Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107597
Mazlum Cengiz , İsmail Kayri , Hüseyin Aydın
This study provides a critical review of low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. First, the feedstocks, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis production routes, and the resulting physicochemical fuel properties are presented. Subsequently, the effects of neat low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil and its blends with diesel, additives, biofuels, and gaseous fuels on diesel engine combustion, performance, and emissions are systematically evaluated. A blend containing 20 vol% low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil in diesel fuel represented a viable configuration, while additives, exhaust gas recirculation, and advanced combustion strategies were essential for emission control. The available literature on LDPE-WPO and its blends with alcohols and additives remains limited. Furthermore, aging and storage stability, deposit formation, corrosion, and injector fouling have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, significant research gaps remain in fuel property standardization, large-scale production, long-term engine durability, advanced engine concepts, and life-cycle and techno-economic assessments.
{"title":"A holistic review on physicochemical properties and engine applications of low-density polyethylene pyrolysis oil","authors":"Mazlum Cengiz , İsmail Kayri , Hüseyin Aydın","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a critical review of low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. First, the feedstocks, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis production routes, and the resulting physicochemical fuel properties are presented. Subsequently, the effects of neat low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil and its blends with diesel, additives, biofuels, and gaseous fuels on diesel engine combustion, performance, and emissions are systematically evaluated. A blend containing 20 vol% low-density polyethylene waste plastic oil in diesel fuel represented a viable configuration, while additives, exhaust gas recirculation, and advanced combustion strategies were essential for emission control. The available literature on LDPE-WPO and its blends with alcohols and additives remains limited. Furthermore, aging and storage stability, deposit formation, corrosion, and injector fouling have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, significant research gaps remain in fuel property standardization, large-scale production, long-term engine durability, advanced engine concepts, and life-cycle and techno-economic assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107597"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107601
Lichao Ge , Qingyuan Yang , Hongcui Feng , Xi Li , Kefeng Wu , Yanquan Liu , Huiwen Liu , Yang Wang , Chang Xu
This paper builds upon previous research on physical mixtures of epoxy resin/carbon fiber to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of the chemical mixtures of epoxy resin/carbon fiber at mixing ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, and proposes a pyrolysis mechanism. TG results show that the pyrolysis process occurs in three stages, with pyrolysis characteristic parameters remaining largely consistent across different mixing ratios. The activation energy increases with rising fiber proportion, but the variation is minimal, with values of 155.97, 151.05, and 150.58 kJ/mol at ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, respectively. TG–FTIR analysis indicates higher CO₂ release at elevated temperatures compared to physical blending, suggesting more complete epoxy resin depolymerization. Overall, the pyrolysis process demonstrates a relatively low sensitivity to variations in the mixing ratio. However, isothermal pyrolysis analysis conducted in a tube furnace at 600 °C reveals significant variations in pyrolysis product distribution across different mixing ratios. The calorific value of the pyrolysis gas increases with the resin proportion, with values of 15.76, 18.09, and 21.11 MJ/Nm³ at mixing ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, respectively. After pyrolysis, the structure of the fibers is maintained, but the higher the epoxy proportion, the higher the adhesion, which may affect the performance of the fibers. This study provides a basis for developing universal pyrolysis processes adaptable to varying blade material proportions. Future work should focus on synergistic techniques like catalytic pyrolysis to enhance the quality and consistency of recycled products from different blade manufacturers.
