigurability that conventional static optical traps lack. Finally, we confirm that this interlocking remains robust under experimentally realistic conditions, including Gaussian-beam lattices and structural perturbations. Our results establish a unified paradigm for spin-momentum physics across classical wave systems, providing a versatile foundation for advanced wave-matter interactions and manipulation.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149281703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dark excitons in atomically thin van der Waals materials, with their long lifetimes, are appealing candidates for quantum information processing and storage. Their charge-neutral nature makes optical readout and control essential, due to the restriction on electrical probing, yet their spin-forbidden character prevents direct coupling to light. Angular momentum transfer between quasiparticles provides a promising route to overcome this limitation. Here, we fabricate a hybrid heterostructure incorporating an antiferromagnetic layered semiconductor CrSBr and transition-metal dichalcogenides. Below the Néel temperature, we observe the brightened dark exciton emission from monolayer MoSe2 in the photoluminescence spectra located at 51 meV below the optically inactive states. This energy difference coincides with the magnon energy of CrSBr. Moreover, the energy difference varying with the magnetic field matches the magnon g-factor, and its temperature dependence is consistent with magnon’s thermal evolution. According to the indicative results that correlate the brightened dark exciton with the magnon, we propose that the dark-to-bright conversion is enabled by interfacial coupling between the magnetic dipole moment of the magnon and the antiparallel spin texture of the dark exciton. This mechanism is well demonstrated by the valley-contrast experiment. Our work establishes a general and easy-to-implement approach to manipulate dark excitons and explore exciton physics in two-dimensional materials without complex device architectures or high magnetic fields, advancing exciton-based and magnon-mediated quantum devices.
{"title":"Brightening Spin-Forbidden Dark Excitons in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides by Antiferromagnetic Magnons","authors":"Xilin Zhang,Yaojie Zhu,Ruixue Bai,Runcheng Mao,Zuowei Yan,Xiaoshan Du,Rui Zhou,Yisen Tang,Heng Li,Zdenek Sofer,Hui Ma,Cheng Song,Chongyun Jiang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01446","url":null,"abstract":"Dark excitons in atomically thin van der Waals materials, with their long lifetimes, are appealing candidates for quantum information processing and storage. Their charge-neutral nature makes optical readout and control essential, due to the restriction on electrical probing, yet their spin-forbidden character prevents direct coupling to light. Angular momentum transfer between quasiparticles provides a promising route to overcome this limitation. Here, we fabricate a hybrid heterostructure incorporating an antiferromagnetic layered semiconductor CrSBr and transition-metal dichalcogenides. Below the Néel temperature, we observe the brightened dark exciton emission from monolayer MoSe2 in the photoluminescence spectra located at 51 meV below the optically inactive states. This energy difference coincides with the magnon energy of CrSBr. Moreover, the energy difference varying with the magnetic field matches the magnon g-factor, and its temperature dependence is consistent with magnon’s thermal evolution. According to the indicative results that correlate the brightened dark exciton with the magnon, we propose that the dark-to-bright conversion is enabled by interfacial coupling between the magnetic dipole moment of the magnon and the antiparallel spin texture of the dark exciton. This mechanism is well demonstrated by the valley-contrast experiment. Our work establishes a general and easy-to-implement approach to manipulate dark excitons and explore exciton physics in two-dimensional materials without complex device architectures or high magnetic fields, advancing exciton-based and magnon-mediated quantum devices.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149281704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-28DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01783
S Anusree,Wahidur Rahman,Hardeep,Akshay Singh,Abhishek Misra
The rich multivalley band structure of transition metal dichalcogenides enables the formation of dark excitons. Owing to their long lifetimes, dark excitons are promising candidates for exciton storage and long-range transport; however, their optically inactive nature makes their access and manipulation difficult. Here, we demonstrate the brightening of the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton in multilayer WS2 at room temperature through tensile strain engineering. Tensile strain enhances phonon-assisted intervalley scattering by strengthening the exciton–phonon coupling associated with longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons, thereby activating the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton. We also experimentally show that compared to monolayer WS2, multilayer WS2 exhibits much greater exciton–phonon coupling, which allows the efficient activation and thermal stability of the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton, enabling its persistence up to ambient temperature. These findings establish strain-engineered multilayer WS2 as a promising platform for accessing dark excitonic states under ambient conditions and pave the way for practical exciton-based devices for excitonic, valleytronic, and quantum technologies.
