Forensic Chemistry最新文献_第7页

A UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method for the determination of the psychedelic secondary metabolite mescaline in San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) and its applicability for screening mescaline in other cacti varieties. 建立了一种hplc -(ESI)MS/MS法测定圣佩德罗（Trichocereus spp.）致幻次级代谢物美斯卡灵的含量及其在其他仙人掌品种中筛选美斯卡灵的适用性。

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100659

Pragna Gaur , Liam Engel , Damian Robert Hall , Cheang Khoo , Jerome Sarris , Daniel Perkins , Chun Guang Li , Mitchell Low

Commencements of clinical trials of psychedelic therapies for intractable forms of mental illnesses have drawn increased public attention to plants containing psychedelic substances. Whilst the psychoactive alkaloid mescaline has limited clinical trials, the San Pedro (Trichocereus spp.) cacti from which it is found have a long history of Indigenous medical and spiritual use. Traditional use remains licit in some jurisdictions, as supervised psychedelic dosage is typically regarded as tolerable with reports of only mild intoxications and few persisting negative psychological effects. However, mescaline concentration in ornamental San Pedro is highly variable, introducing risk of unintentional low or high dosage if misdirected for illicit use. This paper reports a validated UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS method for the convenient and rapid quantification of mescaline in San Pedro, and for screening twelve potentially untested cacti. Preliminary results indicated that there may be higher amounts of mescaline in the chlorenchyma than the parenchyma of San Pedro. While six cacti lacked detectable mescaline, our screening enabled the first quantifications of mescaline in two varieties of Echinopsis subdenudata from 36 μg g⁻¹ to 2.45 mg g⁻¹. Chemotaxonomically, this amount of mescaline in a species from the traditional Echinopsis genus further suggests that the Trichocereus genus is not distinct and may support their contested combination into a single genus. Forensically, the identification of a popular ornamental cactus that was previously not known to contain mescaline demonstrates the need for routine screening of other cacti for the forensic sciences to remain ahead of emerging trends in psychedelic drug use.

迷幻疗法治疗顽固性精神疾病的临床试验开始后，含有迷幻物质的植物引起了公众越来越多的关注。虽然精神活性生物碱麦司卡林的临床试验有限，但圣佩德罗仙人掌（Trichocereus spp.）在一些司法管辖区，传统使用仍然是合法的，因为监管下的迷幻剂剂量通常被认为是可以承受的，只有轻微中毒的报告，很少有持续的负面心理影响。不过，观赏圣佩德罗中的麦司卡林浓度变化很大，如果被误导用于非法用途，就有可能无意中摄入过少或过多的剂量。本文报告了一种经过验证的超高效液相色谱-(ESI)质谱/质谱（UHPLC-(ESI)MS/MS）方法，用于方便、快速地定量检测圣佩德罗中的麦司卡林，并筛选 12 种可能未经检测的仙人掌。初步结果表明，圣佩德罗仙人掌软骨中的麦司卡林含量可能高于实质中的含量。虽然有六种仙人掌无法检测到麦司卡林，但我们的筛选工作首次对两个品种的 Echinopsis subdenudata 中的麦司卡林进行了定量，含量从 36 μg g-1 到 2.45 mg g-1。从化学分类学的角度来看，在一个传统的棘属物种中发现如此多的麦角碱，进一步表明三色堇属并不独特，并可能支持将它们合并为一个属的争议。从法医学角度来看，鉴定出一种以前不知道含有麦司卡林的流行观赏仙人掌表明，法医学需要对其他仙人掌进行例行筛查，以保持对迷幻药使用新趋势的领先地位。

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引用次数: 0

Isotope fractionation during synthesis of methamphetamine from propiophenone, NaNO2 and dimethyl carbonate 丙烯酮、NaNO2和碳酸二甲酯合成甲基苯丙胺的同位素分馏

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100661

Brendan M. Miller , James F. Carter , Sarah L. Cresswell , Wendy A. Loughlin , Peter N. Culshaw

Ephedrine remains a key precursor in the production of methamphetamine. A novel ephedrine-based route to methamphetamine involved the nitrosation of propiophenone to α-isonitrosopropiophenone, followed by catalytic hydrogenation to phenylpropanolamine (± − norephedrine). Cyclization-methylation of phenylpropanolamine to 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone using dimethyl carbonate, followed by basic hydrolysis or catalytic hydrogenolysis formed ephedrine or methamphetamine, respectively.