{"title":"Analysis of the pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of chemical mixtures of epoxy resin/carbon fiber from end-of-life wind turbine blades","authors":"Lichao Ge , Qingyuan Yang , Hongcui Feng , Xi Li , Kefeng Wu , Yanquan Liu , Huiwen Liu , Yang Wang , Chang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper builds upon previous research on physical mixtures of epoxy resin/carbon fiber to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics and product distribution of the chemical mixtures of epoxy resin/carbon fiber at mixing ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, and proposes a pyrolysis mechanism. TG results show that the pyrolysis process occurs in three stages, with pyrolysis characteristic parameters remaining largely consistent across different mixing ratios. The activation energy increases with rising fiber proportion, but the variation is minimal, with values of 155.97, 151.05, and 150.58 kJ/mol at ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, respectively. TG–FTIR analysis indicates higher CO₂ release at elevated temperatures compared to physical blending, suggesting more complete epoxy resin depolymerization. Overall, the pyrolysis process demonstrates a relatively low sensitivity to variations in the mixing ratio. However, isothermal pyrolysis analysis conducted in a tube furnace at 600 °C reveals significant variations in pyrolysis product distribution across different mixing ratios. The calorific value of the pyrolysis gas increases with the resin proportion, with values of 15.76, 18.09, and 21.11 MJ/Nm³ at mixing ratios of 2:7, 3:6, and 4:5, respectively. After pyrolysis, the structure of the fibers is maintained, but the higher the epoxy proportion, the higher the adhesion, which may affect the performance of the fibers. This study provides a basis for developing universal pyrolysis processes adaptable to varying blade material proportions. Future work should focus on synergistic techniques like catalytic pyrolysis to enhance the quality and consistency of recycled products from different blade manufacturers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107601"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107582
Hong Tian, Siying Liu, Kuan Ai, Zhangjun Huang, Zhen Zhou, Yanni Xuan
The growing energy crisis and environmental pollution stemming from conventional fossil fuel consumption have intensified the search for sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Among the various strategies, hydrogen production via the steam reforming of waste plastics and biomass represents a highly promising pathway. This study investigates this process using wheat straw and polyethylene as feedstocks, with steam as the gasifying agent. A composite catalyst support was prepared from biochar (derived from wheat straw pyrolysis) and CaO, which was then impregnated with nickel (Ni) as the active metal. The research systematically evaluated the influence of several key parameters: Ni loading, the catalyst support blending ratio, the catalytic reforming temperature, the steam flow rate, and the biomass-to-plastic ratio.Results demonstrate that the synthesized Ni/CaO-C catalyst possesses a rich porous structure and a high concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups. The optimal conditions for hydrogen production were identified as follows: a Ni loading of 15 wt%, a pyrolysis temperature of 600℃, an equivalent catalyst support ratio (CaO to C of 5:5), a catalytic reforming temperature of 750℃, a steam flow rate of 0.2 g/min, and a balanced biomass-to-plastic ratio of 5:5. Under this optimized configuration, the process achieved a total gas yield of 101.95 mmol/g, a hydrogen yield of 80.54 mmol/g, a hydrogen concentration of 79.01 vol%, and an H₂/CO ratio of 5.82. This work provides an effective and novel approach for enhancing hydrogen generation from the steam conversion of waste materials.
{"title":"Catalytic steam reforming of biomass/plastics over Ni-Modified CaO-C catalysts for hydrogen production","authors":"Hong Tian, Siying Liu, Kuan Ai, Zhangjun Huang, Zhen Zhou, Yanni Xuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing energy crisis and environmental pollution stemming from conventional fossil fuel consumption have intensified the search for sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Among the various strategies, hydrogen production via the steam reforming of waste plastics and biomass represents a highly promising pathway. This study investigates this process using wheat straw and polyethylene as feedstocks, with steam as the gasifying agent. A composite catalyst support was prepared from biochar (derived from wheat straw pyrolysis) and CaO, which was then impregnated with nickel (Ni) as the active metal. The research systematically evaluated the influence of several key parameters: Ni loading, the catalyst support blending ratio, the catalytic reforming temperature, the steam flow rate, and the biomass-to-plastic ratio.Results demonstrate that the synthesized Ni/CaO-C catalyst possesses a rich porous structure and a high concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups. The optimal conditions for hydrogen production were identified as follows: a Ni loading of 15 wt%, a pyrolysis temperature of 600℃, an equivalent catalyst support ratio (CaO to C of 5:5), a catalytic reforming temperature of 750℃, a steam flow rate of 0.2 g/min, and a balanced biomass-to-plastic ratio of 5:5. Under this optimized configuration, the process achieved a total gas yield of 101.95 mmol/g, a hydrogen yield of 80.54 mmol/g, a hydrogen concentration of 79.01 vol%, and an H₂/CO ratio of 5.82. This work provides an effective and novel approach for enhancing hydrogen generation from the steam