Acquired resistance to paclitaxel (PTX) in cancers such as breast cancer often involves “protective autophagy”, which helps tumor cells survive treatment. However, how the lysosomal microenvironment changes during resistance remains unclear, largely because tools for real-time lysosomal tracking in living systems are limited. To solve this, we designed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, Lyso-WY-Vis, based on an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. It emits at 695 nm with a large Stokes shift (275 nm), enabling deep tissue penetration and high contrast. The probe incorporates a molecular rotor sensitive to viscosity and a morpholine unit for precise lysosome targeting. Employing this advanced tool, markedly elevated autophagy levels, both basal and PTX-induced, were observed in PTX-resistant cells (4T1/PTX), in contrast to the sensitive 4T1 cells. Furthermore, in vivo investigations revealed that combination therapy with PTX and 3-MA yielded robust anti-tumor effects, significantly inhibiting tumor proliferation and fully reversing the resistant phenotype in both sensitive and resistant tumor-bearing mouse models.
{"title":"Synergistic anti-tumor effects of paclitaxel and autophagy inhibition in drug-resistant tumors revealed by ESIPT-based NIR real-time lysosomal imaging","authors":"Hengwei Sun, Jing Wen, Yiyu Zhu, Jinling Sun, Yefeng Cai, Jinmiao Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acquired resistance to paclitaxel (PTX) in cancers such as breast cancer often involves “protective autophagy”, which helps tumor cells survive treatment. However, how the lysosomal microenvironment changes during resistance remains unclear, largely because tools for real-time lysosomal tracking in living systems are limited. To solve this, we designed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, Lyso-WY-Vis, based on an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism. It emits at 695 nm with a large Stokes shift (275 nm), enabling deep tissue penetration and high contrast. The probe incorporates a molecular rotor sensitive to viscosity and a morpholine unit for precise lysosome targeting. Employing this advanced tool, markedly elevated autophagy levels, both basal and PTX-induced, were observed in PTX-resistant cells (4T1/PTX), in contrast to the sensitive 4T1 cells. Furthermore, <em>in vivo</em> investigations revealed that combination therapy with PTX and 3-MA yielded robust anti-tumor effects, significantly inhibiting tumor proliferation and fully reversing the resistant phenotype in both sensitive and resistant tumor-bearing mouse models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 139616"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139553
Le Yang , Haotian Yuan , Hongfu Fang , Zhiheng Gao , Rende Ma , Yue Pan , Xuzhen Gao , Mingsheng Niu
A high-sensitivity seven-channel multipass cell trace gas detection system with optical path length (OPL) of 65.85 m, 44.778 m, 36.876 m, 27.218 m, 24.584 m and two 17.56 m based on TDLAS-WMS technology has been developed, which can simultaneously measure seven different component gases. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) was applied to evaluate the system performance with 65.85 m and 44.778 m OPL by measurement of CH4 and CO2 at wavelengths of 1653 nm and 2004 nm, respectively. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based regression model was developed for predicting concentrations trends. Kalman filtering method was applied to improve detection sensitivity. Allan deviation analysis demonstrated detection limits (DL) of 3.9 ppb and 14.9 ppb for CH4 and CO2 at integration times of 281 s and 903 s, respectively. A 48-hour continuous monitoring atmospheric CH4 and CO2 confirmed the system stability and demonstrated suitability for real-time, online detection multiple greenhouse gases.
