A phenomenon of authority is one of the most important in social life but the concept of authority is at the same time one of the most difficult in theoretical perspective. Against the background of extensive literature about this problem an essay by J. M. Bochenski entitled What is authority? written in 1974 constitutes a masterpiece. In his analysis Bochenski puts forward as many as 88 theses in metaphysics of a man characterizing the authority. The main thesis says that “every authority is both epistemic and deontic one.” Although this thesis is doubtful, the reasoning of Bochenski is very clear and it opens the door for construction of theory of authority. Author of this paper claims that authorities in general may be divided into personal and institutional ones. Personal authorities in turn split into fraternal and sectarian. Fraternal personal authority is a “mutual love between unequal persons.” This very basic category had been already distinguished by Aristotle. This type of authority is always of epistemic-deontic character. Such pattern of behaviors is also present in India and China, but it has been underestimated by Bochenski. In the contemporary Western world we experience the “collapse of authorities.” In other words, the “false authorities dominate.” This means that we lack fraternal ones, namely the masters. In their place we have a plethora of sectarian authorities and idol-fan type of relations. Fall of authorities constitutes a result of technological advancement that ultimately altered the condition of human existence, thus complicating our recognition of congenial companions.
{"title":"Zmierzch mistrzów i brzask bożyszcz. Ojca Bocheńskiego teoria autorytetu","authors":"Paweł Okołowski","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3938","url":null,"abstract":"A phenomenon of authority is one of the most important in social life but the concept of authority is at the same time one of the most difficult in theoretical perspective. Against the background of extensive literature about this problem an essay by J. M. Bochenski entitled What is authority? written in 1974 constitutes a masterpiece. In his analysis Bochenski puts forward as many as 88 theses in metaphysics of a man characterizing the authority. The main thesis says that “every authority is both epistemic and deontic one.” Although this thesis is doubtful, the reasoning of Bochenski is very clear and it opens the door for construction of theory of authority. Author of this paper claims that authorities in general may be divided into personal and institutional ones. Personal authorities in turn split into fraternal and sectarian. Fraternal personal authority is a “mutual love between unequal persons.” This very basic category had been already distinguished by Aristotle. This type of authority is always of epistemic-deontic character. Such pattern of behaviors is also present in India and China, but it has been underestimated by Bochenski. In the contemporary Western world we experience the “collapse of authorities.” In other words, the “false authorities dominate.” This means that we lack fraternal ones, namely the masters. In their place we have a plethora of sectarian authorities and idol-fan type of relations. Fall of authorities constitutes a result of technological advancement that ultimately altered the condition of human existence, thus complicating our recognition of congenial companions.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117031158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we attempt to analyze the relationship between different values of human dignity and the way justice is defined. We study the following possibilities: dignity has a value of 0 (or 1/ω), a finite value G or infinite (understood in two ways: as a limit and as hyperreal number K). The attribution of the value of infinite human dignity will is it the same as the adoption of the main personalistic assumptions about the dignity of the person. The reasoning is carried out using basic mathematical modelling tools. We also take into account the material value of each person’s “initial conditions,” defined in relation to a given society and time, but differentiated for individual people. We show that, in the context of the problem of justice, these “initial conditions” create an additional research area. In effect, we propose a metaethical space for dialogue between personalism and utilitarianism.
{"title":"Modele wartości godności człowieka i kwestia sprawiedliwości","authors":"Karolina Tytko","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3812","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we attempt to analyze the relationship between different values of human dignity and the way justice is defined. We study the following possibilities: dignity has a value of 0 (or 1/ω), a finite value G or infinite (understood in two ways: as a limit and as hyperreal number K). The attribution of the value of infinite human dignity will is it the same as the adoption of the main personalistic assumptions about the dignity of the person. The reasoning is carried out using basic mathematical modelling tools. We also take into account the material value of each person’s “initial conditions,” defined in relation to a given society and time, but differentiated for individual people. We show that, in the context of the problem of justice, these “initial conditions” create an additional research area. In effect, we propose a metaethical space for dialogue between personalism and utilitarianism.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132037949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is reconstructing the process of elimination of teleology in philosophical thinking. It shows theoretical source of this process and its catastrophic practical effects. In the end of Middle Ages, St. Thomas’ genies synthesis of Aristotle’s teleology of being with Christian teaching of creation of the world, was contested by nominalists theologian. This process of destruction was continued by modern and contemporary philosophy. Today is easy to see the theoretical contradiction in this thinking and practical disastrous effects on natural and human environment. The restoring of teleological thinking in philosophy, give us possibility to define boundary line, measure, criterions and norms for human activity, to take proper care for nature, for living creatures and for human being himself.