conversion of waste materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107582"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food waste (FW) with complex components can be turned into high value-added products using food waste hydrothermal-pyrolysis (HT-Py) technology, but existing processes overlook nutrient synchronous recovery in biochar through HT-Py. In this study, food waste was first converted to hydrothermal char by hydrothermal, and then to pyrolysis char by pyrolysis, with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) migration and speciation evolution investigated. Results indicated that 52.8 % of N in food waste was retained in the hydrothermal char, and the retained N was mainly present in three forms: protein-N (28.08 %), pyrrole-N (45.78 %), and quaternary-N (21.19 %). During subsequent hydrothermal char pyrolysis, the N content in pyrolysis char decreased gradually with temperature increasing. Specifically, protein-N was cracked to form pyridinic-N, with some further converted to quaternary-N. Additionally, higher pyrolysis temperatures reduced bio-oil amide content significantly, while nitriles and N-heterocyclic compounds increased. Regarding P migration, 84.4 % of P in food waste was retained in hydrothermal char, which contained 72.8 % of inorganic P and 27.2 % of organic P. Following pyrolysis, a considerable quantity (62.6 %∼77.6 %) of inorganic-P in hydrothermal char was retained within the pyrolysis char, which is more readily available for plant growth. However, 96.6 % of the potassium in food waste is lost during hydrothermal treatment, resulting in the low potassium content of hydrothermal char and pyrolysis char. This work will provide guidance for targeted modulation of the distribution and types of nutrients derived from FW, which is of great significance for improving nutrient recycling and attaining sustainable management of biowaste.
{"title":"Insights into speciation evolution of N-P-K in food waste hydrothermal-pyrolysis process","authors":"Chengyang Qin, Haodi Tan, Danchen Zhu, Yingquan Chen, Ziyue Tang, Haiping Yang, Hanping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food waste (FW) with complex components can be turned into high value-added products using food waste hydrothermal-pyrolysis (HT-Py) technology, but existing processes overlook nutrient synchronous recovery in biochar through HT-Py. In this study, food waste was first converted to hydrothermal char by hydrothermal, and then to pyrolysis char by pyrolysis, with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) migration and speciation evolution investigated. Results indicated that 52.8 % of N in food waste was retained in the hydrothermal char, and the retained N was mainly present in three forms: protein-N (28.08 %), pyrrole-N (45.78 %), and quaternary-N (21.19 %). During subsequent hydrothermal char pyrolysis, the N content in pyrolysis char decreased gradually with temperature increasing. Specifically, protein-N was cracked to form pyridinic-N, with some further converted to quaternary-N. Additionally, higher pyrolysis temperatures reduced bio-oil amide content significantly, while nitriles and N-heterocyclic compounds increased. Regarding P migration, 84.4 % of P in food waste was retained in hydrothermal char, which contained 72.8 % of inorganic P and 27.2 % of organic P. Following pyrolysis, a considerable quantity (62.6 %∼77.6 %) of inorganic-P in hydrothermal char was retained within the pyrolysis char, which is more readily available for plant growth. However, 96.6 % of the potassium in food waste is lost during hydrothermal treatment, resulting in the low potassium content of hydrothermal char and pyrolysis char. This work will provide guidance for targeted modulation of the distribution and types of nutrients derived from FW, which is of great significance for improving nutrient recycling and attaining sustainable management of biowaste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107603"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the contents of the vitrinite and inertinite components in coal macerals have been applied in the process of blending coal for coking, it is well known that there are significant differences in the coking ability for coals with variable ranks in which the change of the contents of the vitrinite and inertinite components is small. Therefore, it is crucial to gain insight into the difference of coking properties of the vitrinite and inertinite components from macerals of coals with variable ranks. In this paper, the vitrinite and inertinite were enriched using a thermally assisted multi-density gradient agitation separation method, and their chemical structures characterization was carried out to obtain some useful structure parameters such as the hydrocarbon generation potential (P) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. The relationships between structural parameters and coking properties of raw coal and vitrinite-rich were further analyzed. The results indicate that vitrinite-rich of medium-rank coal contains higher aliphatic content and has a higher P value. Conversely, inertinite-rich of medium and high rank coals contains higher aromatic content. Combining the coking indexes of coal macerals, it indicates that the weak coking ability of low-rank coal is limited by insufficient aromatic content in inertinite, while that of high-rank coal is affected by the reduction of aliphatic content in vitrinite. Therefore, it is advisable to add to low-rank weakly caking coals to offer plasticity and high-rank weakly caking coals to support carbon matrix during blending coal for coking. This study provides a valuable insight for increasing to the utilization of weakly caking coals in coking process.