An investigation into the stable isotope fractionation during the synthesis of methamphetamine from propiophenone, NaNO₂ and dimethyl carbonate was performed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A negative isotopic shift was observed for δ¹⁵N upon nitrosation of propiophenone to α-isonitrosopropiophenone, and a negative isotopic shift for δ²H during catalytic hydrogenation of α-isonitrosopropiophenone to phenylpropanolamine. Minimal change in δ¹³C was observed throughout the reaction until the methylation step with dimethyl carbonate, where a negative isotopic shift was observed.

The δ¹³C values for the methamphetamine presented in a similar range to methamphetamine reported in previous work where the norephedrine/norpseudoephedrine was prepared via different starting materials (benzaldehyde and nitroethane), confirming that similar δ¹³C values will result from fractionation during methylation with dimethyl carbonate regardless of the origin of the norephedrine/norpseudoephedrine. Chiral analysis confirmed methamphetamine to be racemic.

麻黄碱仍然是生产甲基苯丙胺的关键前体。以麻黄碱为基础的新型甲基苯丙胺生产工艺包括将苯丙酮亚硝化为 α-异亚硝基苯丙酮，然后催化加氢生成苯丙羟胺（± - 去甲麻黄碱）。使用碳酸二甲酯将苯丙羟胺环化-甲基化为 3,4-二甲基-5-苯基-2-恶唑烷酮，然后进行碱水解或催化氢化，分别生成麻黄碱或甲基苯丙胺。在将苯丙酮硝化成 α-异硝基苯丙酮的过程中，观察到 δ15N 发生了负同位素移动，在将α-异硝基苯丙酮催化氢化成苯丙羟胺的过程中，观察到 δ2H 发生了负同位素移动。在整个反应过程中，δ13C 的变化极小，直到与碳酸二甲酯发生甲基化反应时，才观察到负同位素位移。甲基苯丙胺的δ13C值与之前工作中报告的甲基苯丙胺的δ13C值范围相似，在之前的工作中，去甲麻黄碱/去甲伪麻黄碱是通过不同的起始原料（苯甲醛和硝基乙烷）制备的。手性分析证实甲基苯丙胺是外消旋的。

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引用次数: 0

Elemental and isotopic profiling of potassium perchlorate salts for forensic explosives investigations 法医炸药调查用高氯酸钾的元素和同位素分析

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100666

I.M. van Damme , F.Y. Linzey , G.M.H. Brust , K. Haßler , C.D. van Dijk , A.E.D.M. van der Heijden , K.D.B. Bezemer , E. de Rijke , A.W.C. Hulsbergen , A.C. van Asten

This study explores the feasibility of using isotopic and elemental signatures for the source attribution of potassium perchlorate (KClO₄) salts, which can play a significant role in forensic explosives investigations. A total of 41 different reference KClO₄ batches were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. Rubidium was the only elemental impurity detected consistently across all reference batches. Combined with the oxygen isotopic composition, these features provide a discriminating power of 94 %. A score-based likelihood ratio (LR) system was developed also including concentrations of sodium, magnesium, chromium, and iron, which were detected in 69–98 % of the reference samples and showed significant variation between sources. The LR system employs Manhattan distance and kernel density estimation to model (dis)similarity across source comparisons. Five-fold cross validation results suggest the LR system effectively distinguishes between same-source and different-source pairs (C_llr = 0.184) and can be used to report LR values of up to 74 (moderate support). Infrequently detected trace elements and chlorate concentrations allow for a more comprehensive interpretation of chemical profile analyses and should also be considered to uphold forensic integrity. A series of tests have established a reliable method for the reduction of KClO₄ to KCl for subsequent chlorine isotope ratio – mass spectrometry (δ³⁷Cl -IRMS) measurements, which could provide additional discriminating power. Further research is required to develop a scalable process that yields sufficient material for δ³⁷Cl-IRMS and to ensure that the sample preparation process yields reproducible δ³⁷Cl values.