{"title":"Roberta Spaemanna próba przywrócenia myślenia teleologicznego we współczesnej filozofii","authors":"T. Biesaga","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3807","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is reconstructing the process of elimination of teleology in philosophical thinking. It shows theoretical source of this process and its catastrophic practical effects. In the end of Middle Ages, St. Thomas’ genies synthesis of Aristotle’s teleology of being with Christian teaching of creation of the world, was contested by nominalists theologian. This process of destruction was continued by modern and contemporary philosophy. Today is easy to see the theoretical contradiction in this thinking and practical disastrous effects on natural and human environment. The restoring of teleological thinking in philosophy, give us possibility to define boundary line, measure, criterions and norms for human activity, to take proper care for nature, for living creatures and for human being himself.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131445897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article is to present philosophical works of Paolo Valori (1919–2003) – one of the most significant phenomenologists in Italy. The study of his major works illustrates his path to phenomenology and his phenomenological analysis of moral experience in particular. Valori demonstrates the specificity of moral experience and advocates a need for moral ontology. The article points at the sources of Valori’s conviction and outlines features of such ontology.
{"title":"Filozoficzna droga Paola Valoriego","authors":"Tymoteusz Mietelski","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3811","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to present philosophical works of Paolo Valori (1919–2003) – one of the most significant phenomenologists in Italy. The study of his major works illustrates his path to phenomenology and his phenomenological analysis of moral experience in particular. Valori demonstrates the specificity of moral experience and advocates a need for moral ontology. The article points at the sources of Valori’s conviction and outlines features of such ontology.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123789405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents selected aspects of the classic concept of progress as understood by Robert Spaemann. This German thinker developed this concept in discussions with other visions of progress, such as modernism, naturalism, Marxism, and transhumanism. The common one to them is the modern idea, according to which constantly increasing scientific domination over nature and, consequently, man also means progress. However, such a vision contradicts the proper sense of progress. It is implemented when it is in harmony with the teleological nature of beings. According to these visions, progress is a necessary and infinite process. A special role in determining its dynamics is played by contemporary natural science with its characteristic tendency to progressive instrumentalization of nature. Spaemann rightly criticizes it. The relevant criteria determine whether progress is actually being made. Among them, Spaemann indicates and develops metaphysical, ethical (both negative and positive) and theological criteria. In his opinion, progress presupposes moral improvements and places human existence in the perspective of hope, which constantly motivates people to improve themselves and the world. The article also attempts to define the topicality, specificity and originality of the analyzes of the German thinker.
{"title":"Klasyczna koncepcja postępu w ujęciu Roberta Spaemanna","authors":"J. Kożuchowski","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3808","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents selected aspects of the classic concept of progress as understood by Robert Spaemann. This German thinker developed this concept in discussions with other visions of progress, such as modernism, naturalism, Marxism, and transhumanism. The common one to them is the modern idea, according to which constantly increasing scientific domination over nature and, consequently, man also means progress. However, such a vision contradicts the proper sense of progress. It is implemented when it is in harmony with the teleological nature of beings. According to these visions, progress is a necessary and infinite process. A special role in determining its dynamics is played by contemporary natural science with its characteristic tendency to progressive instrumentalization of nature. Spaemann rightly criticizes it. The relevant criteria determine whether progress is actually being made. Among them, Spaemann indicates and develops metaphysical, ethical (both negative and positive) and theological criteria. In his opinion, progress presupposes moral improvements and places human existence in the perspective of hope, which constantly motivates people to improve themselves and the world. The article also attempts to define the topicality, specificity and originality of the analyzes of the German thinker.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120878103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biotechnology is one of the most rapidly progressing field of modern science. In contemporary bioethical debate one can frequently find views, stating that biotechnology as a field of science is ethically neutral and only its applications should be evaluated ethically. Based on the description of biotechnology presented herein, the author of the article supports the opposite thesis. In scientific work biotechnologist frequently meets issues that require moral decisions to be made. Therefore, the article presents the view, that scientific practice in the field of biotechnology is filled with moral values (value-ladenness of science). Accepting axiological and ethical context of modern biotechnology leads us to the conclusion that in daily scientific practice scientists should consciously take into account moral aspects of their activity and also attract their attention to protect the good of human person. In addition, the article presents the basic model of biotechnologist’s ethos based on Thomistic Personalism.