{"title":"Insight into the difference of coking properties for the vitrinite and inertinite components in coal macerals with variable ranks by chemical structural characterization","authors":"Zhifang Wei , Shengfu Zhang , Wenhao Xie , Jingbo Chen , Xianyou Huang , Jianming Wang , Shuxing Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the contents of the vitrinite and inertinite components in coal macerals have been applied in the process of blending coal for coking, it is well known that there are significant differences in the coking ability for coals with variable ranks in which the change of the contents of the vitrinite and inertinite components is small. Therefore, it is crucial to gain insight into the difference of coking properties of the vitrinite and inertinite components from macerals of coals with variable ranks. In this paper, the vitrinite and inertinite were enriched using a thermally assisted multi-density gradient agitation separation method, and their chemical structures characterization was carried out to obtain some useful structure parameters such as the hydrocarbon generation potential (<em>P</em>) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. The relationships between structural parameters and coking properties of raw coal and vitrinite-rich were further analyzed. The results indicate that vitrinite-rich of medium-rank coal contains higher aliphatic content and has a higher <em>P</em> value. Conversely, inertinite-rich of medium and high rank coals contains higher aromatic content. Combining the coking indexes of coal macerals, it indicates that the weak coking ability of low-rank coal is limited by insufficient aromatic content in inertinite, while that of high-rank coal is affected by the reduction of aliphatic content in vitrinite. Therefore, it is advisable to add to low-rank weakly caking coals to offer plasticity and high-rank weakly caking coals to support carbon matrix during blending coal for coking. This study provides a valuable insight for increasing to the utilization of weakly caking coals in coking process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107503
Qi Zhang , Zhiqiang Li , Le Wang , Zilong Zhang , Ping Lei , Xia Zhang , Ke Zhang , Xiangyu Li , Xiaofeng Wang , Bin Li , Jingmei Han , Lili Fu
Electrically heated tobacco products (eHTPs) are designed to reduce harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) emissions compared to conventional cigarettes by operating below tobacco combustion thresholds. However, the temperature-dependent release mechanisms of HPHCs under different heating modes remain poorly characterized. The thermal release dynamics of 16 priority HPHCs (e.g., CO, NO, aldehydes, TSNAs, VOCs) in eHTP aerosols generated by central and peripheral heating modes were investigated. The results revealed a critical temperature range (275–300°C for peripheral heating mode; 325–350°C for central heating mode), beyond which HPHC emissions increase due to intensified pyrolysis. Notably, peripheral heating exhibits higher heating uniformity, leading to 2.5–5.8-fold higher HPHC yields than central heating at equivalent temperatures. Multivariate clustering analysis further identifies distinct emission patterns: stepwise increases under central heating versus abrupt surges under peripheral heating. These findings establish quantitative temperature-emission relationships and provide actionable guidelines for optimizing eHTP designs to minimize toxicant release while maintaining nicotine delivery.
