Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160197
T. Hendricks
An inclinometer-type current meter has been developed for use in environments with very low to moderate current speeds. A novel swivel system is used to suppress oscillations in the response and allow independent adjustment Of tilt and direction sensitivity. Previous analytical models used to adapt fresh water calibration curves to the marine environment were found to be inadequate for low speeds. An improved model was developed. Intercalibration with a vector-measuring current meter gave good agreement. The meters have been used in low speed environments off the coast of southern California from 1978 to the present.
{"title":"Use of inclinometer current meters in weak currents","authors":"T. Hendricks","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160197","url":null,"abstract":"An inclinometer-type current meter has been developed for use in environments with very low to moderate current speeds. A novel swivel system is used to suppress oscillations in the response and allow independent adjustment Of tilt and direction sensitivity. Previous analytical models used to adapt fresh water calibration curves to the marine environment were found to be inadequate for low speeds. An improved model was developed. Intercalibration with a vector-measuring current meter gave good agreement. The meters have been used in low speed environments off the coast of southern California from 1978 to the present.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116759033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234
K. Richardson, N. West
While significant advances have been made with respect to the management and planning of the nation's coastal and nearshore marine environment, landcover information from both the terrestrial and marine portion of the coastal zone has often been difficult to obtain. The fully operational TM sensor onboard Landsat V which was placed in orbit late in 1984 has proved particularly useful for coastal landcover applications. This paper reports on an analysis of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The fine resolution (1/4 acre) and the addition of three electromagnetic bands greatly enhances the interpretive capabilities of the Landsat system, especially in the shallow nearshore marine environment. Nantucket Island is the last remnant of a terminal moraine, whose southern and western shores have been eroding since the end of the Pleistocene period. With a projected increase in sea level, these processes are likely to continue, perhaps even increase. Sand, silt and gravel are constantly being transported, trapped, reworked and redeposited by some of the strongest tidal currents in North America. This results in constantly changing banks, reefs, spits and barriers. The fine resolution and the frequency of orbital overpass make scenes from Landsat's TM sensor a particularly valuable coastal surveillance tool.
{"title":"Thematic mapper analysis of Nantucket's nearshore marine environment","authors":"K. Richardson, N. West","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234","url":null,"abstract":"While significant advances have been made with respect to the management and planning of the nation's coastal and nearshore marine environment, landcover information from both the terrestrial and marine portion of the coastal zone has often been difficult to obtain. The fully operational TM sensor onboard Landsat V which was placed in orbit late in 1984 has proved particularly useful for coastal landcover applications. This paper reports on an analysis of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The fine resolution (1/4 acre) and the addition of three electromagnetic bands greatly enhances the interpretive capabilities of the Landsat system, especially in the shallow nearshore marine environment. Nantucket Island is the last remnant of a terminal moraine, whose southern and western shores have been eroding since the end of the Pleistocene period. With a projected increase in sea level, these processes are likely to continue, perhaps even increase. Sand, silt and gravel are constantly being transported, trapped, reworked and redeposited by some of the strongest tidal currents in North America. This results in constantly changing banks, reefs, spits and barriers. The fine resolution and the frequency of orbital overpass make scenes from Landsat's TM sensor a particularly valuable coastal surveillance tool.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124712913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160129
P. Sullivan, B. Liebert
Nondestructive monitoring of biofouling and corrosion has been performed using a recently developed technique called Electrode Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is based on the hypothesis that biofouling and corrosion films can be characterized by observing the steady state response to a small amplitude sinusoidal perturbing potential imposed on the heat exchanger material. Three potential OTEC (open and closed cycle) candidate heat exchanger materials were investigated -- copper-nickel, titanium and aluminum alloys. Results indicate that instantaneous corrosion rates can be determined at low frequencies, changes resulting from biofouling occur at high frequencies, the occurrence of localized corrosion and multiple fouling films can be identified, and the effect of cleaning the surface of the material can be readily determined.
{"title":"Nondestructive Monitoring of Biofouling and Corrosion of OTEC Heat Exchangers","authors":"P. Sullivan, B. Liebert","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160129","url":null,"abstract":"Nondestructive monitoring of biofouling and corrosion has been performed using a recently developed technique called Electrode Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is based on the hypothesis that biofouling and corrosion films can be characterized by observing the steady state response to a small amplitude sinusoidal perturbing potential imposed on the heat exchanger material. Three potential OTEC (open and closed cycle) candidate heat exchanger materials were investigated -- copper-nickel, titanium and aluminum alloys. Results indicate that instantaneous corrosion rates can be determined at low frequencies, changes resulting from biofouling occur at high frequencies, the occurrence of localized corrosion and multiple fouling films can be identified, and the effect of cleaning the surface of the material can be readily determined.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129527455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160163
C. Berman
The design of the pioneering oceanographic research vessels dictated that command and control be located at or near the stern. This arrangement was logical since, with no communications other than voice, the Captain and the Naturalist needed to be in close proximity as the work progressed. As sailing vessels evolved into power, the command center was placed nearer the bow in most new designs. Most sampling devices remained on the stern, near the screws, and out of sight of the bridge (except for pictures provided by closed circuit TV cameras). This paper will attempt to demonstrate that the ideal location for scientific workspaces on deck is forward of the bridge and that the "van" concept can make one vessel into a true multidisciplinary platform.
