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L'emploi des standards en droit romain 罗马法标准的使用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2016/V22N2A2
Elena Giannozzi
Definir en quoi consiste un standard en droit est une question delicate qui releve plus de l'epistemologie que de la science juridique. En depit de la difficulte a definir le standard, le droit positif francais emploie a plusieurs reprises cette technique, bien que l'apparition du mot "standard" en droit francais soit tres recente. Ce terme, qui derive du vocabulaire anglais, apparait en France au cours de la decennie 1920 dans un mouvement de reaction contre la methode de l'ecole de l'Exegese.Le renvoi au bon pere de famille fut sans doute l'une des utilisations les plus celebres de la technique du standard. La reforme du 4 aout 2014 l'a efface au profit des expressions "raisonnable" ou "raisonnablement". Le legislateur a maintenu la technique du standard en changeant simplement la reference: la raison se substitue alors au modele du bon pere de famille qui est considere comme incompatible avec la parite entre hommes et femmes.
定义法律标准是一个微妙的问题,它更多地涉及认识论而不是法律科学。尽管定义标准很困难,但法国实体法多次使用这种技术,尽管“标准”一词在法国法律中是最近才出现的。这个词来源于英语词汇,出现在20世纪20年代的法国,作为对注释学派方法的一种反应。对父亲的引用无疑是标准技术最著名的用途之一。2014年8月4日的改革删除了它,取而代之的是“合理的”或“合理的”。立法者通过简单地改变参考来维持标准的技术:理性取代了被认为与男女平等不相容的好父亲模式。
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引用次数: 3
Of naval courts martial and prize claims: Some legal consequences of Commodore Johnstone's secret mission to the Cape of Good Hope and the "battle" of Saldanha Bay, 1781 (Part 2) 海军军事法庭与战利品索赔:1781年约翰斯通准将秘密前往好望角和萨尔达尼亚湾“战役”的一些法律后果(下)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/V21N2A11
J. V. Niekerk
Commodore Johnstone's secret mission to the Cape of Good Hope in 1781 had a surprisingly large number of legal consequences, not only in England but also at the Cape. In the main they concerned two matters, namely naval law, more specifically intra-naval immunity, and prize law, more specifically, the question of joint captures.
1781年,约翰斯通准将前往好望角的秘密任务不仅在英国,而且在好望角也引起了令人惊讶的大量法律后果。它们主要涉及两个事项,即海军法,更具体地说是海军内部豁免,以及赏金法,更具体地说是联合扣押问题。
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引用次数: 1
When the Exception is the Rule: Rationalising the Medical Exception in Scots Law 当例外是规则:苏格兰法律中医疗例外的合理化
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47348/fund/v26/i1a1
Jonathan Brown
No physician who performs a legitimate medical operation on a patient commits a criminal offence or a delict. This is so in spite of the fact that to infringe the bodily integrity of another person is plainly both a crime and a civil wrong. Notwithstanding the fact that the patient may desire the operation, the 'defence' of consent cannot possibly justify the serious injuries intentionally inflicted in the course of, (say) an amputation, since this procedure is highly invasive and effects irreversible changes to the patient's physicality. The 'medical exception' is consequently invoked to preclude prosecution of medical practitioners who carry out procedures which involve serious wounding. Quite where the justification for the medical exception lies remains controversial. The exception has long been justified axiomatically, by reference to the existence of surgery as a profession, or has otherwise been held to be of sui generis character. Herein, however, it is submitted that its basis in Scots jurisprudence, can be found in the etymology of the term 'injury'. At its core, the crime/delict of injury served to preserve and uphold boni mores – good morals. Conduct which contumeliously affronted the dignity of a person could clearly be classified contra bonos mores, but it is apparent that iniuria may be effected even in instances in which there could be no subjective affront to the individual person. This provides a rationalisation for the medical exception: 'Proper medical treatment' is not contra bonos mores and so cannot be said to amount to injury or assault.
