Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s43926-026-00322-w
Maryam Asgari Araghi, Ferhat Khendek
With the proliferation and the critical role of Internet of Things (IoT) in various domains, rigorous testing techniques are required for improving their quality. Several review studies have examined IoT topology and analyzed different layers of the IoT architecture. These assessments include synthesis on the application layer protocols, but do not specifically study the application layer protocol standalone. As a result, this work focuses on unique application-layer protocol-specific testing approaches, using different tools and frameworks, and systematically analyzes the challenges in an in-depth manner. There is a need for a specific and deeper analysis of the application layer IoT protocol testing state of the art. This paper aims to bridge this gap by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to provide a deeper and concise picture of the state of the art in testing IoT application layer protocols. We consider studies published between 2010 and 2025, resulting in 47 primary studies selected from 822 retrieved papers after systematic screening. These studies have been retrieved from eight major digital libraries. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we discuss and synthesize our findings on the different types of testing, explore the most promising approaches, frameworks and tools, trends, highlight the main challenges, and identify open research issues and directions in testing IoT application layer protocols.
{"title":"A systematic literature review on IoT application layer protocol testing and future research directions.","authors":"Maryam Asgari Araghi, Ferhat Khendek","doi":"10.1007/s43926-026-00322-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43926-026-00322-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the proliferation and the critical role of Internet of Things (IoT) in various domains, rigorous testing techniques are required for improving their quality. Several review studies have examined IoT topology and analyzed different layers of the IoT architecture. These assessments include synthesis on the application layer protocols, but do not specifically study the application layer protocol standalone. As a result, this work focuses on unique application-layer protocol-specific testing approaches, using different tools and frameworks, and systematically analyzes the challenges in an in-depth manner. There is a need for a specific and deeper analysis of the application layer IoT protocol testing state of the art. This paper aims to bridge this gap by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to provide a deeper and concise picture of the state of the art in testing IoT application layer protocols. We consider studies published between 2010 and 2025, resulting in 47 primary studies selected from 822 retrieved papers after systematic screening. These studies have been retrieved from eight major digital libraries. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we discuss and synthesize our findings on the different types of testing, explore the most promising approaches, frameworks and tools, trends, highlight the main challenges, and identify open research issues and directions in testing IoT application layer protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"6 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13174028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147964615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1007/s43926-025-00250-1
N. Sai Rama Krishna Harish, Sanwal Singh Meena
In India where mechanization is essential for national food security due to the country’s increasing population and food need agriculture is the main occupation. Considering that farm electricity availability is 3.045 kW/ha and that more than 85% of farmers are small (1–2 ha) or marginal (< 1 ha), they have little money to spend on expensive machinery. upto 2024–2025, 26,662 Custom Hiring Center (CHCs) will have been established to bridge this gap as well as offer a crucial tool to improve access to farm mechanization. This review examines the role challenges and opportunities of CHCs, focusing on integrating digital technologies. It proposes an IoT-, AI-, and ML-based real-time monitoring framework using secondary data sources. CHCs allow farmers to rent machinery when required, offering a more affordable option than individual ownership. However peak-season shortages lack of skilled operators, and inefficient scheduling limit their effectiveness. A framework integrating sensor-based real-time monitoring and digital platforms is proposed to enhance machinery utilization predictive maintenance operator efficiency and financial transparency evidence shows IoT- and AI-enabled systems can reduce downtime improve accessibility and lower operational costs strengthening CHC sustainability. In conclusion, digitally monitored CHCs supported by schemes like NMAM, NICRA, SMAM, NFSM, RKVY, and MIDH offer a cost-effective and sustainable pathway for farm mechanization.
{"title":"Need for real-time monitoring in custom hiring centers (CHCs)","authors":"N. Sai Rama Krishna Harish, Sanwal Singh Meena","doi":"10.1007/s43926-025-00250-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00250-1","url":null,"abstract":"In India where mechanization is essential for national food security due to the country’s increasing population and food need agriculture is the main occupation. Considering that farm electricity availability is 3.045 kW/ha and that more than 85% of farmers are small (1–2 ha) or marginal (< 1 ha), they have little money to spend on expensive machinery. upto 2024–2025, 26,662 Custom Hiring Center (CHCs) will have been established to bridge this gap as well as offer a crucial tool to improve access to farm mechanization. This review examines the role challenges and opportunities of CHCs, focusing on integrating digital technologies. It proposes an IoT-, AI-, and ML-based real-time monitoring framework using secondary data sources. CHCs allow farmers to rent machinery when required, offering a more affordable option than individual ownership. However peak-season shortages lack of skilled operators, and inefficient scheduling limit their effectiveness. A framework integrating sensor-based real-time monitoring and digital platforms is proposed to enhance machinery utilization predictive maintenance operator efficiency and financial transparency evidence shows IoT- and AI-enabled systems can reduce downtime improve accessibility and lower operational costs strengthening CHC sustainability. In conclusion, digitally monitored CHCs supported by schemes like NMAM, NICRA, SMAM, NFSM, RKVY, and MIDH offer a cost-effective and sustainable pathway for farm mechanization.","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147881997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to the path planning problem of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for blood transportation, with the objective of minimizing the total distance travelled by the UAV, a multi-constraint drone blood transportation path planning model is established. Taking into account the limited number of drone take-off and landing platforms and the safety time intervals for continuous drone take-off and landing, a drone take-off scheduling strategy is designed to reduce the total time spent by UAV completing transportation tasks. Additionally, an Imperial Competition Algorithm based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. This algorithm introduces a sine disturbance strategy and adds Imperial Reform stages to improve the search accuracy of the algorithm. It utilizes acceptance criteria related to solution quality to maintain the diversity of the population. Validation is conducted using benchmark examples and instances of drone blood transportation. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide transportation solutions for drone blood transportation tasks that meet various constraints without any conflicts in drone take-off and landing. The drone take-off scheduling strategy effectively reduces the total time spent by UAV in completing tasks.
