Progress in Polymer Science最新文献_第4页

Hierarchically structured materials derived from synthetic polymers: design and bulk self-assembly strategies 合成聚合物衍生的分层结构材料：设计和批量自组装策略

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102027

Xiaowei Fu , Jae-Man Park , Ruiqi Liang , Yazhen Xue , Mingjiang Zhong

Hierarchical structures are ubiquitous in biological systems—proteins, for instance, achieve complex and precise assemblies through the hierarchical organization of amino acid sequences, enabling diverse and sophisticated functions. Inspired by nature, hierarchically structured synthetic polymers have emerged as a new class of materials capable of forming ordered morphologies with multiple periodicities, surpassing the conventional phase behavior of linear diblock copolymers. This review critically summarizes recent progress in the design and formation of hierarchical structures in synthetic polymers. We categorize current strategies into five major approaches: (1) multiblock copolymers, (2) supramolecular assemblies, (3) liquid crystalline copolymers, (4) polypeptide-based copolymers, and (5) graft/bottlebrush block copolymers. Particular attention is given to approaches that employ diverse macromolecular architectures, including linear, star, and bottlebrush polymers, to access complex morphologies. In addition, we highlight recent advances in polymer-grafted nanocrystals, which give rise to hierarchical superlattices by integrating atomic-level ordering from the nanocrystals with nanoscale periodicity from the polymer corona. We conclude by discussing emerging synthetic directions and potential applications of these hierarchically structured polymeric materials.

等级结构在生物系统中无处不在——例如，蛋白质通过氨基酸序列的等级组织实现复杂而精确的组装，从而实现多样化和复杂的功能。受大自然的启发，分层结构的合成聚合物已经成为一类新的材料，能够形成具有多个周期性的有序形态，超越了线性二嵌段共聚物的传统相行为。本文综述了合成聚合物中分层结构的设计和形成的最新进展。我们将目前的策略分为五种主要方法：(1)多嵌段共聚物，(2)超分子组装，(3)液晶共聚物，(4)多肽基共聚物，(5)接枝/瓶刷嵌段共聚物。特别关注的方法是采用不同的大分子结构，包括线性，星形和瓶刷聚合物，以获得复杂的形态。此外，我们强调了聚合物接枝纳米晶体的最新进展，通过将纳米晶体的原子级有序与聚合物电晕的纳米级周期性相结合，产生了分层超晶格。最后讨论了这些分层结构高分子材料的合成方向和潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

Adding machine learning to the polymer reaction engineering toolbox 将机器学习添加到聚合物反应工程工具箱

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102029

Kiarash Farajzadehahary , Shaghayegh Hamzehlou , Nicholas Ballard

Mathematical modeling has long played a crucial role in the development of macromolecular systems, offering a framework for designing polymeric materials to achieve specific targets. Traditionally, these models have been grounded in first-principles knowledge of the underlying physical and chemical processes. However, in recent years, data-driven approaches, particularly those based on machine learning (ML), have gained significant traction. Unlike conventional models, which are constrained by predefined assumptions, ML models offer greater flexibility, which can have both positive and negative consequences. On the positive side, the flexibility of machine learning models makes them particularly useful for analyzing complex systems, such as those common to polymeric materials, which are often challenging to fully capture with traditional approaches. However, a well-known drawback is that their lack of physical grounding can sometimes result in unrealistic predictions. In this review, recent advances in the use of machine learning in the field of polymer reaction engineering are discussed, with a particular focus on how to incorporate the strengths of both first-principles and data-driven mathematical models. The review begins with an overview of the key machine learning techniques currently available and then explores specific scenarios where their application has proven beneficial in modelling of polymeric systems. Following an in-depth discussion of the state-of-the-art with respect to polymer reaction engineering applications, the article concludes with a perspective on the future of this nascent field, outlining key challenges and opportunities for further research.