{"title":"High sensitivity open seven-channel multipass cell TDLAS system for trace gas online monitoring","authors":"Le Yang , Haotian Yuan , Hongfu Fang , Zhiheng Gao , Rende Ma , Yue Pan , Xuzhen Gao , Mingsheng Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-sensitivity seven-channel multipass cell trace gas detection system with optical path length (OPL) of 65.85 m, 44.778 m, 36.876 m, 27.218 m, 24.584 m and two 17.56 m based on TDLAS-WMS technology has been developed, which can simultaneously measure seven different component gases. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) was applied to evaluate the system performance with 65.85 m and 44.778 m OPL by measurement of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> at wavelengths of 1653 nm and 2004 nm, respectively. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based regression model was developed for predicting concentrations trends. Kalman filtering method was applied to improve detection sensitivity. Allan deviation analysis demonstrated detection limits (DL) of 3.9 ppb and 14.9 ppb for CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> at integration times of 281 s and 903 s, respectively. A 48-hour continuous monitoring atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> confirmed the system stability and demonstrated suitability for real-time, online detection multiple greenhouse gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139603
Mingpeng Yang , Chengyu Ruan , Jun Cai , Liya Ge , Grzegorz Lisak
Sweat glucose monitoring has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for real-time tracking of glucose dynamics, with potential applications in diabetes management and exercise-related health analytics. However, the practical deployment of wearable sweat glucose sensors remains challenged by efficient sweat collection, reliable measurement under physiological variability, sustainable power supply, and user comfort. In this study, a fully integrated wearable patch tailored for practical applications was introduced, enabling the real-time collection and measurement of glucose from micro-scale sweat. The patch integrated a paper-based microfluidic chip, an enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor, and a Near-field communication (NFC)-enabled wireless power and data transmission module into a compact platform (5.6 cm × 3 cm). Glucose analysis can be achieved using only 25 μL of sweat within 28 s, while NFC provided a stable operating voltage of 2.9 V and real-time communication with a smartphone. The glucose sensing electrode was fabricated by electrodepositing a Prussian blue (PB)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposite, achieving a sensitivity of 6.9 nA μM−1 and a linear detection range of 1–1300 μM, with reliable interference resistance and stability. Preliminary on-body tests showed a positive correlation between sweat glucose data from the patch and blood glucose readings from a commercial glucose meter, indicating a similar dynamic trend. By emphasizing system-level integration, battery-free operation, modular architecture, and user-friendly deployment, this work provides an application-oriented wearable platform that facilitates the translation of sweat glucose sensing from laboratory prototypes toward practical continuous monitoring devices for diabetes management and personalized health analytics.
汗液血糖监测已成为一种有前途的无创实时跟踪血糖动态的方法，在糖尿病管理和运动相关的健康分析中具有潜在的应用前景。然而，可穿戴式汗液葡萄糖传感器的实际部署仍然面临着有效的汗液收集、生理变异性下可靠的测量、可持续的电源供应和用户舒适性的挑战。在本研究中，介绍了一种为实际应用量身定制的完全集成的可穿戴贴片，可以实时收集和测量微尺度汗液中的葡萄糖。该贴片将基于纸张的微流控芯片、酶电化学葡萄糖传感器和支持近场通信（NFC）的无线电源和数据传输模块集成到一个紧凑的平台（5.6 cm × 3 cm）中。只需25 μL的汗液即可在28 秒内完成葡萄糖分析，而NFC提供2.9 V的稳定工作电压，并可与智能手机实时通信。通过电沉积普鲁士蓝（PB）掺杂聚（3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩）（PEDOT）纳米复合材料制备葡萄糖传感电极，其灵敏度为6.9 nA μM−1，线性检测范围为1 ~ 1300 μM，具有可靠的抗干扰性和稳定性。初步的身体测试显示，贴片上的汗液葡萄糖数据与商用血糖仪上的血糖读数呈正相关，表明了类似的动态趋势。通过强调系统级集成、无电池操作、模块化架构和用户友好部署，这项工作提供了一个面向应用的可穿戴平台，促进了汗液葡萄糖传感从实验室原型向糖尿病管理和个性化健康分析的实际连续监测设备的转化。
{"title":"A fully integrated wearable patch for real-time sweat glucose monitoring toward practical application","authors":"Mingpeng Yang , Chengyu Ruan , Jun Cai , Liya Ge , Grzegorz Lisak","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sweat glucose monitoring has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for real-time tracking of glucose dynamics, with potential applications in diabetes management and exercise-related health analytics. However, the practical deployment of wearable sweat glucose sensors remains challenged by efficient sweat collection, reliable measurement under physiological variability, sustainable power supply, and user comfort. In this study, a fully integrated wearable patch tailored for practical applications was introduced, enabling the real-time collection and measurement of glucose from micro-scale sweat. The patch integrated a paper-based microfluidic chip, an enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor, and a Near-field communication (NFC)-enabled wireless power and data transmission module into a compact platform (5.6 cm × 3 cm). Glucose analysis can be achieved using only 25 μL of sweat within 28 s, while NFC provided a stable operating voltage of 2.9 V and real-time communication with a smartphone. The glucose sensing electrode was fabricated by electrodepositing a Prussian blue (PB)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposite, achieving a sensitivity of 6.9 nA μM<sup>−1</sup> and a linear detection range of 1–1300 μM, with reliable interference resistance and stability. Preliminary on-body tests showed a positive correlation between sweat glucose data from the patch and blood glucose readings from a commercial glucose meter, indicating a similar dynamic trend. By emphasizing system-level integration, battery-free operation, modular architecture, and user-friendly deployment, this work provides an application-oriented wearable platform that facilitates the translation of sweat glucose sensing from laboratory prototypes toward practical continuous monitoring devices for diabetes management and personalized health analytics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139596
Ping Zhu , Jialing Wang , Yu Li , Jing Jin , Tingting Li , Sha Xu , Ruifang Gao , Wenwen Jia , Sheng Xu , Yunpeng Zhao , Yue Wang
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) play pivotal roles in mediating biological functions and serve as critical quality control markers for cell-derived EV products. This study established an innovative method for target miRNA detection using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-enabled tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) probe at the single-EV level. The TDN probe is dual-labeled with Cy3 (donor) and Cy5 (acceptor) fluorophores, engineered to exhibit target-dependent fluorescence switching. MiR-21–5p serves as a characteristic miRNA of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. The platform was applied to simultaneously measure miR-21–5p abundance and EV positive rates. The results show concordance between the fluorescence signal intensity and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) measurements, with additional capability for heterogeneity assessment. It maintains high accuracy in serum-mimicking matrices containing physiological interferents, demonstrating interference-resistant performance essential for clinical applications. The platform achieves single-EV resolution while circumventing RT-qPCR amplification bias, with a modular TDN probe design enabling customizable detection of diverse miRNAs. It represents a paradigm shift, advancing EV molecular quantitative detection from bulk-level ambiguity to single-particle-level precision analysis.
{"title":"Tetrahedral DNA nanoprobes combined with nano-flow cytometry for single-extracellular vesicle miRNA analysis","authors":"Ping Zhu , Jialing Wang , Yu Li , Jing Jin , Tingting Li , Sha Xu , Ruifang Gao , Wenwen Jia , Sheng Xu , Yunpeng Zhao , Yue Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in extracellular vesicles (EVs) play pivotal roles in mediating biological functions and serve as critical quality control markers for cell-derived EV products. This study established an innovative method for target miRNA detection using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-enabled tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) probe at the single-EV level. The TDN probe is dual-labeled with Cy3 (donor) and Cy5 (acceptor) fluorophores, engineered to exhibit target-dependent fluorescence switching. MiR-21–5p serves as a characteristic miRNA of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. The platform was applied to simultaneously measure miR-21–5p abundance and EV positive rates. The results show concordance between the fluorescence signal intensity and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) measurements, with additional capability for heterogeneity assessment. It maintains high accuracy in serum-mimicking matrices containing physiological interferents, demonstrating interference-resistant performance essential for clinical applications. The platform achieves single-EV resolution while circumventing RT-qPCR amplification bias, with a modular TDN probe design enabling customizable detection of diverse miRNAs. It represents a paradigm shift, advancing EV molecular quantitative detection from bulk-level ambiguity to single-particle-level precision analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139577
S. Santhoshkumar , Yu-Chan Wu , Liu Bo-Yu , Wei-Lung Tseng