{"title":"Room-Temperature Brightening of Momentum-Dark Excitons in Strain-Engineered Multilayer WS2","authors":"S Anusree,Wahidur Rahman,Hardeep,Akshay Singh,Abhishek Misra","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01783","url":null,"abstract":"The rich multivalley band structure of transition metal dichalcogenides enables the formation of dark excitons. Owing to their long lifetimes, dark excitons are promising candidates for exciton storage and long-range transport; however, their optically inactive nature makes their access and manipulation difficult. Here, we demonstrate the brightening of the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton in multilayer WS2 at room temperature through tensile strain engineering. Tensile strain enhances phonon-assisted intervalley scattering by strengthening the exciton–phonon coupling associated with longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons, thereby activating the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton. We also experimentally show that compared to monolayer WS2, multilayer WS2 exhibits much greater exciton–phonon coupling, which allows the efficient activation and thermal stability of the momentum-dark KΛ′ exciton, enabling its persistence up to ambient temperature. These findings establish strain-engineered multilayer WS2 as a promising platform for accessing dark excitonic states under ambient conditions and pave the way for practical exciton-based devices for excitonic, valleytronic, and quantum technologies.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are critically limited by nonradiative recombination losses that reduce their open-circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The hole-transport layer (HTL) plays a critical role in addressing this challenge. Herein, we report a chlorophyll (Chl) bilayer HTL composed of an electropolymerized nickel methyl 131-deoxo-pyropheophorbide-a bottom layer and a cyano-/hydroxyl-functionalized Chl-CN top layer. The two molecular layers form a bilayer heterojunction structure through strong π–π stacking, establishing hierarchical photocarrier transport channels that enable rapid interfacial hole extraction and efficient in-layer transport. Moreover, the cyano groups passivate Pb-related defects, relieve interfacial stress, and slow crystallization, while the hydroxyl groups suppress halide segregation through hydrogen bonding. These synergistic effects minimize nonradiative recombination channels for photogenerated carriers. Our 1.68 eV WBG PSCs incorporating this HTL achieve a high PCE of 23.51%. Unencapsulated devices retain over 90% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under one-sun illumination. In addition, a four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem cell incorporating this Chl heterojunction HTL achieves a PCE of 31.18%. This biobased bilayer interface design modulates photocarrier transport and suppresses nonradiative recombination, highlighting Chl derivatives for photon management in photovoltaics.
宽带隙钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）受到非辐射复合损耗的严重限制，这会降低其开路电压和功率转换效率（PCE）。空穴传输层（html）在解决这一挑战方面起着关键作用。本文报道了一种叶绿素（Chl）双分子层HTL，它由电聚合甲基镍- 131-脱氧焦磷-底层和氰基/羟基功能化的Chl- cn顶层组成。两个分子层通过强π -π堆叠形成双层异质结结构，建立层次化的光载流子传输通道，实现了快速的界面空穴提取和高效的层内传输。此外，氰基钝化了铅相关缺陷，减轻了界面应力，减缓了结晶，而羟基通过氢键抑制了卤化物的偏析。这些协同效应使光生载流子的非辐射重组通道最小化。我们采用该html的1.68 eV WBG psc实现了23.51%的高PCE。在单太阳照射下，在最大功率点跟踪1000小时后，未封装的器件保留其初始PCE的90%以上。此外，采用Chl异质结HTL的四端钙钛矿/硅串联电池的PCE达到31.18%。这种生物基双层界面设计可调节光载流子输运并抑制非辐射重组，突出了Chl衍生物在光伏电池中的光子管理。
{"title":"Chlorophyll Bilayer Heterojunction as a Hole-Transport Layer Enables Efficient and Stable Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Xuelian Liu,Qingyuan Zhao,Xianzhao Wang,Yuting Song,Ziyan Liu,Yuhan Lin,Youshuai Fu,Yu Zhang,Hai Xu,Naoyuki Shibayama,Aijun Li,Shin-ichi Sasaki,Hitoshi Tamiaki,Yisong Zheng,Xiao-Feng Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02017","url":null,"abstract":"Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are critically limited by nonradiative recombination losses that reduce their open-circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The hole-transport layer (HTL) plays a critical role in addressing this challenge. Herein, we report a chlorophyll (Chl) bilayer HTL composed of an electropolymerized nickel methyl 131-deoxo-pyropheophorbide-a bottom layer and a cyano-/hydroxyl-functionalized Chl-CN top layer. The two molecular layers form a bilayer heterojunction structure through strong π–π stacking, establishing hierarchical photocarrier transport channels that enable rapid interfacial hole extraction and efficient in-layer transport. Moreover, the cyano groups passivate Pb-related defects, relieve interfacial stress, and slow crystallization, while the hydroxyl groups suppress halide segregation through hydrogen bonding. These synergistic effects minimize nonradiative recombination channels for photogenerated carriers. Our 1.68 eV WBG PSCs incorporating this HTL achieve a high PCE of 23.51%. Unencapsulated devices retain over 90% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking under one-sun illumination. In addition, a four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem cell incorporating this Chl heterojunction HTL achieves a PCE of 31.18%. This biobased bilayer interface design modulates photocarrier transport and suppresses nonradiative recombination, highlighting Chl derivatives for photon management in photovoltaics.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-28DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02202