数学建模长期以来在大分子体系的发展中起着至关重要的作用，为设计聚合物材料以实现特定目标提供了一个框架。传统上，这些模型是建立在基本物理和化学过程的第一性原理知识基础上的。然而，近年来，数据驱动的方法，特别是那些基于机器学习（ML）的方法，已经获得了巨大的吸引力。与受预定义假设约束的传统模型不同，ML模型提供了更大的灵活性，这既可以产生积极的结果，也可以产生消极的结果。从积极的方面来看，机器学习模型的灵活性使得它们对于分析复杂系统特别有用，例如聚合物材料中常见的系统，这些系统通常很难用传统方法完全捕获。然而，一个众所周知的缺点是，他们缺乏身体基础，有时会导致不切实际的预测。在这篇综述中，讨论了在聚合物反应工程领域使用机器学习的最新进展，特别关注如何将第一原理和数据驱动的数学模型的优势结合起来。本文首先概述了当前可用的关键机器学习技术，然后探讨了它们在聚合物系统建模中被证明有益的具体应用场景。在深入讨论了聚合物反应工程应用的最新技术之后，文章最后对这一新兴领域的未来进行了展望，概述了进一步研究的关键挑战和机遇。

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引用次数: 0

Precision polymers: advances in synthesis, structural engineering, and functional optimization 精密聚合物：合成、结构工程和功能优化方面的进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102030

Zhanhui Gan , Jinming Liu , Zhuoqi Xu , Shuai Jia , Xue-Hui Dong

Most synthetic polymers are mixtures of homologous chains that vary in chain length, sequence, and architecture. This inherent heterogeneity blurs fundamental structure-property correlations and compromises experimental resolution, reliability, and reproducibility. Although modern polymerization techniques have achieved remarkable control over molecular parameters, absolute structural uniformity across multi-length scales remains unattainable. Recent progress in iterative synthesis and high-resolution chromatography has facilitated the creation of precision polymers—chains of uniform length, exact sequence, and programmable architecture. This review summarizes recent advances that confer such structural fidelity, focusing on iterative synthetic strategies and chromatographic separations. We further illustrate how these precisely defined molecular parameters translate into quantitatively predictable thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors, exemplified by crystallization and self-assembly in bulk and solution. Emerging applications in electronic information, biomedical engineering, and organic optoelectronics are also outlined. We conclude by assessing the remaining challenges and opportunities presented by the advent of AI-guided design and automation.

大多数合成聚合物是同源链的混合物，其链长、序列和结构各不相同。这种固有的异质性模糊了基本的结构-性质相关性，并损害了实验的分辨率、可靠性和可重复性。尽管现代聚合技术已经实现了对分子参数的显著控制，但在多长度尺度上的绝对结构均匀性仍然是不可能实现的。迭代合成和高分辨率色谱的最新进展促进了精确聚合物链的创建，这些聚合物链具有均匀的长度、精确的序列和可编程的结构。本文综述了赋予这种结构保真度的最新进展，重点是迭代合成策略和色谱分离。我们进一步说明了这些精确定义的分子参数如何转化为定量可预测的热力学和动力学行为，例如在体和溶液中的结晶和自组装。本文还概述了电子信息、生物医学工程和有机光电子学等领域的新兴应用。最后，我们评估了人工智能引导的设计和自动化出现所带来的挑战和机遇。

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引用次数: 0

Thiol-epoxy ‘click’ reaction in polymer synthesis 聚合物合成中的硫醇-环氧“点击”反应

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102022

Anzar Khan

The base-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of epoxides by thiol nucleophiles, commonly known as the thiol-epoxy ‘click’ reaction, is a versatile method for forming thioether bonds. This review offers mechanistic insights into the reaction and explores its applications in polymer synthesis. The discussion also includes post-polymerization modifications of thioether linkages into sulfoxides, sulfones, and cationic sulfonium salts, as well as esterification of the secondary hydroxyl groups generated by the ‘click’ reaction. Additional topics include scalability, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and the formation of disulfide defects. Practical recommendations are provided for optimizing reaction conditions and minimizing side reactions. Finally, future directions are proposed to further expand the utility of this reaction in polymer chemistry.

巯基亲核试剂催化环氧化合物开环反应，通常称为巯基-环氧“咔嗒”反应，是形成硫醚键的一种通用方法。本文综述了该反应的机理，并探讨了其在聚合物合成中的应用。讨论还包括聚合后修饰的硫醚连接到亚砜，砜和阳离子磺盐，以及二级羟基的酯化产生的“点击”反应。其他主题包括可伸缩性、化学选择性、区域选择性和二硫化缺陷的形成。提出了优化反应条件和减少副反应的实用建议。最后，提出了进一步扩大该反应在高分子化学中的应用的发展方向。

引用次数: 0

Review of enhancing thermal conductivity in polymer-based dielectrics as passive components 聚合物基介电体作为被动元件增强导热性的研究进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102025

Xiangyan Yu , Qichen Zhou , Dimitrios G. Papageorgiou , Han Zhang , Haixue Yan , Michael J. Reece , Minhao Yang , Emiliano Bilotti