本研究探讨了利用同位素和元素特征分析高氯酸钾（KClO4）盐来源归属的可行性，这将在法医爆炸物调查中发挥重要作用。采用同位素比质谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对41批不同的KClO4参比进行了分析。铷是唯一在所有参考批次中一致检测到的元素杂质。结合氧同位素组成，这些特征提供了94%的鉴别能力。建立了基于分数的似然比（LR）系统，包括钠、镁、铬和铁的浓度，在69 - 98%的参考样品中检测到，并且在来源之间显示出显着差异。LR系统采用曼哈顿距离和核密度估计来模拟跨源比较的（非）相似性。五重交叉验证结果表明，LR系统可以有效区分同源和不同源对（Cllr = 0.184），并可用于报告LR值高达74（中等支持）。很少检测到的微量元素和氯酸盐浓度允许对化学剖面分析进行更全面的解释，也应考虑维护法医的完整性。一系列试验建立了一种可靠的方法，将KClO₄还原为KCl，用于随后的氯同位素比-质谱（δ37Cl - irms）测量，可以提供额外的判别能力。进一步的研究需要开发一种可扩展的工艺，以产生足够的δ37Cl- irms材料，并确保样品制备过程产生可重复的δ37Cl值。

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引用次数: 0

New perspectives on THCA decarboxylation and accurate GC–MS quantitation of Total THC in Cannabis using analyte protectants 使用分析物保护剂对大麻中THCA脱羧和总THC的GC-MS准确定量研究的新进展

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100668

Jerome Mulloor, Walter B. Wilson, Lane C. Sander

Forensic and commercial laboratories rely on well-characterized analytical methods to accurately determine total tetrahydrocannabinol (total THC), which is the sum of decarboxylated tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) in Cannabis sativa samples. The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 restricts the level of total THC allowed in Cannabis for classification as hemp for commercial purposes. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC–MS) is frequently employed for Cannabis measurements due to its simplicity and speed of analysis. However, several issues complicate the determination of total THC by GC–MS, which are well-documented but unresolved. In the current study, the origins of potential GC–MS method biases are investigated, and novel approaches are presented to mitigate interferences. The behavior of THCA and Δ⁹-THC during GC–MS analyses was studied extensively using test solutions containing their isotopically labeled analogs. A plant matrix effect was identified that significantly increased THCA and Δ⁹-THC responses for Cannabis extracts compared with calibrant solutions. A mechanism is proposed based on the interaction of THCA and Δ⁹-THC with silanols present on heated inlet surfaces. The use of active site blocking agents, known as analyte protectants, reduced these interactions and achieved suitable conditions for quantitation of total THC by GC–MS. When Cannabis plant extracts and calibrants were processed under the recommended conditions, the results were comparable to liquid chromatography with photodiode array (LC-PDA) analysis. The experimental findings ultimately provide evidence to explain the behavior of cannabinoids in the GC–MS system and offer new options for improving the accuracy of total THC measurements.