Several spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques can monitor sulfur defects in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based nanomaterials, but they often require costly instrumentation. Herein, we introduce a straightforward, fast, colorimetric method to evaluate sulfur vacancy degree in MoS2 nanoflowers (NFs), MoS2 nanosheets (NSs), and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) NSs by monitoring the dimerization of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB) into 5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). This sulfur-vacancy-mediated reaction results in a decrease in TNB absorbance at 412 nm and the emergence of a new DTNB peak near 325 nm. The dimerization of TNB triggered by MoS2 NFs, MoS2 NSs, and MoSe2 NSs follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constants of these materials correlate positively with sulfur defect density, but their maximum absorption capability remains similar. Additionally, machine learning simulations (Open Catalyst Project, GemNet-T) show that the adsorption energy of CH₃SH (a model thiol) becomes more negative with increasing sulfur vacancies on the MoS₂ surface. The MoS2-mediated TNB dimerization system provides a simple platform to distinguish whether a thiol compound undergoes dimerization or attaches to sulfur defect sites in the presence of sulfur-defective MoS2. For example, cysteine, glutathione, and homocysteine undergo dimerization, whereas 3-sulfanylpropanoic acid, 4-aminothiophenol, and 2-sulfanylbenzoic acid primarily attach to the sulfur defect sites.
{"title":"Rapid identification of sulfur defect levels in MoS₂ and MoSe₂ nanomaterials and their reaction with thiol molecules through defect-induced dimerization of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid","authors":"S. Santhoshkumar , Yu-Chan Wu , Liu Bo-Yu , Wei-Lung Tseng","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several spectroscopic and electron microscopic techniques can monitor sulfur defects in molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>)-based nanomaterials, but they often require costly instrumentation. Herein, we introduce a straightforward, fast, colorimetric method to evaluate sulfur vacancy degree in MoS<sub>2</sub> nanoflowers (NFs), MoS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets (NSs), and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe<sub>2</sub>) NSs by monitoring the dimerization of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB) into 5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). This sulfur-vacancy-mediated reaction results in a decrease in TNB absorbance at 412 nm and the emergence of a new DTNB peak near 325 nm. The dimerization of TNB triggered by MoS<sub>2</sub> NFs, MoS<sub>2</sub> NSs, and MoSe<sub>2</sub> NSs follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constants of these materials correlate positively with sulfur defect density, but their maximum absorption capability remains similar. Additionally, machine learning simulations (Open Catalyst Project, GemNet-T) show that the adsorption energy of CH₃SH (a model thiol) becomes more negative with increasing sulfur vacancies on the MoS₂ surface. The MoS<sub>2</sub>-mediated TNB dimerization system provides a simple platform to distinguish whether a thiol compound undergoes dimerization or attaches to sulfur defect sites in the presence of sulfur-defective MoS<sub>2</sub>. For example, cysteine, glutathione, and homocysteine undergo dimerization, whereas 3-sulfanylpropanoic acid, 4-aminothiophenol, and 2-sulfanylbenzoic acid primarily attach to the sulfur defect sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive colorimetric sensor based on a disposable cotton swab loaded with Au nanoparticle–modified Cu-chlorophyllin (Au0–NPsCHL) and creatinine was developed for mercury (II) detection in aquatic environments using smartphone–based RGB analysis. Au0–NPsCHL were synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted chemical reduction, employing Cu-chlorophyllin as a stabilizing and NaBH4 as a reducing agent. A vivid red Au0–NPsCHL colloidal (7.96 ± 0.29 nm) with a sharp SPR peak at 515 nm was successfully obtained. An aliquot of 75 µL of Au0-NPsCHL (0.103 ± 0.03 nmol L−1) and 25 µL of creatinine solution (40 mg L−1) were sequentially loaded into an 8.0 × 0.5 cm cotton swab, separated by a 0.5 cm air gap. Detection began by immersing the swab into Hg2+–contaminated samples for 3 min, allowing Hg2+ adsorption. Breaking the swab generated pressure differential, which, along with gravity, drove the Au0–NPsCHL to mix with creatinine. The resulting mixture migrated toward the swab tip by capillary action and reacted with adsorbed Hg2+ through metallophilic 5d10–5d10 interactions. Creatinine acted as a bridging ligand, inducing Au0–NPsCHL aggregation and shifting the SPR to 620 nm, causing a visible red-to-blue transition. This sensor enables rapid and visual detection and quantitative evaluation via smartphone RGB analysis. The system demonstrated excellent linearity from 1 to 100 µg L−1 with a low LOD of 0.82 µg L−1. Recoveries of 97.6–101.8 % confirmed high accuracy and minimal matrix interference. The disposable cotton swab RGB sensor provides a rapid, portable, and practical tool for on-site primary assessment of Hg2+ contamination in environmental samples.