Polymer dielectrics play a pivotal role in modern electronic applications, including oscillators, resonant circuits, electronic filters, and energy storage systems. However, the relentless pursuit of higher power densities and operating frequencies in next-generation electronics has led to exponential growth in heat generation. Conventional polymer dielectrics, with their inherently low thermal conductivity (< 0.5 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹), struggle to dissipate this accumulated heat efficiently, leading to elevated operating temperatures and increased risk of premature dielectric breakdown. To ensure long-term stability and reliability in high-performance electronic systems, a fundamental understanding of heat transfer mechanisms and dielectric behaviour in polymers is essential. Furthermore, novel material‐design approaches are needed to boost dielectric performance and thermal conductivity in tandem, allowing polymer dielectrics to fulfil the exacting demands of next-generation passive components.

聚合物电介质在现代电子应用中发挥着关键作用，包括振荡器、谐振电路、电子滤波器和能量存储系统。然而，在下一代电子产品中对更高功率密度和工作频率的不懈追求导致了热量的指数级增长。传统的聚合物电介质，由于其固有的低导热性（0.5 W·m⁻¹·K⁻），很难有效地散发这些积累的热量，导致工作温度升高和电介质过早击穿的风险增加。为了确保高性能电子系统的长期稳定性和可靠性，对聚合物中的传热机制和介电行为的基本理解是必不可少的。此外，需要新的材料设计方法来同时提高介电性能和导热性，使聚合物介电材料能够满足下一代无源元件的严格要求。

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引用次数: 0

Chemical structure design for eco-friendly dielectric polymer materials 环保介质高分子材料的化学结构设计

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102014

Baoquan Wan , Jun-Wei Zha , Zhi-Min Dang

Environmentally friendly dielectric polymer materials that can subjectively adapt to environmental changes and self-restore mechanical and electrical insulation properties continue to emerge. These adaptive systems are expected to revolutionize the development of smart grids, power electronic systems, and other fields. We will present a new trend emerging in environmentally friendly dielectric design that utilizes reversible chemistry (both non-covalent and covalent) to control reactions originating at the most fundamental (molecular) level. Dielectrics designed with this molecular structure will be able to heal or recycle themselves on a macroscopic scale as a result of changes in the molecular structure of the material (i.e., rearrangement or reorganization of polymer components or aggregates). However, the ability to design the molecular structure and ensure the original excellent properties of the dielectric is of interest to researchers. This review will summarize the challenges and opportunities in chemical structure modification with respect to the needs of dielectric application scenarios and specific examples. Furthermore, it will guide the design and preparation of environmentally friendly dielectrics and promote the development of interdisciplinary research between high-voltage insulation technology and polymer chemistry.

能够主观上适应环境变化、自我恢复机电绝缘性能的环保型介电高分子材料不断涌现。这些自适应系统有望彻底改变智能电网、电力电子系统和其他领域的发展。我们将介绍环保电介质设计的新趋势，该设计利用可逆化学（非共价和共价）来控制源自最基本（分子）水平的反应。用这种分子结构设计的电介质将能够在宏观尺度上自我修复或再循环，因为材料的分子结构发生了变化（即聚合物组分或聚集体的重排或重组）。然而，设计分子结构并保证电介质原有优异性能的能力是研究人员感兴趣的问题。本文将根据电介质应用场景的需要和具体实例，总结化学结构改性的挑战和机遇。指导环境友好型介电材料的设计和制备，促进高压绝缘技术与高分子化学交叉研究的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides: An efficient approach toward peptides, peptoids, and functional materials n -羧基氢化物开环聚合：多肽、类肽和功能材料的有效途径

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102013

Pengyu Song , Jiachen Lv , Chun Yang , Qianxi Gu , Shangning Liu , Yuanzu Zhang , Wenli Wang , Yunqing Zhu , Jianzhong Du

Polypeptides, as one of the most remarkable biomacromolecules in nature, possess immense application potential due to their protein-mimetic architectures. Since the discovery of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers in the early 20th century, these cyclic derivatives have revolutionized polypeptide synthesis by overcoming the inherent challenges in amino acid polycondensation. NCA remains an active research frontier in polymer science and materials engineering. In this review we critically summarize recent advances in NCA-based polymerization strategies. We first highlight ring-opening polymerization approaches, followed by an in-depth discussion on copolymerization systems with emphasis on monomer compatibility. As molecular assembly serves as the critical bridge connecting polymer synthesis to functional applications, we subsequently analyze various self-assembly mechanisms of NCA-derived polypeptides, with a focus on elucidating the driving forces underlying different supramolecular architectures. Furthermore, we comprehensively overview the emerging functional applications of these polypeptide materials across biomedical and nanotechnology domains. We critically analyze persistent challenges while charting emergent research frontiers in this field. This review not only consolidates the recent progress in NCA polymerization but also provides mechanistic insights into molecular assembly and a roadmap for advancing functional polypeptide materials in next-generation applications.