法医和商业实验室依靠特性良好的分析方法来准确测定大麻样品中的总四氢大麻酚（THC），即脱羧四氢大麻酚酸（THCA）和德尔塔-9-四氢大麻酚（Δ9-THC）的总和。2018年的《农业改进法》限制了大麻中允许的四氢大麻酚总量，将其归类为商业用途的大麻。气相色谱-质谱检测（GC-MS）由于其简单和分析速度快，经常用于大麻测量。然而，一些问题使气相色谱-质谱法测定总四氢大麻酚复杂化，这些问题有充分的文献记录，但尚未解决。在当前的研究中，研究了潜在的GC-MS方法偏差的来源，并提出了新的方法来减轻干扰。使用含有THCA和Δ9-THC同位素标记类似物的测试溶液，广泛研究了THCA和Δ9-THC在GC-MS分析中的行为。与校准溶液相比，植物基质效应显著提高了大麻提取物的THCA和Δ9-THC响应。提出了一种基于THCA和Δ9-THC与加热进口表面上存在的硅烷醇相互作用的机制。活性位点阻断剂（被称为分析物保护剂）的使用减少了这些相互作用，并为GC-MS定量总四氢大麻酚提供了合适的条件。当大麻植物提取物和校准剂在推荐的条件下处理时，结果与光电二极管阵列（LC-PDA）液相色谱分析相当。实验结果最终为解释大麻素在GC-MS系统中的行为提供了证据，并为提高总四氢大麻酚测量的准确性提供了新的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Rescuing fluorescence with steric hindrance: Perylene diimide based powder for latent fingerprint imaging 具有空间位阻的挽救荧光：苝二亚胺基粉末用于潜在指纹成像

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100662

Rajdeep Kaur, Navjot Kaur, Prabhpreet Singh

We reported sterically crowded perylene diimide for rescuing its solid-state fluorescence through functionalization with bulkier hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole (PH2). The PH2 has (i) λ_max.at 620 nm; (ii) 28.8 % solid-state quantum yield and (iii) 100 % red colour purity calculated from CIE plot. PH2 adsorbed on silica nanoparticles was utilized as a fluorescent powder for the visualization of latent fingerprints on different porous, non-porous and curved surfaces using powder-dusting methods. The LFPs were subjected to laboratory conditions simulating those in the field such as aging, temperature, UV light and humidity and we successfully demonstrated the applicability of PH2-SiO₂ powder for the development and visualization of ridge pattern from these degraded LFPs. We also aimed to recover LFPs from physical evidence by developing the LFPs with PH2-SiO₂ followed by lifting of fingerprints using adhesive tape.

我们报道了空间拥挤的苝二亚胺通过与体积较大的羟基苯并噻唑（PH2）官能化来挽救其固态荧光。PH2具有(i) λmax。620nm；（ii） 28.8%的固体量子产率和（iii） 100%的红色纯度计算从CIE图。利用吸附在二氧化硅纳米颗粒上的PH2作为荧光粉，采用粉末除尘法对不同多孔、非多孔和曲面上的潜在指纹进行可视化。实验结果表明，在老化、温度、紫外光和湿度等实验室模拟条件下，PH2-SiO2粉末可用于降解lfp的脊状图案的形成和可视化。我们还试图通过用PH2-SiO2制备lfp，然后用胶带提取指纹，从物证中恢复lfp。

引用次数: 0

Chemical attribution signatures of nordiazepam for the determination of synthetic routes 用于合成路线确定的去甲地西泮的化学属性特征

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100653

Meng Jin , Zixuan Zhang , Xiaogang Lu , Qian Wang , Runli Gao , Fengxia Sun , Hongmei Wang

The origin of illegal drugs is a crucial aspect of forensic work, which provides valuable information for combating and investigating the secret manufacture of drugs and medicines. This paper describes the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) to determine the Chemical Attribution Signatures (CASs) of nordiazepam, a key precursor of diazepam, for tracking the production of diazepam. Synthetic samples were identified and classified using GC × GC-TOFMS and chemometrics. Analysis samples (n = 12) were collected from two synthetic nordiazepam routes; resulting in the identification of 34 possible chemical attribution markers. The finding, combined with chemometric methods, enabled the establishment of a classification prediction model for route attribution. Through cross validation of the model, it has been proven that our model has good classification performance under controlled conditions and can effectively classify samples.