{"title":"Smartphone-based disposable cotton-swab sensor loaded with creatinine/Cu–chlorophyllin–stabilized AuNPs for ultrasensitive RGB colorimetric detection of mercury (II) ions in aquatic environments","authors":"Natee Lerdpiriyaskulkij , Ekarat Detsri , Saowapak Teerasong , Sarayute Chansai , Arjnarong Mathaweesansurn","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive colorimetric sensor based on a disposable cotton swab loaded with Au nanoparticle–modified Cu-chlorophyllin (Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<sub>CHL</sub>) and creatinine was developed for mercury (II) detection in aquatic environments using smartphone–based RGB analysis. Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<sub>CHL</sub> were synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted chemical reduction, employing Cu-chlorophyllin as a stabilizing and NaBH<sub>4</sub> as a reducing agent. A vivid red Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<sub>CHL</sub> colloidal (7.96 ± 0.29 nm) with a sharp SPR peak at 515 nm was successfully obtained. An aliquot of 75 µL of Au<sup>0</sup>-NPs<sub>CHL</sub> (0.103 ± 0.03 nmol L<sup>−1</sup>) and 25 µL of creatinine solution (40 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) were sequentially loaded into an 8.0 × 0.5 cm cotton swab, separated by a 0.5 cm air gap. Detection began by immersing the swab into Hg<sup>2+</sup>–contaminated samples for 3 min, allowing Hg<sup>2+</sup> adsorption. Breaking the swab generated pressure differential, which, along with gravity, drove the Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<sub>CHL</sub> to mix with creatinine. The resulting mixture migrated toward the swab tip by capillary action and reacted with adsorbed Hg<sup>2+</sup> through metallophilic 5d<sup>10</sup>–5d<sup>10</sup> interactions. Creatinine acted as a bridging ligand, inducing Au<sup>0</sup>–NPs<sub>CHL</sub> aggregation and shifting the SPR to 620 nm, causing a visible red-to-blue transition. This sensor enables rapid and visual detection and quantitative evaluation via smartphone RGB analysis. The system demonstrated excellent linearity from 1 to 100 µg L<sup>−1</sup> with a low LOD of 0.82 µg L<sup>−1</sup>. Recoveries of 97.6–101.8 % confirmed high accuracy and minimal matrix interference. The disposable cotton swab RGB sensor provides a rapid, portable, and practical tool for on-site primary assessment of Hg<sup>2+</sup> contamination in environmental samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a mode-mismatched photothermal lens liquid sensing system using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) as the excitation source for the detection of furfural in insulating oil. The mid-infrared absorption spectrum of furfural in an insulating oil matrix was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, identifying the optimal absorption peak at 1703 cm⁻¹ . Temperature and current tuning of the DFB-QCL were performed on pure oil and a 500 mg/L furfural/insulating oil sample to determine the optimal temperature and current values, ensuring maximum sensitivity during light excitation of the oil samples. Frequency-domain investigation of the PTL signal response revealed an exponential decrease in signal amplitude with increasing modulation frequency. The PTL signal amplitude exhibited a linear correlation with furfural concentration in the insulating oil. The sensing system has a low limit of detection (LOD) for furfural in insulating oil down to 5.9 mg/L, with a linear concentration range extending up to 500 mg/L. This method does not require pretreatment of the oil sample and can be used for real-time in-situ monitoring.