多肽作为自然界中最引人注目的生物大分子之一，由于其具有类似蛋白质的结构，具有巨大的应用潜力。自20世纪初发现n -羧基氢化物（NCA）单体以来，这些环状衍生物克服了氨基酸缩聚的固有挑战，彻底改变了多肽合成。NCA在高分子科学和材料工程领域一直是一个活跃的研究前沿。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地总结了nca基聚合策略的最新进展。我们首先强调开环聚合方法，然后深入讨论共聚体系，重点是单体相容性。由于分子组装是连接聚合物合成与功能应用的关键桥梁，我们随后分析了nca衍生多肽的各种自组装机制，重点阐明了不同超分子结构背后的驱动力。此外，我们全面概述了这些多肽材料在生物医学和纳米技术领域的新兴功能应用。我们批判性地分析持续的挑战，同时绘制该领域的新兴研究前沿。本文不仅综述了NCA聚合的最新进展，而且为分子组装提供了机制见解，并为推进下一代功能多肽材料的应用提供了路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Research progress on conjugated carbonyl polymer electrodes for organic lithium batteries 有机锂电池共轭羰基聚合物电极研究进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102012

Xi Chen, Jiahao Yao, Yong Lu, Yixin Li, Zhenhua Yan, Kai Zhang, Jun Chen

Conjugated carbonyl polymers (CCPs) have emerged as a promising class of organic electrode materials for high-performance organic lithium batteries, offering unique advantages such as structural versatility, tunable electrochemical properties, sustainability, and high theoretical capacity. These materials address key limitations of traditional inorganic electrodes, including resource scarcity and environmental concerns. Their conjugated π-systems enhance electron transport, and polymerised structures improve anti-dissolution and thermal stability. However, challenges such as low conductivity, limited carbonyl utilization, high synthesis costs, and compatibility issues with existing battery systems hinder their practical application. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress of CCPs in organic lithium batteries, focusing on strategies to optimize their structure and performance through molecular engineering, morphology control, composite synthesis, and electrode fabrication. It analyzes the fundamental relationships between molecular structure, electrochemical performance, and practical applicability, highlighting advancements in enhancing conductivity, cycle stability, and rate capability. Furthermore, the review discusses current challenges, including cost reduction of synthesis, improvement of structural stability, and optimisation of interfaces, alongside potential solutions and future research directions. By integrating insights from computational simulations, experimental studies, and practical application considerations, this work underscores the potential of CCPs to advance next-generation high-energy-density, sustainable organic lithium batteries, paving the way for their broader adoption in energy storage technologies.

共轭羰基聚合物（CCPs）已成为高性能有机锂电池的有机电极材料，具有结构通用性、电化学性能可调、可持续性和高理论容量等独特优势。这些材料解决了传统无机电极的主要局限性，包括资源稀缺和环境问题。它们的共轭π体系增强了电子传递，聚合结构提高了抗溶解性和热稳定性。然而，诸如低导电性、有限的羰基利用率、高合成成本以及与现有电池系统的兼容性问题等挑战阻碍了它们的实际应用。本文综述了CCPs在有机锂电池中的研究进展，重点介绍了从分子工程、形态控制、复合材料合成和电极制备等方面优化CCPs结构和性能的策略。它分析了分子结构、电化学性能和实际适用性之间的基本关系，重点介绍了在提高电导率、循环稳定性和速率能力方面的进展。此外，本文还讨论了当前面临的挑战，包括降低合成成本、提高结构稳定性和优化界面，以及潜在的解决方案和未来的研究方向。通过整合计算模拟、实验研究和实际应用考虑的见解，这项工作强调了ccp在推进下一代高能量密度、可持续有机锂电池方面的潜力，为其在储能技术中的广泛应用铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Processing–Structure–Property–Performance relationships of polymer composites for untethered magnetic robotics 无系留磁性机器人用聚合物复合材料的加工-结构-性能-性能关系