{"title":"Thermal-driven release of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in electrically heated tobacco products (eHTPs) aerosols: A comparative study of central vs. peripheral heating modes","authors":"Qi Zhang , Zhiqiang Li , Le Wang , Zilong Zhang , Ping Lei , Xia Zhang , Ke Zhang , Xiangyu Li , Xiaofeng Wang , Bin Li , Jingmei Han , Lili Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrically heated tobacco products (eHTPs) are designed to reduce harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) emissions compared to conventional cigarettes by operating below tobacco combustion thresholds. However, the temperature-dependent release mechanisms of HPHCs under different heating modes remain poorly characterized. The thermal release dynamics of 16 priority HPHCs (e.g., CO, NO, aldehydes, TSNAs, VOCs) in eHTP aerosols generated by central and peripheral heating modes were investigated. The results revealed a critical temperature range (275–300°C for peripheral heating mode; 325–350°C for central heating mode), beyond which HPHC emissions increase due to intensified pyrolysis. Notably, peripheral heating exhibits higher heating uniformity, leading to 2.5–5.8-fold higher HPHC yields than central heating at equivalent temperatures. Multivariate clustering analysis further identifies distinct emission patterns: stepwise increases under central heating versus abrupt surges under peripheral heating. These findings establish quantitative temperature-emission relationships and provide actionable guidelines for optimizing eHTP designs to minimize toxicant release while maintaining nicotine delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107503"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107550
Shengyu Xie , Qingting Yang , Chuan Ma , Shogo Kumagai , Hao Wu , Changsong Zhou , Qiangqiang Ren , Hongmin Yang , Toshiaki Yoshioka
Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste has emerged as a promising thermochemical route for sustainable fuel and chemical production. However, the complex interplay of biomass composition, plastic types, and operating conditions causes uncertainties in product distribution and ambiguous pyrolytic synergy, hindering process optimization and prediction. Compared with conventional methods, response surface methodology (RSM) can simultaneously assess multi-variable interactions, reduce experimental numbers, and visualize synergistic effects via intuitive response surface plots. This review discusses recent progress in applying RSM to the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic, particularly in modeling the influence of critical variables. Temperature and feedstock mixing ratio are important factors in co-pyrolysis, and understanding the independent and interactive effects of pyrolysis parameters is essential for maximizing the yield of target products. Additionally, RSM has demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.9) in numerous studies for key pyrolysis outputs, including yields of bio-oil, char, gas, and specific pyrolyzates (levoglucosan, furfural, phenols, and hydrocarbon oil). The potential pyrolytic synergy between biomass and plastics can be visualized through quadratic and cubic models, arising from radical reaction mechanism, heat transfer, and catalytic effects. More importantly, integrating hierarchical cluster analysis has further enhanced the understanding of how interactions influence low-yield pyrolyzates. The combination of RSM and machine learning algorithms has shown promise in improving predictive accuracy and optimizing co-pyrolysis process parameters. Future research should focus on improving model adaptability, enhancing predictive accuracy, strengthening mechanism interpretability, and enabling the intelligent design of co-pyrolysis processes.
{"title":"Advances and perspectives of response surface methodology for product optimization, prediction and synergy identification in biomass and plastic co-pyrolysis","authors":"Shengyu Xie , Qingting Yang , Chuan Ma , Shogo Kumagai , Hao Wu , Changsong Zhou , Qiangqiang Ren , Hongmin Yang , Toshiaki Yoshioka","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste has emerged as a promising thermochemical route for sustainable fuel and chemical production. However, the complex interplay of biomass composition, plastic types, and operating conditions causes uncertainties in product distribution and ambiguous pyrolytic synergy, hindering process optimization and prediction. Compared with conventional methods, response surface methodology (RSM) can simultaneously assess multi-variable interactions, reduce experimental numbers, and visualize synergistic effects via intuitive response surface plots. This review discusses recent progress in applying RSM to the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic, particularly in modeling the influence of critical variables. Temperature and feedstock mixing ratio are important factors in co-pyrolysis, and understanding the independent and interactive effects of pyrolysis parameters is essential for maximizing the yield of target products. Additionally, RSM has demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9) in numerous studies for key pyrolysis outputs, including yields of bio-oil, char, gas, and specific pyrolyzates (levoglucosan, furfural, phenols, and hydrocarbon oil). The potential pyrolytic synergy between biomass and plastics can be visualized through quadratic and cubic models, arising from radical reaction mechanism, heat transfer, and catalytic effects. More importantly, integrating hierarchical cluster analysis has further enhanced the understanding of how interactions influence low-yield pyrolyzates. The combination of RSM and machine learning algorithms has shown promise in improving predictive accuracy and optimizing co-pyrolysis process parameters. Future research should focus on improving model adaptability, enhancing predictive accuracy, strengthening mechanism interpretability, and enabling the intelligent design of co-pyrolysis processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107550"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107558
István Sándor Czirok , Bence Babinszki , Zoltán Sebestyén , Emma Jakab , Elena Badea , Zsuzsanna Czégény
The problem of mixed leather waste (natural and artificial) is recognized as a significant issue in industrial recycling, since the separation of these materials is challenging. However, thermochemical conversion is widely researched as a feasible method for dealing with such a complex waste stream. Deeper understanding of the interactions between the components during thermal decomposition and the effect of the reactive hydrogen chloride evolving from PVC (a usual component of artificial leather) should be considered in the planning of thermal recycling processes, and therefore, these findings can be of interest to users and manufacturers. In this paper, co-pyrolysis of PVC and natural leather was investigated by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) methods. The study revealed the mutual influence of PVC and proteinaceous materials, such as leather, during thermal decomposition. The thermal stability of PVC decreased in the presence of leather, as the dehydrochlorination step shifted to lower temperatures by 20–30 °C, regardless of the tanning type of leather. Conversely, the thermal decomposition of leather was altered by the presence of PVC, favoring fragmentation reactions over depolymerization, which resulted in the formation of more hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile but less diketopiperazines (DKPs). The effect of hydrogen chloride released by PVC in these processes was further studied by the pyrolysis of a model sample, which confirmed the primary role of hydrogen chloride in the increased hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile evolution. The formation of mono- and polyaromatic compounds was increased slightly during pyrolysis of leather–PVC mixtures, which could contribute to the decreased char yields of the mixtures measured by TGA.