{"title":"A proposal for an ocanographic vessel based upon experience and observation","authors":"C. Berman","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160163","url":null,"abstract":"The design of the pioneering oceanographic research vessels dictated that command and control be located at or near the stern. This arrangement was logical since, with no communications other than voice, the Captain and the Naturalist needed to be in close proximity as the work progressed. As sailing vessels evolved into power, the command center was placed nearer the bow in most new designs. Most sampling devices remained on the stern, near the screws, and out of sight of the bridge (except for pictures provided by closed circuit TV cameras). This paper will attempt to demonstrate that the ideal location for scientific workspaces on deck is forward of the bridge and that the \"van\" concept can make one vessel into a true multidisciplinary platform.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130787653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160124
E. Haeusler, L. Stein
A system for the direct conversion of sea wave to electric power by means of piezoelectric film is described. Optimisation of film properties and converter geometry leads to a system, which generates 100 W electric power with 1 kg film. This system can be used as power supply for buoys. Difficulties caused by the difference between high and low water can be overcome by arranging piezoelectric film ropes or lamella as spring of a seismic system in the interior of the buoys. The theoretical assumptions are confirmed by model experiments. The main advantage of this simple power supply is that it needs no primary energy and no maintenance.
{"title":"Hydromechanic-electric power converter","authors":"E. Haeusler, L. Stein","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160124","url":null,"abstract":"A system for the direct conversion of sea wave to electric power by means of piezoelectric film is described. Optimisation of film properties and converter geometry leads to a system, which generates 100 W electric power with 1 kg film. This system can be used as power supply for buoys. Difficulties caused by the difference between high and low water can be overcome by arranging piezoelectric film ropes or lamella as spring of a seismic system in the interior of the buoys. The theoretical assumptions are confirmed by model experiments. The main advantage of this simple power supply is that it needs no primary energy and no maintenance.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130436235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164
F. Maltz
High frequency surface reflection for sound in a refraction ocean is created by statistical geometry. This approach uses Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (HK) scattering theory and ray acoustics. The model is a layered ocean with acoustic ray paths lying in vertical planes. A multiplicity of raypaths and a number of reflections associated with each is simulated. The simulations use the joint probability distribution of surface slopes. An important application of this model is surface duct propagation calculations for certain areas of the world's oceans where sound speed increases with depth. Using this approach, surface curvature effects are fully accounted for.
{"title":"Simulating surface scattering and sound transmission in a refractive medium","authors":"F. Maltz","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164","url":null,"abstract":"High frequency surface reflection for sound in a refraction ocean is created by statistical geometry. This approach uses Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (HK) scattering theory and ray acoustics. The model is a layered ocean with acoustic ray paths lying in vertical planes. A multiplicity of raypaths and a number of reflections associated with each is simulated. The simulations use the joint probability distribution of surface slopes. An important application of this model is surface duct propagation calculations for certain areas of the world's oceans where sound speed increases with depth. Using this approach, surface curvature effects are fully accounted for.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125509845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160182
C. Jones, A. Goodman, T. Cox, S. Friedman, S. Schultz
During the summer of 1982, 17 of 40 New York City Fire Department scuba divers developed gastrointestinal symptoms following training dives in polluted coastal waters. Purged stool exams revealed 8 cases of pathogenic enteric protozoa infection. Parastic infection was significantly associated with symptomatic illness (p .005) and longer duration of symptoms (p .005). Pathogenic parasites were also associated with an increased number of dives. High volume water sampling at the main training site revealed the presence of G. lamblia and E. histolytica - like cysts, as well as numerous other human, canine, and rodent parasites. This is the first report of enteric parasitic infection associated with scuba diving in sewage-contaminated coastal waters. Divers who must enter polluted waters should wear protective equipment to minimize oral contact with water. Physicians caring for these divers should be aware of the potential pathogens found in polluted waters.