{"title":"W poszukiwaniu aksjologicznych podstaw dla etyki działań biotechnologicznych","authors":"Krzysztof Szymoniak","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3813","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is one of the most rapidly progressing field of modern science. In contemporary bioethical debate one can frequently find views, stating that biotechnology as a field of science is ethically neutral and only its applications should be evaluated ethically. Based on the description of biotechnology presented herein, the author of the article supports the opposite thesis. In scientific work biotechnologist frequently meets issues that require moral decisions to be made. Therefore, the article presents the view, that scientific practice in the field of biotechnology is filled with moral values (value-ladenness of science). Accepting axiological and ethical context of modern biotechnology leads us to the conclusion that in daily scientific practice scientists should consciously take into account moral aspects of their activity and also attract their attention to protect the good of human person. In addition, the article presents the basic model of biotechnologist’s ethos based on Thomistic Personalism.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120967137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to analyze and synthesize Kazimierz Twardowski’s ideas that belong to philosophy of education. The aim of education is “rational patriotism” – it should prepare “enlightened citizens” who not only love their country but also present some important features of character like discipline, hard work, sense of duty. Therefore upbringing becomes a central issue. Additionally, they should develop certain skills that serve prosperity of their nation like scientific thinking (propaedeutic of philosophy is vital subject at school) that are “levers of mental progress.” The aim was to be achieved on two entangled levels: by creation of a Polish national school and at an efficiently organized university, by well-prepared (didactics) and sage-like teachers (school and academic). Sources of his ideas can be found in his background; his encounter with Stoicism and Franz Brentano and his way of philosophizing. Clearness and precision of expression, profound analysis of concepts Twardowski applied in his social and pedagogical work as well as during theoretical considerations when distinguishing action and product of upbringing, and upbringing from education itself. His didactical success in creation of “an army of intellectuals” is a valuable proof of his ideas.
{"title":"Kazimierz Twardowski’s philosophy of education –attempting a reconstruction","authors":"Ewelina Grądzka","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3806","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyze and synthesize Kazimierz Twardowski’s ideas that belong to philosophy of education. The aim of education is “rational patriotism” – it should prepare “enlightened citizens” who not only love their country but also present some important features of character like discipline, hard work, sense of duty. Therefore upbringing becomes a central issue. Additionally, they should develop certain skills that serve prosperity of their nation like scientific thinking (propaedeutic of philosophy is vital subject at school) that are “levers of mental progress.” The aim was to be achieved on two entangled levels: by creation of a Polish national school and at an efficiently organized university, by well-prepared (didactics) and sage-like teachers (school and academic). Sources of his ideas can be found in his background; his encounter with Stoicism and Franz Brentano and his way of philosophizing. Clearness and precision of expression, profound analysis of concepts Twardowski applied in his social and pedagogical work as well as during theoretical considerations when distinguishing action and product of upbringing, and upbringing from education itself. His didactical success in creation of “an army of intellectuals” is a valuable proof of his ideas.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130225114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term national philosophy includes the specific philosophical trends that existed in the nineteenth century, during the Romantic period. However, not all thinkers who developed the concept of national philosophy belonged to the then leading trend. Michal Wiszniewski was certainly not a romantic, which, among other things, was tried to show in the first part of the article. However, just like everyone who postulated the need to create a national philosophy, so Wiszniewski faced the need to determine what, according to him, would characterize the national philosophy i.e. he faced the need to determine its national character, attitude to philosophy in general, and the language in which would express itself. That is why the article in its second part is devoted to these issues. In addition, it is also an attempt to assess the concept of Wiszniewski, as well as to answer the question “whether?” and “how much?” it can be described as prepositivist.