{"title":"Synergistic interactions in the thermal decomposition of leather and PVC mixtures","authors":"István Sándor Czirok , Bence Babinszki , Zoltán Sebestyén , Emma Jakab , Elena Badea , Zsuzsanna Czégény","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The problem of mixed leather waste (natural and artificial) is recognized as a significant issue in industrial recycling, since the separation of these materials is challenging. However, thermochemical conversion is widely researched as a feasible method for dealing with such a complex waste stream. Deeper understanding of the interactions between the components during thermal decomposition and the effect of the reactive hydrogen chloride evolving from PVC (a usual component of artificial leather) should be considered in the planning of thermal recycling processes, and therefore, these findings can be of interest to users and manufacturers. In this paper, co-pyrolysis of PVC and natural leather was investigated by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) methods. The study revealed the mutual influence of PVC and proteinaceous materials, such as leather, during thermal decomposition. The thermal stability of PVC decreased in the presence of leather, as the dehydrochlorination step shifted to lower temperatures by 20–30 °C, regardless of the tanning type of leather. Conversely, the thermal decomposition of leather was altered by the presence of PVC, favoring fragmentation reactions over depolymerization, which resulted in the formation of more hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile but less diketopiperazines (DKPs). The effect of hydrogen chloride released by PVC in these processes was further studied by the pyrolysis of a model sample, which confirmed the primary role of hydrogen chloride in the increased hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile evolution. The formation of mono- and polyaromatic compounds was increased slightly during pyrolysis of leather–PVC mixtures, which could contribute to the decreased char yields of the mixtures measured by TGA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107558"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107553
Yuhan Peng , Bingyan Sun , Shitou Li , Jie Huang , Chengxu Zheng , Shiming Zhang , Haifeng Li , Yuehui Qiao , Kaige Wang , Yiming Bi
Understanding the formation pathways of toxic phenolic compounds in tobacco smoke is essential for improving smoke quality and reducing health risks. In this study, the co-pyrolysis behavior of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a key polyphenol in tobacco, and glucose, a major saccharide component, was systematically investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Py-GC/MS, and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Fast and programmed pyrolysis experiments revealed that CGA decomposition predominantly yields phenols and catechols, while the presence of glucose significantly alters the product distribution, enhancing the formation of furanics and sugars, and suppressing certain phenolic outputs. ReaxFF-MD simulations at 2000 K and 2500 K showed accelerated bond cleavage and gas-phase evolution in the CGA–glucose system compared to CGA alone, with substantial reductions in C-C and C-O bond counts and increased volatile production. These results indicate a clear synergistic effect, whereby glucose-derived intermediates facilitate secondary reactions, modulating the pyrolysis pathway of CGA. This work provides mechanistic insight into smoke formation and offers implications for tobacco flavor engineering and toxicant control.