Xinran Ji,Junxian Wang,Tianchi Zhang,Xuan Zhao,Di Wu,Zixuan Wei,Yizhi Chen,Jialong Wang,Lei Bi
Laser annealing (LA) has emerged as an effective method for localized crystallization of magneto-optical (MO) garnet thin films on semiconductor substrates. However, few studies have explored the crystallization and magneto-optical (MO) properties of cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG, Ce1Y2Fe5O12) thin films for integrated photonic device applications using the LA technique. In this study, we provide a comprehensive investigation into the laser annealing of Ce:YIG films deposited on SiO2 substrates and silicon nitride photonic waveguides for integrated nonreciprocal photonic device applications. Garnet phase was successfully observed in films grown on SiO2/Si substrates and SiN waveguides with laser annealing of sputtered Ce:YIG films on top of a laser annealed Y3Fe5O12 seed layer. The magneto-optical (MO) properties of Ce:YIG films on oxidized Si substrates were found to be comparable to those prepared by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). A Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) type optical isolator based on Ce:YIG film on SiN was fabricated, exhibiting a saturation Faraday rotation of −2317.7 ± 94.8 deg/cm and propagation loss of 188.2 ± 16.5 dB/cm. Isolation ratio of 27.1 dB and insertion loss of 10.1 dB were achieved at 1552.7 nm wavelength.
{"title":"Localized Crystallization of Ce:YIG Thin Films on Si Using CO2 Laser Annealing for Integrated Nonreciprocal Photonic Device Applications","authors":"Xinran Ji,Junxian Wang,Tianchi Zhang,Xuan Zhao,Di Wu,Zixuan Wei,Yizhi Chen,Jialong Wang,Lei Bi","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02202","url":null,"abstract":"Laser annealing (LA) has emerged as an effective method for localized crystallization of magneto-optical (MO) garnet thin films on semiconductor substrates. However, few studies have explored the crystallization and magneto-optical (MO) properties of cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG, Ce1Y2Fe5O12) thin films for integrated photonic device applications using the LA technique. In this study, we provide a comprehensive investigation into the laser annealing of Ce:YIG films deposited on SiO2 substrates and silicon nitride photonic waveguides for integrated nonreciprocal photonic device applications. Garnet phase was successfully observed in films grown on SiO2/Si substrates and SiN waveguides with laser annealing of sputtered Ce:YIG films on top of a laser annealed Y3Fe5O12 seed layer. The magneto-optical (MO) properties of Ce:YIG films on oxidized Si substrates were found to be comparable to those prepared by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). A Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) type optical isolator based on Ce:YIG film on SiN was fabricated, exhibiting a saturation Faraday rotation of −2317.7 ± 94.8 deg/cm and propagation loss of 188.2 ± 16.5 dB/cm. Isolation ratio of 27.1 dB and insertion loss of 10.1 dB were achieved at 1552.7 nm wavelength.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"253 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-28DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01497
Xinru Li,Yuchen Yang,Peiqi Yu,Yilong Li,Yehao Hou,Qian Huang,Ruiyi Zhao,Di Wang,Shaowei Wang
Driven by the rapid development of nanomanufacturing technology, meta-holography has become a research frontier in the field of optoelectronics. However, existing meta-hologram design schemes still struggle to achieve rapid hologram generation, largely due to the high calculation cost of hologram generation. In addition, there is inevitable aliasing noise in subwavelength sampling, which affects the further development of 3D meta-holography. Here, we propose a fast 3D meta-holography method with reduced reconstruction noise based on a complex-amplitude constraint. By introducing a complex-amplitude constraint on a single reference plane during hologram design, the proposed method reduces reconstruction noise while markedly lowering the calculation cost. Furthermore, we fabricated a metasurface with near-vertical sidewalls approaching 90° and exceptional pattern integrity via the etch-pump cycling method, enabling robust experimental validation. Compared with conventional GS-based optimization schemes, the proposed method improves reconstruction quality and calculation efficiency simultaneously. At 50 iterations, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is improved by approximately 49% relative to the conventional amplitude-constrained GS algorithm, while the calculation time is reduced by up to 97% compared with conventional multiplane GS algorithms. This fast and low-noise 3D meta-holography is promising for compact 3D display, wearable photonics, and related holographic imaging applications.