对病人进行合法医疗手术的医生不构成刑事犯罪或不法行为。尽管侵犯另一个人的身体完整显然既是一种犯罪,也是一种民事错误,但情况仍然如此。尽管患者可能希望进行手术,但同意的“辩护”不可能证明在截肢过程中故意造成的严重伤害是正当的,因为这一过程具有高度侵入性,并对患者的身体产生不可逆转的变化。因此,援引"医疗例外"来排除对实施涉及严重伤害的程序的医生的起诉。医疗例外的正当理由究竟在哪里仍然存在争议。长期以来,由于外科作为一种职业的存在,这种例外一直被证明是合理的,否则就被认为具有自成一体的特征。然而,在此,它提出其在苏格兰法理学的基础,可以在“伤害”一词的词源中找到。伤害罪的核心是维护和维护良好的道德。侮辱一个人的尊严的行为可以明确地归类为违反善意的行为,但很明显,即使在对个人没有主观侮辱的情况下,侮辱也可能发生。这为医疗例外提供了一个合理的解释:"适当的医疗"不违反道德,因此不能说构成伤害或攻击。
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引用次数: 1
A historical review of the development of the post-apartheid South African LLB degree - with particular reference to legal ethics 种族隔离后南非法学学士学位发展的历史回顾-特别涉及法律伦理
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/V21N2A2
N. Whitear-Nel, W. Freedman
This article considers the historical, political and social context of the LLB degree - especially insofar as it pertains to teaching legal ethics. It reviews the role of the law, the legal profession and the system higher education not only during the apartheid era, but also during the transition to democracy and in contemporary South Africa. In addition, this article also provides a detailed explication of the efforts to transform legal education since 1994. Aspects which are especially relevant to the question of legal ethics in the LLB degree are highlighted. Finally, the current state of legal education in South Africa is discussed.
本文考虑了法学学士学位的历史,政治和社会背景-特别是在它与法律伦理教学有关的情况下。它不仅在种族隔离时期,而且在向民主过渡期间和当代南非,审查了法律、法律专业和高等教育制度的作用。此外,本文还对1994年以来法学教育转型的努力进行了详细的阐述。强调了与法学学士学位中法律伦理问题特别相关的方面。最后,讨论了南非法律教育的现状。
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引用次数: 1
Tamás Nótári Law and Society in Lex Baiuvariorum : book review Tamás Nótári Lex Baiuvariorum中的法律与社会:书评
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/V21N1A10
Magdolna Sič
In this monograph, Tamas Notari investigates certain legal and socio-historical aspects of the lex Baiuvariorum, but also gives ample space to a philological analysis of its Medieval Latin. The first chapter (Historical and social background - Bavaria in the eighth century), examines Bavaria's history and society during the first half of the eighthcentury. Specifically, it deals with Bavaria's home and foreign affairs and church organisation, and certain issues pertaining to the structure of society, namely,the evolution of the Bavarian nobility and the status of freemen and slaves. It furthermore analyses the end of the independent Bavarian Dukedom, focusing on the dethronement of Tasilo III, the last duke of the Agilolfing dynasty, and the legal background of the dethronement.
在这本专著中,塔马斯·诺塔里调查了《白变法》的某些法律和社会历史方面,但也为中世纪拉丁语的语言学分析提供了充足的空间。第一章(八世纪巴伐利亚的历史和社会背景)考察了八世纪上半叶巴伐利亚的历史和社会。具体来说,它涉及巴伐利亚的内政和外交事务以及教会组织,以及与社会结构有关的某些问题,即巴伐利亚贵族的演变以及自由人和奴隶的地位。本文进一步分析了巴伐利亚独立公国的终结,重点分析了阿吉洛林王朝最后一位公爵塔西洛三世的废黜,以及废黜的法律背景。
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引用次数: 0
Cum dignitate otium. Remarks on Cicero's speech in defence of Sestius Cum dignitate otium。评述西塞罗为赛提乌斯辩护的演讲
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2016/V22N2A5
T. Nótári
Cicero delivered his speech in March 56 BC in defence of Publius Sestius, who was charged on the grounds of the lex Plautia de vi with acts of violence offending public order/public tranquillity. He convincingly proved that they were measures required by the situation of lawful defence. We need to make it clear: the speech can be considered primarily a brilliantly executed statement of one of the important fundamental postulates of Cicero's philosophy of the state rather than a lawyer's or orator's achievement. Pro Sestio is the first occasion on which Cicero, having returned from exile, was able to formulate his program of rethinking the idea of a res publica harrowed by civil strife and the preserving-renewing reorganisation of the state. In this speech Cicero clearly takes a stand for Sulla's "constitution", that is, for what he interpreted as Sulla's constitution: An argument for strengthening the position of the senate meant to govern the state. His defendant was acquitted, owing not only to the brilliant handling of the facts of the case, but most probably also to the political program presented in the speech with such exhaustive details: A captivating pathos that won his audience's approval.