{"title":"Synergistic effects in the co-pyrolysis of chlorogenic acid and glucose: Implications for tobacco flavor and smoke chemistry","authors":"Yuhan Peng , Bingyan Sun , Shitou Li , Jie Huang , Chengxu Zheng , Shiming Zhang , Haifeng Li , Yuehui Qiao , Kaige Wang , Yiming Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the formation pathways of toxic phenolic compounds in tobacco smoke is essential for improving smoke quality and reducing health risks. In this study, the co-pyrolysis behavior of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a key polyphenol in tobacco, and glucose, a major saccharide component, was systematically investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Py-GC/MS, and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Fast and programmed pyrolysis experiments revealed that CGA decomposition predominantly yields phenols and catechols, while the presence of glucose significantly alters the product distribution, enhancing the formation of furanics and sugars, and suppressing certain phenolic outputs. ReaxFF-MD simulations at 2000 K and 2500 K showed accelerated bond cleavage and gas-phase evolution in the CGA–glucose system compared to CGA alone, with substantial reductions in C-C and C-O bond counts and increased volatile production. These results indicate a clear synergistic effect, whereby glucose-derived intermediates facilitate secondary reactions, modulating the pyrolysis pathway of CGA. This work provides mechanistic insight into smoke formation and offers implications for tobacco flavor engineering and toxicant control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107553"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107555
Yuming Tian , Long Jiao , Guohao Yang , Jiajie Zhang , Yanjun Hu
Due to their superior mechanical properties, carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin composites have become the primary material for the main beam structures of ultra-large wind turbine blades, driven by the growing demand for lightweight designs. However, blade recycling methods are hindered by several challenges, including the poor degradability of the resin matrix, which causes carbon fiber breakage and significant interfacial damage, all of which critically limit resource recovery. This study proposes a graphene-assisted, microwave-catalyzed thermal conversion process for wind turbine blades, aiming to achieve efficient and high-quality carbon fiber regeneration by optimizing the parameters of the microwave pyrolysis–oxidation stage and leveraging the catalytic pyrolysis effect of graphene on the resin matrix. Compared with traditional pyrolysis, this technology increases the carbon fiber recovery rate to 98.1 %, retaining over 95 % of the tensile strength and over 99 % of the modulus. Microscopic characterization reveals that this technology significantly enhances the graphitization degree of recycled carbon fibers, introducing abundant nitrogen and oxygen functional groups that promote a strong interfacial bonding ability. Additionally, the technology enhances the synergistic value-added utilization of pyrolysis gas and oil, resulting in a 13.9 % increase in hydrogen (H2) yield and a 10 % increase in the phenolic content of the pyrolysis oil. The regenerated fibers, exhibiting excellent mechanical integrity and enhanced surface functionality, demonstrate strong potential for reuse in high-performance composites, including secondary wind turbine blades, automotive components, and structural panels, thereby supporting a sustainable closed-loop recycling system.
{"title":"Mechanistic study of graphene-assisted microwave pyrolysis and carbon fiber regeneration from waste wind turbine blades","authors":"Yuming Tian , Long Jiao , Guohao Yang , Jiajie Zhang , Yanjun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to their superior mechanical properties, carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting resin composites have become the primary material for the main beam structures of ultra-large wind turbine blades, driven by the growing demand for lightweight designs. However, blade recycling methods are hindered by several challenges, including the poor degradability of the resin matrix, which causes carbon fiber breakage and significant interfacial damage, all of which critically limit resource recovery. This study proposes a graphene-assisted, microwave-catalyzed thermal conversion process for wind turbine blades, aiming to achieve efficient and high-quality carbon fiber regeneration by optimizing the parameters of the microwave pyrolysis–oxidation stage and leveraging the catalytic pyrolysis effect of graphene on the resin matrix. Compared with traditional pyrolysis, this technology increases the carbon fiber recovery rate to 98.1 %, retaining over 95 % of the tensile strength and over 99 % of the modulus. Microscopic characterization reveals that this technology significantly enhances the graphitization degree of recycled carbon fibers, introducing abundant nitrogen and oxygen functional groups that promote a strong interfacial bonding ability. Additionally, the technology enhances the synergistic value-added utilization of pyrolysis gas and oil, resulting in a 13.9 % increase in hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) yield and a 10 % increase in the phenolic content of the pyrolysis oil. The regenerated fibers, exhibiting excellent mechanical integrity and enhanced surface functionality, demonstrate strong potential for reuse in high-performance composites, including secondary wind turbine blades, automotive components, and structural panels, thereby supporting a sustainable closed-loop recycling system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107555"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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