中华医史杂志最新文献

The current version of the Pulse Classic (Mai Jing) was edited by the Medical Book Bureau in the Northern Song Dynasty. This paper examined the preface and annotation of the Pulse Classic in the Song Dynasty, and other relevant archives. It was found that the Pulse Classic written by Wang Shuhe was selected among the numerous monographs on pulse science, and collated in many perspectives including correcting the original text, reorganising the edition, and citing a large number of medical materials to explain the original text,aiming to establish a model or criterion in the field of pulse science. However, for the reason of the revival of Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was effected on the annotations, such as deliberately "interpreting the theories with theories" and being far fetched and confusing, leading to complexity and uncertainty of the theoretical connotations of the Song academic version of the Pulse Classic, to some extent.

Qinghua, a monk and a renowned medical physician, collected many medical books of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) at Zhiguo Temple in Hangzhou during the Republic of China period. His representative masterpiece was Zhen Cang Yi Shu Lei Mu. He contributed uniquely to the development of modern bibliography in traditional Chinese medicine because of his medical skills, the books he collated and collected, and his bibliographic compilation of medical books. This paper attempts to elaborate the historical facts about Qinghua in terms of his collection and organisation of medical books, his compilation of medical bibliography, and the corresponding social and cultural background, and to clarify his contributions to the knowledge transmission and development of modern TCM. This is of great help in gaining an in-depth understanding of the contributions made by monastic medical practitioners to the knowledge transmission and the development of TCM.

Zhong Dou Jie Fa and Niu Dou Qian Shuo were written by John Glasgow Kerr, a missionary from America, trained local smallpox practitioners in Guangzhou in the second half of the 19^th century. The two books Zhong Dou Jie Fa and Niu Dou Qian Shuo introduced simple and easy ways for practical inoculation. The books suggested that it was not necessary to consider acupoints and seasons for vaccination. They introduced the method of storing vaccine in capillary tubes and made use of microscopes and vaseline, popularly used in Europe at the time, promoting the development of vaccination technology objectively. Different from previous studies on the history of vaccination transmission, this paper focuses on the triple principles "technology-text-practice" by examining the background of the two books, explores the important role of cowpox text in the dissemination of modern cowpox technology, the practitioner training, and the importance of cooperation between official and local institutions in public health.

The Zheng's in Kunshan, a respected family for Gynecology, has lasted for twenty-nine generations. Its earliest medical work can be traced back to the South Song Dynasty. Its important physicians at the beginning stage in the South Song Dynasty were Xue Jiangshi, Xue Xuan and Zheng Chunfu. However, the origins and lineage of the Zheng's in Kunshan are indistinct, with inconsistencies in genealogical records and conflicting authorship attributions. This paper examined and analysed its relevant family manuscripts, Zheng lineage genealogies, and local chronicles in the Wuzhong area. It attempted to clarify the identities and works of Xue Jiangshi, Xue Xuan and Zheng Chunfu, based on historical account of the origins and transmission of the Zheng's.

The traditional research on ancient epidemics are often restricted by historical records and archaeological findings, without direct empirical support. Molecular archaeology, as a newly-developing discipline, is revolutionizing the disease research for ancient time. Molecular archaeological techniques, such as ancient DNA analysis, enable to access pathogen genetic information and reveal critical aspects such as pathogen species, evolutionary patterns, transmission routes, and host interactions. This paper explored an innovative interdisciplinary approach combining the research of ancient epidemics in China with molecular archaeology. On the one hand, historical materials were collected and ancient clinical records were analyzed to provide background information and epidemiological assessments for the study of ancient epidemics. On the other hand, ancient DNA experimental techniques were applied with data interpretation, including sample collection, processing, DNA extraction, sequencing, pathogen screening, and phylogenetic analysis, to provide molecular archaeological evidence of ancient epidemics. The final conclusions were drawn on cross-validation and complementary analysis of historical data and molecular biological data. This multi-dimensional, evidence-based, interdisciplinary research method facilitates a comprehensive, in-depth, and accurate understanding of ancient epidemics. It indicates a new paradigm in ancient epidemic research in China with significant development potential, possibly driving major advancements in the field.

The Peking Pharmacy Institute, as the first independent pharmacy college in China, symbolised the beginning of the era of Chines people establishing pharmacy colleges and had a unique historical status and value. This is because it started in the period of the Republic of China, when Chinese pharmaceutical education was extremely deficient. Additionally, it had an important impact on pharmaceutical education in following generations as the predecessor of the Beijing Health Vocational College. This paper reports on the collation of relevant archives and historical materials, examination and exploration of its historical development, administration and teaching system, and analysis of its school-running characteristics and its historical meanings and limitations, hoping to provide references for current pharmacy teaching.