非法毒品的来源是法医工作的一个重要方面，它为打击和调查秘密制造毒品和药品提供了宝贵的资料。本文介绍了利用综合二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC × GC- tofms）测定地西泮关键前体——去甲地西泮的化学属性特征（CASs），以跟踪地西泮的生产。采用GC × GC- tofms和化学计量学对合成样品进行鉴定和分类。分析样品（n = 12）取自两种合成去甲地西泮路线；结果鉴定出34种可能的化学归属标记。结合化学计量学方法，建立了路线归属的分类预测模型。通过对模型的交叉验证，证明了我们的模型在受控条件下具有良好的分类性能，能够有效地对样本进行分类。

引用次数: 0

Electrodeposition of redox materials with potential for enhanced visualisation of latent finger-marks on brass substrates and ammunition casings. 电沉积氧化还原材料，具有增强黄铜基材和弹壳上潜在手印可视化的潜力。

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100663

Colm McKeever, Eithne Dempsey

Electrochemical methods can play a key role in the analysis of impression evidence, specifically, latent finger-marks on brass substrates and ammunition casings, the latter being commonly encountered at crime scenes in forensic casework. In adopting such techniques, forensic investigators can potentially overcome some of the challenges associated with traditional visualisation methods, the use of aggressive reagents, preservation of evidence integrity and the need for extensive sample preparation. The spatially selective deposition of conducting/redox active polymers for visualising latent finger-marks on typically low-yield brass ammunition casings is examined here, exploiting the electrodeposition of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), together with a first-time study of phenozine vs. phenothiazine monomers, and their combinations at sheet and cartridge brass. Fine tuning of electrochemical protocols and conditions together with optimised monomer feedstocks played a key role in the finger-mark visualisation quality achieved with insights into brass electrochemistry. EDOT-thionine emerged consistently as the most effective combination upon electrochemical deposition on brass sheets, revealing latent finger-marks (groomed) at the highest level of detail (level 3), including pores within the papillary ridges, using a low energy, rapid (t = 120 s) constant potential (E_app = 0.1 V vs Ag|AgCl) approach. Successful visualisation of groomed and natural (donor) latent finger-marks was achieved following exposure of brass to temperatures of 700 °C and > 15-month room temperature aging. Bespoke electrochemical cells designed to facilitate the use of ammunition casings as working electrodes produced excellent results via potential sweeping, resulting in pristine visualised latent finger-marks (groomed) of grade 3 quality with visible level 3 (> 50 %) features.

电化学方法可以在分析印痕证据中发挥关键作用，特别是黄铜基材和弹壳上的潜在手印，后者在法医案件工作中经常在犯罪现场遇到。在采用这种技术时，法医调查人员可以潜在地克服与传统可视化方法、使用攻击性试剂、保存证据完整性以及需要大量样品制备有关的一些挑战。本文研究了导电/氧化还原活性聚合物的空间选择性沉积，用于在典型的低产量黄铜弹壳上观察潜在的手印，利用3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（EDOT）的电沉积，以及首次研究了吩嗪与吩噻嗪单体，以及它们在片材和弹壳黄铜上的组合。电化学方案和条件的微调以及优化的单体原料在通过对黄铜电化学的深入了解实现手指印可视化质量方面发挥了关键作用。edot -硫氨酸作为电化学沉积在黄铜片上最有效的组合，在最高细节水平（3级）上显示潜在的手印（修饰），包括乳头状脊内的孔隙，使用低能，快速（t = 120 s）恒定电位（Eapp = 0.1 V vs Ag|AgCl）方法。在将黄铜暴露于700°C和>的温度下后，成功地可视化了修剪过的和天然的（供体）潜在手印。室温陈酿15个月。定制的电化学电池设计便于使用弹药外壳作为工作电极，通过潜在扫描产生优异的效果，产生3级质量的原始可见潜在手印（修饰），可见3级(>；50%)特征。