{"title":"Prepozytywistyczna (?) koncepcja filozofii narodowej Michała Wiszniewskiego. cz. 2: Charakter i język filozofii narodowej","authors":"Milena Cygan","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3809","url":null,"abstract":"The term national philosophy includes the specific philosophical trends that existed in the nineteenth century, during the Romantic period. However, not all thinkers who developed the concept of national philosophy belonged to the then leading trend. Michal Wiszniewski was certainly not a romantic, which, among other things, was tried to show in the first part of the article. However, just like everyone who postulated the need to create a national philosophy, so Wiszniewski faced the need to determine what, according to him, would characterize the national philosophy i.e. he faced the need to determine its national character, attitude to philosophy in general, and the language in which would express itself. That is why the article in its second part is devoted to these issues. In addition, it is also an attempt to assess the concept of Wiszniewski, as well as to answer the question “whether?” and “how much?” it can be described as prepositivist.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129653340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Article presents the positions of two philosophers whose visions are definitely different from each other. The aim is to present the original concept of education based on the worldviews of Paul Haberlin and Adam Wegrzecki. Haberlin claims that reaching the ethical ideal is impossible, and therefore recommends surrendering to the all-embracing grace of God. The eternal struggle between conscience and drives appears absurd, because evil is an eternal, inseparable part of the soul and this fact must be accepted. Instead of striving for the ethical ideal, Haberlin recommends striving for happiness and being yourself. He supports upbringing to christianity. Conscience struggles should be considered an educator and these struggles be fought to the end. Man should be guided primarily by the ethos of thinking, then the ethos of conscience and religion. Whereas Wegrzecki focuses on the axiology and philosophy of the meeting. It presents the vision of man as a being facing choice. The choice concerns value. Unlike Haberlin, he does not raise the issue of religion. Man is a free and conscious being, it is up to him to make a decision. Other people often influence a choice of values by human. A real meeting helps to find oneself, it changes a person, it also changes the perception of values. According to the polish philosopher, man shapes himself, makes decisions and is responsible for them. In trying to combine the worldviews of both philosophers, there arise certain conclusions regarding upbringing. By instilling noble values in the pupils, perhaps they should be made aware that the choices are not always easy, that sometimes their desires are contrary to the will and the accepted values, that mistakes are actually inevitable. Pupils should be surrounded by acceptance, even if they stray from the ethical path. However, this does not mean that negative behavior should be left without consequences. Pupils should be encouraged to get to know themselves and become themselves, as well as to be open to interpersonal relationships and strive for happiness. Living in accordance with the chosen moral values brings a sense of happiness and inner peace.
{"title":"Immoralizm w pedagogice Paula Häberlina a koncepcja człowieka Adama Węgrzeckiego","authors":"Katarzyna Maria Rodziewicz","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3815","url":null,"abstract":"Article presents the positions of two philosophers whose visions are definitely different from each other. The aim is to present the original concept of education based on the worldviews of Paul Haberlin and Adam Wegrzecki. Haberlin claims that reaching the ethical ideal is impossible, and therefore recommends surrendering to the all-embracing grace of God. The eternal struggle between conscience and drives appears absurd, because evil is an eternal, inseparable part of the soul and this fact must be accepted. Instead of striving for the ethical ideal, Haberlin recommends striving for happiness and being yourself. He supports upbringing to christianity. Conscience struggles should be considered an educator and these struggles be fought to the end. Man should be guided primarily by the ethos of thinking, then the ethos of conscience and religion. Whereas Wegrzecki focuses on the axiology and philosophy of the meeting. It presents the vision of man as a being facing choice. The choice concerns value. Unlike Haberlin, he does not raise the issue of religion. Man is a free and conscious being, it is up to him to make a decision. Other people often influence a choice of values by human. A real meeting helps to find oneself, it changes a person, it also changes the perception of values. According to the polish philosopher, man shapes himself, makes decisions and is responsible for them. In trying to combine the worldviews of both philosophers, there arise certain conclusions regarding upbringing. By instilling noble values in the pupils, perhaps they should be made aware that the choices are not always easy, that sometimes their desires are contrary to the will and the accepted values, that mistakes are actually inevitable. Pupils should be surrounded by acceptance, even if they stray from the ethical path. However, this does not mean that negative behavior should be left without consequences. Pupils should be encouraged to get to know themselves and become themselves, as well as to be open to interpersonal relationships and strive for happiness. Living in accordance with the chosen moral values brings a sense of happiness and inner peace.","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130735200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Od alienacji do uczestnictwa Recenzja: Wojciech Wojtyła, Między osobą a wspólnotą. Kategoria uczestnictwa w myśli społecznej Karola Wojtyły – Jana Pawła II, Radom 2019","authors":"Andrzej Koszczka","doi":"10.15633/LIE.3814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15633/LIE.3814","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":353688,"journal":{"name":"Logos i Ethos","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114111830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：