{"title":"Fast and Low-Noise 3D Meta-Holography Based on Complex-Amplitude Constraint","authors":"Xinru Li,Yuchen Yang,Peiqi Yu,Yilong Li,Yehao Hou,Qian Huang,Ruiyi Zhao,Di Wang,Shaowei Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01497","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the rapid development of nanomanufacturing technology, meta-holography has become a research frontier in the field of optoelectronics. However, existing meta-hologram design schemes still struggle to achieve rapid hologram generation, largely due to the high calculation cost of hologram generation. In addition, there is inevitable aliasing noise in subwavelength sampling, which affects the further development of 3D meta-holography. Here, we propose a fast 3D meta-holography method with reduced reconstruction noise based on a complex-amplitude constraint. By introducing a complex-amplitude constraint on a single reference plane during hologram design, the proposed method reduces reconstruction noise while markedly lowering the calculation cost. Furthermore, we fabricated a metasurface with near-vertical sidewalls approaching 90° and exceptional pattern integrity via the etch-pump cycling method, enabling robust experimental validation. Compared with conventional GS-based optimization schemes, the proposed method improves reconstruction quality and calculation efficiency simultaneously. At 50 iterations, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is improved by approximately 49% relative to the conventional amplitude-constrained GS algorithm, while the calculation time is reduced by up to 97% compared with conventional multiplane GS algorithms. This fast and low-noise 3D meta-holography is promising for compact 3D display, wearable photonics, and related holographic imaging applications.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176
Xi Xie,Ou Lu,Hongyang Xu,Jiakang Zhou,Yijie Shen,Changjun Min,Yuquan Zhang,Xiaocong Yuan
Reconfigurable optical manipulation requires controlled switching between conservative confinement and nonconservative transport. However, achieving both functions often relies on digital wavefront shaping or nanofabricated photonic elements. Here, we establish pupil-plane inversion symmetry as a selection rule for controlling photonic spin Hall responses and optical-force landscapes in focused cylindrical vector beams using passive fractional sector masks. Decomposing the mask transmission into inversion-paired and inversion-breaking components shows that the longitudinal spin angular momentum density and transverse energy flow arise from interference between these two symmetry channels. Inversion-asymmetric transmission permits focal-plane spin-dependent momentum circulation, whereas inversion-symmetric transmission restores its cancellation. Electric-dipole and Maxwell-stress-tensor calculations map these regimes onto vortical nonconservative forces and conservative parallel-trapping landscapes. Gold-particle trajectories provide particle-level observations consistent with the calculated mechanical responses, showing opposite rotation directions at conjugate trapping sites and static parallel confinement under inversion-symmetric masks. Thus, pupil-plane inversion symmetry provides a practical design principle for tailoring photonic spin Hall responses and reconfigurable optical manipulation.