西塞罗在公元前56年3月为普布利乌斯·塞提乌斯辩护时发表了这番讲话。普布利乌斯被控以侵犯公共秩序/公共安宁的暴力行为。他令人信服地证明,这些措施是合法辩护所必需的。我们需要弄清楚的是,这篇演讲可以被认为是对西塞罗国家哲学的一个重要基本假设的精彩陈述,而不是律师或演说家的成就。《会议论》是西塞罗从流放归来后,第一次能够形成他的纲领,重新思考被内乱和国家的保存-更新重组所折磨的国家的观念。在这篇演讲中,西塞罗明确地表明了他对苏拉“宪法”的立场,也就是说,他对苏拉宪法的解释是:加强元老院统治国家的地位。他的被告被判无罪,这不仅归功于他对案件事实的巧妙处理,而且很可能还归功于他在演讲中提出的政治计划,其中包含了如此详尽的细节:一种迷人的悲情赢得了听众的认可。
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引用次数: 0
Le Gout des jeunes pousses: Atticus, Brutus, Octave 嫩枝的味道:阿提克斯,布鲁图斯,奥克塔夫
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2016/V22N1A2
Yasmina Benferhat
Youth in politics might be a default - a lack of experience justifying waiting for your turn - or an advantage, as a promise of renewal and energy. In ancient Rome youth was something more positive than one could expect: the Roman people, if not the Senate, was fond of young leaders like Scipio Nero, whilst Galba was despised for being too old. This paper aims at studying the case of two young men in the Late Republic - Brutus and Octavian - through their relationship with a much older man, Atticus. The first part focuses on Brutus, born approximately 85 BC and belonging to the ancient elite like Atticus, who was considered a promising young leader of the Optimates since his beginnings in 58 BC until his misfortune in 44-43 when he could not manage to apply the murder of Caesar to his own advantage. The second part concerns Octavius, the real young man, born in 63. He was nineteen years old when he became Caesar's heir, while Brutus was already forty. The vocabulary is revealing: Octavius is called puer by his opponents, but he is an adulescens for the Caesarians, and Brutus is described as an adulescens though already a iuvenis. Atticus, who always helped Brutus, had to change his way: a wedding between Attica and Agrippa, planned by Antony, resulted in him finally belonged to Octavian's party. Octavian, the new man who had won the war, needed a symbol of the old elite and of Republican Rome. Atticus had to save what could be saved.
年轻从政可能是一种缺位——缺乏经验证明等待机会是合理的——或者是一种优势,作为一种更新和活力的承诺。在古罗马,年轻比人们想象的更积极:罗马人民,如果不是元老院,喜欢像西庇阿·尼禄这样的年轻领导人,而加尔巴则因太老而被鄙视。这篇论文旨在研究共和晚期的两个年轻人——布鲁图斯和屋大维——通过他们与一个比他们年长得多的男人阿提克斯的关系。第一部分的重点是布鲁图斯,大约出生于公元前85年,属于像阿提克斯一样的古代精英,他从公元前58年开始就被认为是一个有前途的年轻领袖,直到44-43年他的不幸,他无法利用谋杀凯撒来为自己谋利。第二部分是关于屋大维,一个真实的年轻人,生于公元63年。他19岁时成为凯撒的继承人,而布鲁图斯已经40岁了。书中的词汇很能说明问题:屋大维被他的对手称为“puer”,但在凯撒派看来,他是一个成年人,而布鲁图斯虽然已经是一个“iuvenis”,但被描述为一个成年人。一直帮助布鲁图斯的阿提克斯不得不改变他的方式:安东尼计划的阿提卡和阿格里帕的婚礼导致他最终属于屋大维的一方。屋大维,这位赢得战争的新人,需要一个旧精英和共和罗马的象征。阿迪克斯必须挽救一切可以挽救的东西。
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引用次数: 0
In memoriam János Zlinszky (1928-2015) : orbituary
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n2a15
T. Nótári
Am 18 Juni 2015 ist der Doyen der ungarischen Romanistik, Janos Zlinszky, emeritierter Professor und Grundungsdekan der Staats- und Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Pazmany Peter Katholischen Universitat, ehemaliger Verfassungsrichter der Republik Ungarn, korrespondierendes Mitglied der Osterreichischen Akademieder Wissenschaften in seinem 88. Lebensjahr verstorben.