{"title":"Scuba diving in polluted coastal waters","authors":"C. Jones, A. Goodman, T. Cox, S. Friedman, S. Schultz","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160182","url":null,"abstract":"During the summer of 1982, 17 of 40 New York City Fire Department scuba divers developed gastrointestinal symptoms following training dives in polluted coastal waters. Purged stool exams revealed 8 cases of pathogenic enteric protozoa infection. Parastic infection was significantly associated with symptomatic illness (p .005) and longer duration of symptoms (p .005). Pathogenic parasites were also associated with an increased number of dives. High volume water sampling at the main training site revealed the presence of G. lamblia and E. histolytica - like cysts, as well as numerous other human, canine, and rodent parasites. This is the first report of enteric parasitic infection associated with scuba diving in sewage-contaminated coastal waters. Divers who must enter polluted waters should wear protective equipment to minimize oral contact with water. Physicians caring for these divers should be aware of the potential pathogens found in polluted waters.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126289660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205
G. Fowler, J. Hamilton, W. Whiteway
A new oceanographic mooring winch has been developed at B.I.O. to simplify operations while at the same time reducing the potential for material damage. The winch incorporates a novel arrangement of a grooveless traction roller system to allow mooring line storage at a low tension and provides for automatic separation of successive cable wraps on the rollers to eliminate snagging of terminations. An angled roller mounting arrangement allows a "pack" of cable wraps to glide back and forth across the rollers, following the spooling on the storage reel without the aid of a fairlead system. Storage reels are quickly interchangeable with hydraulic power assist for the separation of different mooring line types or the laying of very long moorings. The device has been employed for the successful deployment and recovery of 5000 m (16,000 ft) long steel/Kevlar moorings and has significantly reduced handling problems.
{"title":"A novel traction winch for cceanographic moorings","authors":"G. Fowler, J. Hamilton, W. Whiteway","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205","url":null,"abstract":"A new oceanographic mooring winch has been developed at B.I.O. to simplify operations while at the same time reducing the potential for material damage. The winch incorporates a novel arrangement of a grooveless traction roller system to allow mooring line storage at a low tension and provides for automatic separation of successive cable wraps on the rollers to eliminate snagging of terminations. An angled roller mounting arrangement allows a \"pack\" of cable wraps to glide back and forth across the rollers, following the spooling on the storage reel without the aid of a fairlead system. Storage reels are quickly interchangeable with hydraulic power assist for the separation of different mooring line types or the laying of very long moorings. The device has been employed for the successful deployment and recovery of 5000 m (16,000 ft) long steel/Kevlar moorings and has significantly reduced handling problems.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114300004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160233
J. Morton
In recent years vessels have gotten larger and more dependent on high technology for safety and operations. This paper examines changes in some of the traditional classroom and apprenticeship methods of preparing officers for command. Among these are - a trend toward greater reliance upon academic training to supplant sea time, - changes in international regulations regarding seatime and equivalent classroom work, - the development, use and economics of simulators and scale models of VLCCs, - courses in shiphandling for experienced mariners using electronically derived information and simple formulae from wave theory, and -innovations in maritime authority and management structures.
{"title":"New directions in marine management, education and training, an overview","authors":"J. Morton","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160233","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years vessels have gotten larger and more dependent on high technology for safety and operations. This paper examines changes in some of the traditional classroom and apprenticeship methods of preparing officers for command. Among these are - a trend toward greater reliance upon academic training to supplant sea time, - changes in international regulations regarding seatime and equivalent classroom work, - the development, use and economics of simulators and scale models of VLCCs, - courses in shiphandling for experienced mariners using electronically derived information and simple formulae from wave theory, and -innovations in maritime authority and management structures.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131381005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160287
L. King
The Reagan administration has been unusually successful in shaping the direction of public policy through a dual strategy of shifts and reductions in the federal budget and the staffing of government with those loyal to Mr. Reagan and his conservative ideas. The consequences for the oceans have been a massive shift of support away from civilian to military ocean activities. In addition to this major reorientation of ocean policy, the Reagan approach has been characterized by continuing conflict between different branches and levels of government, a strong preference for symbols over substantive ocean decisions, and the absence of any long-term vision of the role the oceans might play in the nation's future.
{"title":"Mr. Reagan and the oceans","authors":"L. King","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160287","url":null,"abstract":"The Reagan administration has been unusually successful in shaping the direction of public policy through a dual strategy of shifts and reductions in the federal budget and the staffing of government with those loyal to Mr. Reagan and his conservative ideas. The consequences for the oceans have been a massive shift of support away from civilian to military ocean activities. In addition to this major reorientation of ocean policy, the Reagan approach has been characterized by continuing conflict between different branches and levels of government, a strong preference for symbols over substantive ocean decisions, and the absence of any long-term vision of the role the oceans might play in the nation's future.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"286 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131422948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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