The Temple of the Yao Wang (the Kings of Medicine) in Shanxi () means a cultural relic which is significant and immovable in the field of medicine and health, as a crucial medium for the dissemination and preservation of traditional Chinese medicine culture. This paper examined 378 local gazetteers in Shanxi, catalogued in the China Gazetteer Database in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the period of the Republic of China. It was found that these temples have been extensively distributed throughout Shanxi Province in the Ming and Qing and the republican period, particularly, in Yuncheng and Linfen in the southern region and Jinzhong in the central area of Shanxi. This showed a pronounced linear distribution from the southwest to the central-northern of Shanxi. The principal deities (as the King of Medicine) in the temples were enshrined and venerated as the Yao Wang, including Bian Que, Sun Simiao and Wei Cizang. The temples were taken as the sites for public worships, medical consultations and spiritual solace. They evolved into a triad of ritual patterns - folk entertainment, medicinal commerce, and the implementation of an integrated 'temple-school' model. With the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry, the veneration of the Medical Kings as Yao Wang, has further transformed into a distinctive form of industrial deity worship, fulfilling its unique historical function.

The document No. B147: 36 (the obverse side), unearthed in Cave 147 in the North region of Mogao grotto at Dunghuang, is a fragment of a medical manuscript in Tibetan. It has the remains of 7 hand-painted wheel drawings and Tibetan script in cursive style. Tibetan was found inside the wheel hub and blade-like compartments (4-8 compartments) separated by the spokes, matching some Tibetan outside of the wheel rim. It can be seen in the remaining illustrations that a formula is in each wheel drawing and a name of a hurb in each compartment, with the name of the key hurb written inside of the wheel hub. Each formula has 7-9 ingredients. The efficacy of each formula is written above or outside the wheel hub. The medicine and efficacy in the wheel hub formulae are in line with Tibetan medicine theory, while the same formulae are not found in any of the Chinese or Tibetan medicinal manuscripts at Dun Huang, nor found in the form of wheel hub paintings. However, two of the basically similar formulae are found in the Four Medical Tantras (Rgyud Bzhi), but these wheel hub formulae do not specify the proportioning, dosage, use and contraindications. As a result, they might be taken orally as charms for disease treatment provided by mantrikas or warlocks.

The Compendium of Medicine (Yi Xue Gang Mu), written by Lou Ying in the Ming Dynasty, is a comprehensive medical masterpiece. It quoted a great amount of traditional classics and saved a great deal of valuable literature of acupuncture which was almost lost in history. This study systematically examined the cited literature in terms of acupuncture and moxibustion in this book, focusing on the edition found in Jianyang mainly and the edition published by Caozhuo as references. A total of more than 200,000 characters and 1,337 acupuncture treatment entries were collated, in which 1,166 explicitly cited can be traced back to 40 ancient medical texts and physicians' works, 8 physicians' writings, and one special therapy, involving 105 abbreviated names, with some remaining unverified. The content of the quotation in the Compendium of Medicine basically took two approaches, verbatim citation and adaptation with additions or deletions. The acupuncture and moxibustion section in the quotation collected a total of 528 disease treatments with extensive citation, integrating diverse medical traditions with systematic classification and a diversity of diseases or symptoms. These citations prioritised clinical efficacy, highlighting the synergistic application of acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine while they showed inconsistencies in abbreviation usages and occasional textual errors to some extent. The acupuncture prescriptions in Compendium of Medicine are organised methodically, enriched with the author's clinical experience of a variety of materials. It is a valuable reference for acupuncture practice and lays a foundation for reconstructing pre-Ming acupuncture literature by drawing on a great amount of quotations and citations.

In the early period of the New China, a massive large-scale water conservancy project was constructed by the Yellow River and the Huai River management. The health problems in water conservancy sites affected the health of migrant workers and the development of the project seriously. To solve these problems, a series of effective and efficient policies and measures were taken by the Communist Party of China and the governments at all levels, involving the holistic top-level design, policy-making and implementation, strengthening centralised leadership and organisation, building-up medical networks, training local medical staff for acupuncture, and focusing on prevention and treatment with the mass base. These measures effectively improved the health work in the construction site by reducing the epidemic and frequently-occurring diseases, changing the dirty and disorderly appearance of the construction sites, improving health awareness and hygiene consciousness, and constructing orderly and clean site communities. As a result, these measures protected the workforce, improved the medical network in the socialism system, cohered the medical construction force by holding both traditional Chinese doctors and western medicine physicians together, reshaped the new workforce, reinforced the management to the grass-root society and therefore, consolidated the new power.