{"title":"Pupil-Plane Inversion Symmetry Governs the Photonic Spin Hall Effect for Optical Manipulation","authors":"Xi Xie,Ou Lu,Hongyang Xu,Jiakang Zhou,Yijie Shen,Changjun Min,Yuquan Zhang,Xiaocong Yuan","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c02176","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable optical manipulation requires controlled switching between conservative confinement and nonconservative transport. However, achieving both functions often relies on digital wavefront shaping or nanofabricated photonic elements. Here, we establish pupil-plane inversion symmetry as a selection rule for controlling photonic spin Hall responses and optical-force landscapes in focused cylindrical vector beams using passive fractional sector masks. Decomposing the mask transmission into inversion-paired and inversion-breaking components shows that the longitudinal spin angular momentum density and transverse energy flow arise from interference between these two symmetry channels. Inversion-asymmetric transmission permits focal-plane spin-dependent momentum circulation, whereas inversion-symmetric transmission restores its cancellation. Electric-dipole and Maxwell-stress-tensor calculations map these regimes onto vortical nonconservative forces and conservative parallel-trapping landscapes. Gold-particle trajectories provide particle-level observations consistent with the calculated mechanical responses, showing opposite rotation directions at conjugate trapping sites and static parallel confinement under inversion-symmetric masks. Thus, pupil-plane inversion symmetry provides a practical design principle for tailoring photonic spin Hall responses and reconfigurable optical manipulation.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrically stimulated emission in organic electroluminescent (EL) gain devices requires high-density excitons generated at high current density, which typically leads to low efficiency and severe efficiency roll-off. To date, limited progress has been made in the development of high-gain EL devices driven at high current densities. Here, we develop a high-efficiency blend material system by combining a custom-designed high-gain dopant, DPASP, with a bipolar-transport host material, 2MCz-CNMCz, which enables efficient triplet exciton utilization. The blend films achieve a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 99%, an extremely low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 0.3 μJ cm–2 and a high net gain coefficient of 73.2 cm–1. A p-i-n heterojunction EL device with a multilayered structure is designed, exhibiting effective suppression of singlet–triplet annihilation (STA) under high current density. The EL device achieves an external quantum efficiency exceeding 2.48% at its critical current density J50 of 1 kA cm–2 and a record radiant exitance of 96 W cm–2 at 3.8 kA cm–2. In addition, the optimized multilayer EL device exhibits a low optically pumped ASE threshold of 3.0 μJ cm–2. More importantly, synchronous electro-optical co-pumping measurements reveal that the electrically injected excitons actively participate in stimulated emission within a time window of approximately 7 ns, resulting in a higher total ASE output intensity compared with that obtained under optical pumping alone. This study demonstrates that effective triplet exciton management enables efficient organic EL devices capable of operating at high current densities. Furthermore, electrically injected excitons are shown to participate in stimulated emission that builds upon the optically pumped ASE.
有机电致发光（EL）增益器件中的电激发射需要在高电流密度下产生高密度激子，这通常导致效率低和严重的效率滚降。迄今为止，在高电流密度驱动下的高增益EL器件的开发方面取得了有限的进展。在这里，我们通过将定制设计的高增益掺杂剂DPASP与双极输运宿主材料2MCz-CNMCz相结合，开发了一种高效的混合材料体系，从而实现了三重态激子的高效利用。该共混薄膜的光致发光量子产率高达99%，放大自发发射（ASE）阈值极低，仅为0.3 μJ cm-2，净增益系数高达73.2 cm-1。设计了一种具有多层结构的p-i-n异质结EL器件，该器件在高电流密度下能有效抑制单重态-三重态湮灭（STA）。该器件在临界电流密度J50为1 kA cm-2时的外量子效率超过2.48%，在3.8 kA cm-2时的辐照度达到了创纪录的96 W cm-2。此外，优化后的多层EL器件具有3.0 μJ cm-2的低光泵浦ASE阈值。更重要的是，同步电光共泵浦测量表明，电注入激子在大约7 ns的时间窗内积极参与受激发射，导致比光泵浦获得更高的ASE总输出强度。该研究表明，有效的三重态激子管理使高效的有机电致发光器件能够在高电流密度下工作。此外，电注入激子被证明参与了建立在光泵浦ASE之上的受激发射。