{"title":"Mode-mismatched photothermal lens-based trace furfural detection using a quantum cascade laser as excitation source","authors":"Fuping Zeng , Xianzong Chao , Ruotong Xiong, Langlang Lv, Wei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a mode-mismatched photothermal lens liquid sensing system using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) as the excitation source for the detection of furfural in insulating oil. The mid-infrared absorption spectrum of furfural in an insulating oil matrix was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, identifying the optimal absorption peak at 1703 cm⁻¹ . Temperature and current tuning of the DFB-QCL were performed on pure oil and a 500 mg/L furfural/insulating oil sample to determine the optimal temperature and current values, ensuring maximum sensitivity during light excitation of the oil samples. Frequency-domain investigation of the PTL signal response revealed an exponential decrease in signal amplitude with increasing modulation frequency. The PTL signal amplitude exhibited a linear correlation with furfural concentration in the insulating oil. The sensing system has a low limit of detection (LOD) for furfural in insulating oil down to 5.9 mg/L, with a linear concentration range extending up to 500 mg/L. This method does not require pretreatment of the oil sample and can be used for real-time in-situ monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139615
Wei Peng , Jiaxin Zhang , Zheng Wen , Mengyue Liu , Bishan Ye , Xiaopo Zhang , Fei Wang , Heng Liu , Fabiao Yu
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment, with neuroinflammation and cholinergic dysfunction playing pivotal roles in its pathological progression. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), beyond its hydrolytic function in the periphery, is markedly upregulated in the brains of patients with mid to late-stage AD. However, real-time visualization of BChE activity in neuroinflammatory and AD models remains challenging due to the limited availability of imaging probes that combine high selectivity with efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In this work, an activatable near-infrared fluorogenic (NIRF) probe, DCICF3-CP, was designed and synthesized for in vivo imaging of BChE activity in neuroinflammatory and AD models. This probe employed dicyanoisophorone (DCI) as its near-infrared fluorophore and incorporated a cyclopropyl ester as a BChE-specific recognition unit. Concurrently, trifluoromethyl groups were introduced onto the aromatic ring to enhance lipophilicity and facilitate BBB permeability. Upon BChE hydrolysis, the cyclopropyl was cleaved, releasing the product DCICF3, enabling a turn-on fluorescence response. Cellular studies demonstrated that DCICF3-CP could track BChE upregulation in glutamate- and Aβ42-induced AD-related models. In vivo imaging further revealed significantly elevated BChE activity in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mice, with decreased fluorescence signals following atorvastatin (Atv) intervention, indicating Atv treatment mitigated neuroinflammation. Moreover, imaging results from AD transgenic mice showed a gradual increase in brain BChE activity with age, consistent with Western blot analysis. Collectively, the developed DCICF3-CP was suitable for real-time visualization of BChE-related neuroinflammation and AD pathological processes, providing a novel tool for studying the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and evaluating therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Dynamic visualization of butyrylcholinesterase activity in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease with an activatable near-infrared fluorogenic probe","authors":"Wei Peng , Jiaxin Zhang , Zheng Wen , Mengyue Liu , Bishan Ye , Xiaopo Zhang , Fei Wang , Heng Liu , Fabiao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment, with neuroinflammation and cholinergic dysfunction playing pivotal roles in its pathological progression. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), beyond its hydrolytic function in the periphery, is markedly upregulated in the brains of patients with mid to late-stage AD. However, real-time visualization of BChE activity in neuroinflammatory and AD models remains challenging due to the limited availability of imaging probes that combine high selectivity with efficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In this work, an activatable near-infrared fluorogenic (NIRF) probe, DCICF<sub>3</sub>-CP, was designed and synthesized for <em>in vivo</em> imaging of BChE activity in neuroinflammatory and AD models. This probe employed dicyanoisophorone (DCI) as its near-infrared fluorophore and incorporated a cyclopropyl ester as a BChE-specific recognition unit. Concurrently, trifluoromethyl groups were introduced onto the aromatic ring to enhance lipophilicity and facilitate BBB permeability. Upon BChE hydrolysis, the cyclopropyl was cleaved, releasing the product DCICF<sub>3</sub>, enabling a turn-on fluorescence response. Cellular studies demonstrated that DCICF<sub>3</sub>-CP could track BChE upregulation in glutamate- and Aβ<sub>42</sub>-induced AD-related models. <em>In vivo</em> imaging further revealed significantly elevated BChE activity in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mice, with decreased fluorescence signals following atorvastatin (Atv) intervention, indicating Atv treatment mitigated neuroinflammation. Moreover, imaging results from AD transgenic mice showed a gradual increase in brain BChE activity with age, consistent with Western blot analysis. Collectively, the developed DCICF<sub>3</sub>-CP was suitable for real-time visualization of BChE-related neuroinflammation and AD pathological processes, providing a novel tool for studying the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and evaluating therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139605
Lei Pan , Qipeng Zhang , Fan Yang , Dan Lin , Changlong Jiang
Multi-emission metal organic framework (Eu-MOF) fluorescence probe was designed and prepared as a non-invasive fluorescent sensor, for visual detection of cortisol (CORT) in human fluids. Eu-MOF probes were synthesized by the coordination polymerization of Eu3 + with 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H3BTB). Under the excitation of 338 nm, Eu-MOF displayed red fluorescence with ultraviolet light. Upon addition of cortisol, the red fluorescence gradually turned blue. CORT tended to attach at the Eu-MOF interface facilitated by strong interaction and potentially formed Eu-MOF-CORT composites. The detection limit (LOD) of the probe was 0.1 nM. The application of the fluorescence sensor is expanded by capturing the color signals with the smartphone camera and analyzed using a color recognition application (APP), through a smartphone contacted with the sensing region on the probe under the UV light. The recovery of fluid samples was ranged from 96.1 % to 101.3 %. Eu-MOF probe-based fluorescence sensor for enable non-invasive visual monitoring of the CORT in human fluids, highlighting the promise of functionalized MOF fluorescence sensors in health monitoring.