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引用次数: 0

Instrumental color determination of local soils and its variation with elemental profiles 当地土壤颜色的仪器测定及其随元素剖面的变化

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100644

Melissa Liau, Jolene Low, Kang Hua Lee, Thiam Bon Lim

Forensic soil comparison typically relies on qualitative color description through visual observation and side-by-side comparison with standard color chips from the Munsell Soil Color Charts to determine a color notation. Soil color distinctions are then made according to the US National Soil Survey color contrast classes. However, this approach is inherently subjective due to the variations in human examiner’s color perception, which is further influenced by factors such as light intensity, viewing angle, and background contrast. Conversely, color-measuring instruments like spectrophotometers can detect subtle color variations reliably and with greater precision, including colors falling between the chips in Munsell Soil Color Charts. Color differences between a soil pair can be expressed numerically as

Δ E_{00}

and a threshold based on

Δ E_{00}

to distinguish soil colors can be established for objective color comparison. In this study, the colors of soils collected from Singapore parks (soils sampled from areas within 1 m, within the same park, and across different parks) were measured quantitatively using a spectrophotometer. The occurrences of false positives and negatives were calculated and evaluated for the visual and instrumental color comparison methods. We further investigated correlations between the color discrimination threshold based on

Δ E_{00}

and a previous survey conducted on local soil’s elemental variability. The outcome of this study will help streamline soil analysis workflows in laboratories and strengthen the interpretation of forensic comparison of local soils.

法医土壤比较通常依赖于通过视觉观察和与蒙塞尔土壤颜色图中的标准颜色芯片并排比较来定性描述颜色，以确定颜色符号。然后根据美国国家土壤调查颜色对比等级进行土壤颜色区分。然而，这种方法本质上是主观的，因为人类审查员的颜色感知存在差异，这进一步受到光强度、视角和背景对比度等因素的影响。相反，像分光光度计这样的颜色测量仪器可以可靠地、更精确地检测到细微的颜色变化，包括在孟塞尔土壤颜色图中落在芯片之间的颜色。土壤对之间的色差可以用数值表示为ΔE00，并基于ΔE00建立区分土壤颜色的阈值，进行客观的颜色比较。在本研究中，使用分光光度计定量测量了从新加坡公园收集的土壤的颜色（从1 m范围内，同一公园内和不同公园之间取样的土壤）。假阳性和阴性的发生计算和评估视觉和仪器颜色比较方法。我们进一步研究了基于ΔE00的颜色识别阈值与先前对当地土壤元素变异性的调查之间的相关性。本研究的结果将有助于简化实验室的土壤分析工作流程，并加强对当地土壤法医比较的解释。

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引用次数: 0

Application of element and isotopic fingerprint features in nuclear forensics: A review 元素和同位素指纹特征在核法医鉴定中的应用综述

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100646

Ziao Li , Yang Shao , Min Luo , Lingling Ma , Diandou Xu

Nuclear forensics can provide historical evidence for nuclear materials. This can be used to verify nuclear activities or trace the origin and intended use of materials. As a comprehensive discipline, most sample analysis techniques in nuclear forensics are adaptations of existing methodologies. The elemental signatures contain fundamental information about nuclear materials, while isotope signatures also significantly impact nuclear forensic research. This paper aims to give an overview about the recent developments and the state-of-art analytical methods for elemental signatures and isotope signatures in nuclear forensics. Thorough discussions are given in this paper covering a wide range of aspects, including sample pre-treatment methods, chemical separation techniques, source preparation, mass spectrometry measurement techniques, and multidimensional statistical methods. The element and isotopic signatures discussed in this article include uranium, plutonium, rare earth elements, impurity elements, and radiochronometers. The focus is on mass spectrometry-based detection methods that have been developed to enhance the efficiency, sample throughput and high-precision measurements of nuclear forensic. A detailed discussion is provided on the performance of these techniques, particularly regarding uncertainty, relative deviation and detection limits.