2015年6月18日,资深匈牙利Romanistik,杰诺斯Zlinszky荣耀教授和Grundungsdekan元首和Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultat Peter Pazmany天主教Universitat前匈牙利共和国Verfassungsrichter korrespondierendes成员Osterreichischen Akademieder科学在他88 .岁去世.
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引用次数: 0
Bemerkungen zur Beweisführung in Ciceros Cluentiana 在cicero帮会
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n1a5
Tamás Nótári
The speech for the defence in the criminal action (causa publica) of Aulus Cluentius Habitus, Cicero's longest surviving speech, dates back to the year 66 when Cicero was praetor. In certain respects, it is the jewel in Cicero's ars oratoria, since its narrative is vivid and full of twists and turns like a crime story. Events, scenes and time sequences follow one another in a dramatic, sometimes seemingly illogical fashion, but in view of the effect the orator seeks to attain, in an exactly premeditated sequence. One charge against Cluentius was that he had poisoned his stepfather, Statius Albius Oppianicus. Another charge was based on the criminal proceedings that had been instituted eight years previously, when Cluentius had charged Oppianicus with attempting to poison him, which resulted in Oppianicus being forced into exile. In the current lawsuit, however, the prosecution alleged that the court in the previous case had declared Oppianicus guilty purely because Cluentius had bribed the judges. The lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis of 81 was applicable with regard to charges of poisoning. However, that law prohibited bribing only those judges who belonged to the order of senators, and Cluentius belonged to the order of knights. First, I outline the historical background of the oration, that is to say, the facts of the case; then, I turn my attention to the possibility of applying the lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis to the case. Finally, I examine Cicero's oratorical strategy of addressing, modifying or distorting the charges and their chronology in order to back up his argument, which lawyers, too, will regard as brilliant.
西塞罗保存时间最长的一篇为刑事诉讼(causa publica)辩护的演讲,可以追溯到西塞罗担任执政官的66年。在某些方面,它是西塞罗演讲艺术中的瑰宝,因为它的叙述生动,充满了曲折,就像一个犯罪故事。事件、场景和时间顺序以一种戏剧性的、有时看似不合逻辑的方式一个接一个地发生,但考虑到演说家想要达到的效果,这是一种经过深思熟虑的顺序。对克伦提乌斯的一项指控是他毒害了他的继父斯塔提乌斯·阿尔比乌斯·奥皮亚尼克斯。另一项指控是基于八年前提起的刑事诉讼,当时克卢森提乌斯指控奥皮亚尼克斯企图毒死他,导致奥皮亚尼克斯被迫流亡。然而,在目前的诉讼中,控方声称,在前一个案件中,法院宣布奥皮亚尼库斯有罪纯粹是因为克卢森修斯贿赂了法官。1981年《谋杀和谋杀法》适用于投毒的指控。然而,该法只禁止贿赂元老院的法官,而克伦提乌斯属于骑士。首先,我概述了演讲的历史背景,也就是说,案件的事实;然后,我把我的注意力转到适用于本案的“犯罪和效率法”的可能性。最后,我考察了西塞罗的演讲策略,他处理、修改或扭曲指控及其时间顺序,以支持他的论点,律师们也会认为他的论点非常出色。
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引用次数: 0
Basil Edwards : 1930-2014 : obituary 巴兹尔·爱德华兹:1930-2014:讣告
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2015/V21N1A13
Joan Church
The passing of Professor AB Edwards in January 2014 was a sad moment - not only for his family, but also for his friends and former colleagues, and particularly those formerly and presently at the University of South Africa. As one of the latter I am honoured to write a tribute in memory of him and the thoughts of him that I share are written in that vein.
2014年1月AB Edwards教授的逝世是一个悲伤的时刻——不仅对他的家人来说,对他的朋友和前同事来说,尤其是那些曾经和现在在南非大学的人。作为后者的一员,我很荣幸能写一篇悼念他的文章,我分享的对他的思念也是本着这种精神写的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Fundamina: a Journal of Legal History
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