{"title":"Metal organic frameworks-based sensor for visual monitoring of cortisol in human fluids","authors":"Lei Pan , Qipeng Zhang , Fan Yang , Dan Lin , Changlong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-emission metal organic framework (Eu-MOF) fluorescence probe was designed and prepared as a non-invasive fluorescent sensor, for visual detection of cortisol (CORT) in human fluids. Eu-MOF probes were synthesized by the coordination polymerization of Eu<sup>3 +</sup> with 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H<sub>3</sub>BTB). Under the excitation of 338 nm, Eu-MOF displayed red fluorescence with ultraviolet light. Upon addition of cortisol, the red fluorescence gradually turned blue. CORT tended to attach at the Eu-MOF interface facilitated by strong interaction and potentially formed Eu-MOF-CORT composites. The detection limit (LOD) of the probe was 0.1 nM. The application of the fluorescence sensor is expanded by capturing the color signals with the smartphone camera and analyzed using a color recognition application (APP), through a smartphone contacted with the sensing region on the probe under the UV light. The recovery of fluid samples was ranged from 96.1 % to 101.3 %. Eu-MOF probe-based fluorescence sensor for enable non-invasive visual monitoring of the CORT in human fluids, highlighting the promise of functionalized MOF fluorescence sensors in health monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2026.139619
Lin Wang , Xinbao Zhang , Yuxi Jiao , Mengqiong Zhang , Xinyan Liu , Xiujie Li , Xiangxue Zhu , Shuang Han , Haijun Zhang , Jiping Chen , Lidong Wu , Xianbo Lu
Discriminating and selective detection of structurally similar multi-analytes remains a major challenge in chemical sensing due to severe cross-response interference from shared molecular skeletons and functional groups. To address this, we report a novel zeolite-based nanopore sensing strategy that leverages the uniform nanopore channels and tunable adsorption properties of zeolites for achieving high selectivity in multi-analyte systems. Using bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS)—two electrochemically overlapping phenolic pollutants with extreme similar structure—as model targets, we engineered and studied four zeolites: hydrophilic Hβ, surface-hydrophobic OS-Hβ (prepared by organosilane modification of Hβ), and two hydrophilic Y-type zeolites with contrasting Si/Al ratios (HY‑686 and NaY‑5). Notably, these materials exhibited distinct nanopore adsorption preferences: Hβ selectively adsorbed BPS, whereas OS-Hβ favored BPAF only; HY‑686 adsorbed both bisphenols, while NaY‑5 showed negligible uptake. Mechanistic studies revealed that for Beta-type zeolites with similar nanopore sizes, surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity governs selectivity, whereas for hydrophilic Y-type zeolites, nanopore size plays the decisive role. Building on this principle, we developed an innovative electrochemical nanopore sensing platform that integrates selective molecular absorption, in situ electrocatalysis, and interference-free detection, enabling accurate discrimination and quantification of BPAF and BPS in complex samples. This work not only resolves a persistent sensing challenge for structurally analogous analytes but also establishes a generalizable molecular‑sieving nanopore sensing principle for selective adsorption, electrocatalysis, and sensing applications.
{"title":"Electrochemical nanopore sensors based on versatile zeolites achieve the discrimination and selective rapid detection of bisphenol structural analogues","authors":"Lin Wang , Xinbao Zhang , Yuxi Jiao , Mengqiong Zhang , Xinyan Liu , Xiujie Li , Xiangxue Zhu , Shuang Han , Haijun Zhang , Jiping Chen , Lidong Wu , Xianbo Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Discriminating and selective detection of structurally similar multi-analytes remains a major challenge in chemical sensing due to severe cross-response interference from shared molecular skeletons and functional groups. To address this, we report a novel zeolite-based nanopore sensing strategy that leverages the uniform nanopore channels and tunable adsorption properties of zeolites for achieving high selectivity in multi-analyte systems. Using bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS)—two electrochemically overlapping phenolic pollutants with extreme similar structure—as model targets, we engineered and studied four zeolites: hydrophilic Hβ, surface-hydrophobic OS-Hβ (prepared by organosilane modification of Hβ), and two hydrophilic Y-type zeolites with contrasting Si/Al ratios (HY‑686 and NaY‑5). Notably, these materials exhibited distinct nanopore adsorption preferences: Hβ selectively adsorbed BPS, whereas OS-Hβ favored BPAF only; HY‑686 adsorbed both bisphenols, while NaY‑5 showed negligible uptake. Mechanistic studies revealed that for Beta-type zeolites with similar nanopore sizes, surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity governs selectivity, whereas for hydrophilic Y-type zeolites, nanopore size plays the decisive role. Building on this principle, we developed an innovative electrochemical nanopore sensing platform that integrates selective molecular absorption, in situ electrocatalysis, and interference-free detection, enabling accurate discrimination and quantification of BPAF and BPS in complex samples. This work not only resolves a persistent sensing challenge for structurally analogous analytes but also establishes a generalizable molecular‑sieving nanopore sensing principle for selective adsorption, electrocatalysis, and sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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