{"title":"High-Gain Organic Electroluminescent Device","authors":"Zhiyuan Zhang,Jichen Zhao,Yu Mao,Yuan Meng,Zimo Hu,Xu Wang,Lei Ying,Ruidong Xia,Dongge Ma,Qi Zhang,Junbiao Peng","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01735","url":null,"abstract":"Electrically stimulated emission in organic electroluminescent (EL) gain devices requires high-density excitons generated at high current density, which typically leads to low efficiency and severe efficiency roll-off. To date, limited progress has been made in the development of high-gain EL devices driven at high current densities. Here, we develop a high-efficiency blend material system by combining a custom-designed high-gain dopant, DPASP, with a bipolar-transport host material, 2MCz-CNMCz, which enables efficient triplet exciton utilization. The blend films achieve a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 99%, an extremely low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 0.3 μJ cm–2 and a high net gain coefficient of 73.2 cm–1. A p-i-n heterojunction EL device with a multilayered structure is designed, exhibiting effective suppression of singlet–triplet annihilation (STA) under high current density. The EL device achieves an external quantum efficiency exceeding 2.48% at its critical current density J50 of 1 kA cm–2 and a record radiant exitance of 96 W cm–2 at 3.8 kA cm–2. In addition, the optimized multilayer EL device exhibits a low optically pumped ASE threshold of 3.0 μJ cm–2. More importantly, synchronous electro-optical co-pumping measurements reveal that the electrically injected excitons actively participate in stimulated emission within a time window of approximately 7 ns, resulting in a higher total ASE output intensity compared with that obtained under optical pumping alone. This study demonstrates that effective triplet exciton management enables efficient organic EL devices capable of operating at high current densities. Furthermore, electrically injected excitons are shown to participate in stimulated emission that builds upon the optically pumped ASE.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637
Léo Guiramand,Florant Exertier,Alexandre Fahy,Anna Martinez,Matteo De Tullio,Saïd Idlahcen,Jonathan Houard,Gerald Da Costa,Thomas Godin,Xavier Ropagnol,Domenico Paparo,François Blanchard,Angela Vella,Ammar Hideur
High-intensity terahertz (THz) sources combining high repetition rates, strong field amplitudes, and long-term stability are key enabling technologies for next-generation ultrafast photonics. However, simultaneously achieving these characteristics in a compact and practical architecture remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-performance tabletop THz source delivering intense single-cycle pulses at 100 kHz, generated by optical rectification in lithium niobate using an optimized echelon-based tilted-pulse-front scheme and driven by an industrial-grade ytterbium laser. The source achieves optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies exceeding 0.13% at room temperature, peak electric fields of several hundred kV/cm, and excellent long-term stability, establishing a robust platform for high-average-power strong-field THz applications. As a proof of concept, the source was integrated into an atom probe tomography (APT) instrument. APT reconstructs the three-dimensional chemical composition of materials through field-induced ion emission from a sharp nanotip. While THz-assisted ion emission has been shown to improve analytical performance by reducing thermal effects, previous demonstrations were limited to low-repetition-rate THz sources, restricting throughput and accessible analysis volumes. Using an aluminum nanotip, we demonstrate efficient THz-assisted APT at 100 kHz and benchmark its performance against conventional voltage- and laser-assisted operation. The high repetition rate enables rapid large-volume acquisition while improving mass resolving power, reducing thermal tailing, and preserving high-quality three-dimensional reconstructions. Beyond APT, this work establishes a compact and scalable high-repetition-rate THz platform for strong-field physics, nonlinear THz photonics, ultrafast spectroscopy, and material characterization at the nanoscale.