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102005

Sukyoung Won , Kijun Yang , Jeong Jae Wie

Miniaturized magnetic robots can be wirelessly maneuvered into hard-to-reach regions beyond the limits of manual control, enabling diverse functionalities such as drug delivery, microfluidic control, cargo transportation, ultraprecision polishing, and microplastic removal. From the perspective of mechanical engineering, robot locomotion has been extensively discussed in previous reviews. However, targeted and high-precision actuation requires multidisciplinary understanding from the perspective of polymer and materials science, which remains insufficiently covered in earlier reviews. This review aims to elucidate processing–structure–property–performance relationships in recent magnetically responsive polymer composites (i.e., magnetic polymer composites) for magnetic robot actuation. We address processing strategies and underlying rationales for magnetic polymer composites by considering magnetic properties of magnetic fillers and thermal processability of polymer matrices. Locomotion of millimeter-to-nanometer scale robots is discussed based on comprehensive understanding of processing, structure, properties, and actuation of magnetic polymer composites. This review offers insights required to advance magnetic robotics, paving the way for future miniaturized actuators and robots with diverse biomedical, environmental, industrial, and interdisciplinary functions.

微型磁性机器人可以无线操纵到超出手动控制范围的难以到达的区域，实现多种功能，如药物输送，微流体控制，货物运输，超精密抛光和微塑料去除。从机械工程的角度来看，机器人运动在之前的综述中已经得到了广泛的讨论。然而，从聚合物和材料科学的角度来看，有针对性的、高精度的驱动需要多学科的理解，这在早期的综述中仍然没有得到充分的覆盖。本文综述了近年来用于磁性机器人驱动的磁响应聚合物复合材料（即磁性聚合物复合材料）的加工-结构-性能-性能关系。通过考虑磁性填料的磁性和聚合物基体的热加工性，我们讨论了磁性聚合物复合材料的加工策略和基本原理。在全面了解磁性聚合物复合材料的加工、结构、性能和驱动的基础上，讨论了毫米至纳米级机器人的运动问题。这篇综述提供了推进磁性机器人所需的见解，为未来具有多种生物医学、环境、工业和跨学科功能的小型化驱动器和机器人铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Chemical recycling of nitrogen containing polymers: processes and industrial prospects 含氮聚合物的化学回收：工艺与工业前景

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102002

Sofie Houben , Marta Mestre Membrado , Lander Van Belleghem , Ion Olazabal , Niels Van Velthoven , Karolien Vanbroekhoven , Haritz Sardon , Dirk De Vos , Elias Feghali , Kathy Elst

Nitrogen containing polymers (NCPs), particularly polyurethanes (PU) and polyamides (PA), play a crucial role in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, leading to exponential growth in recent years. The production of both polymers relies primarily on fossil-fuel-derived monomers and lacks sustainable waste disposal solutions. To reduce fossil-fuel dependency, scaling up chemical recycling to an industrial scale is essential. Various systems have been developed at a lab scale, nevertheless, progress toward industrial-scale implementation remains scarce. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main chemical recycling approaches. Systems already operating at an industrial scale are reviewed separately and a general comparison of all techniques is made for each polymer. Beyond technical aspects, this review highlights broader challenges, including concerns with economic feasibility, regulatory constraints related to handling toxic compounds, and logistical challenges in waste collection. The future perspective gives an update on the state-of-the-art of chemical recycling and outlines the current limitations toward a fully circular economy for the two major NCPs.

含氮聚合物（ncp），特别是聚氨酯（PU）和聚酰胺（PA），在广泛的工业和消费应用中发挥着至关重要的作用，导致近年来呈指数级增长。这两种聚合物的生产主要依赖于化石燃料衍生的单体，缺乏可持续的废物处理解决方案。为了减少对化石燃料的依赖，将化学回收扩大到工业规模是必不可少的。各种系统已经在实验室规模上开发出来，然而，向工业规模实施的进展仍然很少。本文综述了主要的化学回收方法。已经在工业规模上运行的系统分别进行了审查，并对每种聚合物的所有技术进行了一般比较。除了技术方面，本审查还强调了更广泛的挑战，包括对经济可行性的关注、与处理有毒化合物有关的监管限制以及废物收集方面的后勤挑战。未来展望提供了最新的化学品回收技术，并概述了目前两个主要国家实现完全循环经济的限制。

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引用次数: 0