{"title":"Multi-constraint smart UAV healthcare transportation path using imperial competition algorithm for smart cities","authors":"Haewon Byeon, Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh, Azzah AlGhamdi, Mukesh Soni, Divya Nimma, Sridevi Pothumarthi, Mohammad Shabaz","doi":"10.1007/s43926-025-00151-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-025-00151-3","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the path planning problem of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for blood transportation, with the objective of minimizing the total distance travelled by the UAV, a multi-constraint drone blood transportation path planning model is established. Taking into account the limited number of drone take-off and landing platforms and the safety time intervals for continuous drone take-off and landing, a drone take-off scheduling strategy is designed to reduce the total time spent by UAV completing transportation tasks. Additionally, an Imperial Competition Algorithm based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. This algorithm introduces a sine disturbance strategy and adds Imperial Reform stages to improve the search accuracy of the algorithm. It utilizes acceptance criteria related to solution quality to maintain the diversity of the population. Validation is conducted using benchmark examples and instances of drone blood transportation. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide transportation solutions for drone blood transportation tasks that meet various constraints without any conflicts in drone take-off and landing. The drone take-off scheduling strategy effectively reduces the total time spent by UAV in completing tasks.","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43926-025-00151-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147910777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00054-1
Ishfaq Ahmad, Addison Clark, Muhammad Ali, Hansheng Lei, David Ferris, Alex Aved
{"title":"Determining critical nodes in optimal cost attacks on networked infrastructures","authors":"Ishfaq Ahmad, Addison Clark, Muhammad Ali, Hansheng Lei, David Ferris, Alex Aved","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00054-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00054-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"101 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139614816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative analysis of audio classification with MFCC and STFT features using machine learning techniques","authors":"Mahendra Kumar Gourisaria, Rakshit Agrawal, Manoj Sahni, Pradeep Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00049-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00049-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00050-5
Riya Punia, Aruna Malik, Samayveer Singh
{"title":"Innovative image interpolation based reversible data hiding for secure communication","authors":"Riya Punia, Aruna Malik, Samayveer Singh","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00050-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00050-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"33 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138624760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00053-2
Rawshan Ara Mowri, Madhuri Siddula, Kaushik Roy
{"title":"Is iterative feature selection technique efficient enough? A comparative performance analysis of RFECV feature selection technique in ransomware classification using SHAP","authors":"Rawshan Ara Mowri, Madhuri Siddula, Kaushik Roy","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00053-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00053-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139198677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00051-4
Ernesto Quisbert-Trujillo, Panagiota Morfouli
{"title":"Using a data driven approach for comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment and effective eco design of the Internet of Things: taking LoRa-based IoT systems as examples","authors":"Ernesto Quisbert-Trujillo, Panagiota Morfouli","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00051-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00051-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"66 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139258457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00052-3
Boniface Ntambara, D. Nyambo, Andreas Solsbach
{"title":"Internet of things (IoT)-based on real-time and remote boiler fuel monitoring system: a case of Raha Beverages Company Limited, Arusha-Tanzania","authors":"Boniface Ntambara, D. Nyambo, Andreas Solsbach","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00052-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00052-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139255642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1007/s43926-023-00048-z
Riya Punia, Aruna Malik, Samayveer Singh
Abstract The exponential growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increased demand for secure and efficient data transmission methods. However, there is a tradeoff in the image quality and hiding capacity in the data hiding methods. Therefore, the maximum amount of data that could be stored in the image media is a difficult challenge while maintaining the image quality. Thus, to make the balance between the quality of the images and the embedding capacity, a novel interpolation-based revisable data hiding (RDH) approach is developed for IoT applications. The proposed interpolation technique takes the average of the root value for the product of two neighboring original pixel values and the third original pixel value. And for the central pixel, it takes an average of two interpolated pixels. By doing so, most of the original pixels are considered and the calculated interpolated pixel is much enhanced as its average value. Furthermore, the data hiding is performed in two stages. In the first stage, RSA is performed on the secret message, and then embedding is done based on which intensity range group. The experimental results indicate that the proposed technique enhanced the embedding capacity by 17.58% and produced 7.80% higher PSNR values for the test images as compared to the baseline methods.
{"title":"An interpolation-based reversible data hiding scheme for internet of things applications","authors":"Riya Punia, Aruna Malik, Samayveer Singh","doi":"10.1007/s43926-023-00048-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-023-00048-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The exponential growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increased demand for secure and efficient data transmission methods. However, there is a tradeoff in the image quality and hiding capacity in the data hiding methods. Therefore, the maximum amount of data that could be stored in the image media is a difficult challenge while maintaining the image quality. Thus, to make the balance between the quality of the images and the embedding capacity, a novel interpolation-based revisable data hiding (RDH) approach is developed for IoT applications. The proposed interpolation technique takes the average of the root value for the product of two neighboring original pixel values and the third original pixel value. And for the central pixel, it takes an average of two interpolated pixels. By doing so, most of the original pixels are considered and the calculated interpolated pixel is much enhanced as its average value. Furthermore, the data hiding is performed in two stages. In the first stage, RSA is performed on the secret message, and then embedding is done based on which intensity range group. The experimental results indicate that the proposed technique enhanced the embedding capacity by 17.58% and produced 7.80% higher PSNR values for the test images as compared to the baseline methods.","PeriodicalId":34751,"journal":{"name":"Discover Internet of Things","volume":" 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135240927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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