{"title":"A Compact High-Repetition-Rate Intense THz Source for Atomic-Scale Materials Characterization","authors":"Léo Guiramand,Florant Exertier,Alexandre Fahy,Anna Martinez,Matteo De Tullio,Saïd Idlahcen,Jonathan Houard,Gerald Da Costa,Thomas Godin,Xavier Ropagnol,Domenico Paparo,François Blanchard,Angela Vella,Ammar Hideur","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01637","url":null,"abstract":"High-intensity terahertz (THz) sources combining high repetition rates, strong field amplitudes, and long-term stability are key enabling technologies for next-generation ultrafast photonics. However, simultaneously achieving these characteristics in a compact and practical architecture remains a major challenge. Here, we report a high-performance tabletop THz source delivering intense single-cycle pulses at 100 kHz, generated by optical rectification in lithium niobate using an optimized echelon-based tilted-pulse-front scheme and driven by an industrial-grade ytterbium laser. The source achieves optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies exceeding 0.13% at room temperature, peak electric fields of several hundred kV/cm, and excellent long-term stability, establishing a robust platform for high-average-power strong-field THz applications. As a proof of concept, the source was integrated into an atom probe tomography (APT) instrument. APT reconstructs the three-dimensional chemical composition of materials through field-induced ion emission from a sharp nanotip. While THz-assisted ion emission has been shown to improve analytical performance by reducing thermal effects, previous demonstrations were limited to low-repetition-rate THz sources, restricting throughput and accessible analysis volumes. Using an aluminum nanotip, we demonstrate efficient THz-assisted APT at 100 kHz and benchmark its performance against conventional voltage- and laser-assisted operation. The high repetition rate enables rapid large-volume acquisition while improving mass resolving power, reducing thermal tailing, and preserving high-quality three-dimensional reconstructions. Beyond APT, this work establishes a compact and scalable high-repetition-rate THz platform for strong-field physics, nonlinear THz photonics, ultrafast spectroscopy, and material characterization at the nanoscale.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-10-27DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531
Peng Sun,Shu Li,Yuyang Duan,Yuchao Zhang,Tingxuan Li,Kun Tu,Yibo Dong,Min Gu,Jing Wang
Diffractive neural networks (DNNs) offer a promising route toward high-throughput, low-power optical computing; however, their application to autonomous-driving perception remains limited by insufficient representational capacity for complex scenes, owing to their relatively simple architectures and reliance on spatial-domain information alone. Here, we propose a spatial–frequency diffractive neural network (SFDNN) architecture that jointly exploits spatial- and frequency-domain information through two parallel sub-DNN branches. By leveraging the complementarity of these two domains, the proposed architecture improves feature separability and enhances perception performance, thereby outperforming conventional DNNs in the autonomous-driving segmentation task. Numerical results show that, under the same modulation-layer constraint, the SFDNN consistently surpasses single-domain models in segmentation tasks, improving reconstruction fidelity and spatial overlap over the best single-domain baseline by 10.9% and 23.2%, respectively. The framework further demonstrates strong generalization to traffic sign classification, achieving accuracies of up to 93.67%. Experimentally, we validate the proposed framework using a hybrid optical–digital system and demonstrate reliable target-region segmentation in a physical optical setup. Furthermore, a micrometer-scale SFDNN chip fabricated by laser nanoprinting confirms the feasibility of on-chip integration. This work provides a practical pathway to efficient, intelligent optical perception for autonomous driving and related edge-vision applications.
{"title":"Parallel Spatial–Frequency Diffractive Neural Networks for Autonomous-Driving Visual Understanding","authors":"Peng Sun,Shu Li,Yuyang Duan,Yuchao Zhang,Tingxuan Li,Kun Tu,Yibo Dong,Min Gu,Jing Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c01531","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive neural networks (DNNs) offer a promising route toward high-throughput, low-power optical computing; however, their application to autonomous-driving perception remains limited by insufficient representational capacity for complex scenes, owing to their relatively simple architectures and reliance on spatial-domain information alone. Here, we propose a spatial–frequency diffractive neural network (SFDNN) architecture that jointly exploits spatial- and frequency-domain information through two parallel sub-DNN branches. By leveraging the complementarity of these two domains, the proposed architecture improves feature separability and enhances perception performance, thereby outperforming conventional DNNs in the autonomous-driving segmentation task. Numerical results show that, under the same modulation-layer constraint, the SFDNN consistently surpasses single-domain models in segmentation tasks, improving reconstruction fidelity and spatial overlap over the best single-domain baseline by 10.9% and 23.2%, respectively. The framework further demonstrates strong generalization to traffic sign classification, achieving accuracies of up to 93.67%. Experimentally, we validate the proposed framework using a hybrid optical–digital system and demonstrate reliable target-region segmentation in a physical optical setup. Furthermore, a micrometer-scale SFDNN chip fabricated by laser nanoprinting confirms the feasibility of on-chip integration. This work provides a practical pathway to efficient, intelligent optical perception for autonomous driving and related edge-vision applications.","PeriodicalId":23,"journal":{"name":"ACS Photonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149250926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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