核取证可以为核材料提供历史证据。这可用于核查核活动或追查材料的来源和预期用途。作为一门综合性学科，核法医学中的大多数样本分析技术都是对现有方法的改进。元素特征包含核材料的基本信息，而同位素特征对核法医研究也有重要影响。本文综述了核法医中元素特征和同位素特征分析方法的最新进展和现状。本文对样品前处理方法、化学分离技术、源制备、质谱测量技术和多维统计方法等方面进行了深入的讨论。本文讨论的元素和同位素特征包括铀、钚、稀土元素、杂质元素和无线电计时器。重点是已开发的以质谱为基础的检测方法，以提高核法医的效率、样品吞吐量和高精度测量。详细讨论了这些技术的性能，特别是不确定度、相对偏差和检测限。

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引用次数: 0

Water we waiting for? Evaluating a greener, safer, more cost-effective strategy for applying 1,2-indanedione to fingermarks on paper 我们在等水吗？评估一种更环保、更安全、更具成本效益的将1,2-茚二酮应用于纸上手印的策略

IF 2.6 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Forensic Chemistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2025.100650

Kristen T. Clarke , Scarlet L. Hopkins , Matthew N. Krosch , Sarah L. Cresswell , William J. Gee

Developing fingermarks on paper-based evidence with 1,2-indanedione and zinc chloride is a fundamental evidence gathering methodology; however, the most widely-used carrier solvents to effect it, HFE-7100, will be phased out after 2025, necessitating new 1,2-indanedione formulations. While flammable hydrocarbon solvents have been suggested as suitable replacements for HFE-7100, the compromise to safety makes them unappealing long-term alternatives. This work evaluates a fundamentally different approach; a water-based, non-flammable xanthan gum gel medium hosting 1,2-indanedione that allows for detection of natural fingermarks. The optimised xanthan gum hydrogel formulation preserved fingermark ridge detail whereas the equivalent free-flowing ethanol/water-based solution did not. A natural fingermark depletion study demonstrated that hydrogels could be effective on simulated casework evidence, particularly 24 h after gel application. A validation study (n = 1920) comparing the 1,2-indanedione hydrogel formulation against a petroleum ether formulation found that, while the latter retained significantly better performance at this early stage of development, from a holistic frugal forensics perspective, hydrogels offer major benefits to cost and safety. This work also identified that refining the gel application method will likely improve the gel's performance, which will guide further development to deliver a safer, longer-term alternative to HFE-7100.

用1,2-茚二酮和氯化锌在纸质证据上形成手印是一种基本的证据收集方法；然而，最广泛使用的载体溶剂HFE-7100将在2025年后逐步淘汰，因此需要新的1,2-茚二酮配方。虽然可燃碳氢化合物溶剂被认为是HFE-7100的合适替代品，但安全性的妥协使它们不具有长期替代品的吸引力。这项工作评估了一种完全不同的方法；一种水基、不可燃黄原胶凝胶介质，含有1,2-茚二酮，可用于检测天然手印。优化的黄原胶水凝胶配方保留了手印脊的细节，而等效的自由流动的乙醇/水基溶液则没有。一项天然手印去除研究表明，水凝胶在模拟案例证据中是有效的，特别是在凝胶应用后24小时。一项验证研究（n = 1920）将1,2-茚二酮水凝胶配方与石油醚配方进行了比较，发现后者在开发的早期阶段保留了明显更好的性能，但从整体节约取证的角度来看，水凝胶在成本和安全性方面具有重大优势。这项工作还发现，改进凝胶应用方法可能会提高凝胶的性能，这将指导进一步开发出一种更安全、更长期的替代HFE-7100的产品。

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引用次数: 0