Asian Journal of Criminology最新文献

The exponential growth of online retail has been accompanied by a parallel rise in sophisticated cybercrime, which threatens consumer trust and economic stability. Unlike existing research that focuses solely on AI security tools, the current study systematically utilises artificial intelligence (AI) in conjunction with situational crime prevention, identifying important insights from crime prevention studies. While AI has emerged as a powerful technical countermeasure, its application is often disconnected from established criminological theory. This study presents a systematic literature review of AI-based online retail security through the lens of criminological theory, revealing that current technology-based measures neglect theoretical considerations. Following the PRISMA protocol, we searched four major academic databases, namely Web of Science, ACM, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus, for peer-reviewed articles published in the past 15 years. Our analysis of the final corpus of selected studies reveals that, while AI techniques such as anomaly detection, natural language processing, and biometric analysis are increasingly effective against threats such as fraud and account takeovers, their deployment aligns with SCP strategies largely implicitly rather than by design. The findings indicate a strong focus on increasing the risks and efforts for offenders, but significantly less attention is paid to reducing rewards, reducing provocations, or removing excuses. This review highlights critical gaps in the literature: the absence of an integrated framework that integrates AI’s technical capabilities with SCP’s theoretical robustness. By mapping current AI applications to the five pillars of SCP, this paper offers a novel synthesis that bridges the divide between computer science and criminology, proposing a more holistic, theoretically grounded approach to securing the future of online retail.

Job satisfaction for police officers is linked to many salient and beneficial outcomes. Improving the job satisfaction of officers can aid not only the officers, but the police organization and the community. One way to increase satisfaction from the job is to improve views of organizational justice, a concept that refers to the perception that an employing organization is fair in its treatment of its employees. The four major dimensions of organizational justice are informational, interpersonal, procedural, and distributive. The current study proposed that informational and interpersonal justice would be related to procedural and distributive justice, and procedural justice would be related to distributive justice. In turn, procedural and distributive justice were predicted to be associated with job satisfaction. Using data from police officers receiving training at three training centers in three different cities in China, the proposed model was supported. Informational and interpersonal justice were significant predictors of higher levels of procedural and distributive justice. Procedural justice had a significant association with higher levels of distributive justice. Lastly, both procedural and distributive justice had significant associations with higher levels of job satisfaction.

What causes school bullying? Inspired by Prieur’s contribution to “a criminology of structurally conditioned emotions,” this article integrates general strain theory and edgework theory, perceiving emotions as a link between strains and deviant behaviors in the study of school bullying. Based on semi-structured interviews with 34 participants including students, experienced education professionals and legal practitioners in an inland Chinese city, it examines the major categories of strains that students encounter in their families and schools, resulting in structurally conditioned emotions. Meanwhile, it explores the role of individuals’ agency in motivating students to regulate their negative emotional states, through strategies including alleviating negative emotions and pursuing emotional rewards. Bullying then emerges as their adaptive strategy. This article applies this integrated theoretical framework to examine the causes of school bullying, a prevalent form of deviant behavior exhibited by strained students. It offers one of the first qualitative studies on school bullying in the Chinese context.

Most studies frame Indian juvenile justice policymaking as an authoritative, outcome-oriented activity of government institutions, expressed in terms of laws and rules through which they seek to address offending behavior by children. This framework tends to reduce the complexity of several policy issues, leading to an overemphasis on either policy change or continuity. Extending interpretive policy analysis, this paper develops an alternative approach to conceptualizing juvenile justice policymaking based on how key official and non-official actors make sense of the policy process. Applied to examine the policymaking process underlying India’s current juvenile justice legislation, an interpretive lens exposes contradictions and incoherence as defining features of juvenile justice policy in the postcolonial setting. The findings shed light on the minutiae of agenda-setting, policy formulation, and decision-making that otherwise escape attention. They reveal that contingency, chance, and contestation lie at the heart of a gradual and fragmented policymaking process involving a wide range of actors operating across different institutional and political locations. In the postcolonial context, these dynamics take distinctive forms shaped by layered institutional legacies, symbolic uses of lawmaking, and competing claims to legitimacy. As a result, policymaking emerges as a liminal space between change and continuity, where elements of reform and continuity coexist in fluid and contested ways. I contend that interpreting the ambiguities, complexities, and ongoing contestation of policymaking in this manner not only deepens understanding of Indian juvenile justice but also contributes to more contextually grounded approaches to interpretive inquiry in the Global South.

This study aimed to develop and validate assessment tools for assessing rehabilitation outcomes among Thai juvenile offenders. Participants were 422 juveniles from youth training and rehabilitation centers across Thailand. In addition, 441 professionals from eight disciplines, including psychologists, social workers, guidance counselors, nurses, residential caregivers, academic trainers, vocational trainers, and juvenile probation officers responsible for individual case management, assessed the juveniles’ rehabilitation progress. The instruments comprised a juvenile self-assessment questionnaire and eight professional assessment forms completed by professionals involved in the rehabilitation process. These checklist-based instruments were developed using the dynamic risk and protective factors assessment framework as a guiding measurement model. Psychometric properties were examined, including content validity, factorial validity, internal consistency reliability, and known-groups validity. The findings indicated that both professional ratings and juvenile self-assessments demonstrated satisfactory content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability. However, professional-juvenile score discrepancies were substantial, with juveniles generally rating themselves more favorably than professionals. The instruments also demonstrated preliminary postdictive known-groups validity, with moderate classification performance in distinguishing first-time from repeat offenders based on historical recidivism records. Because this evidence was postdictive rather than longitudinal, future follow-up studies are needed to establish prospective predictive validity for recidivism or post-release outcomes.

In recent years, the online scam industry has expanded rapidly across Southeast Asia, with operations shifting from dispersed setups in apartments, villas, and hotel rooms to large-scale “scam compounds” housing dozens of companies. Thousands of individuals have been deceived and trafficked into these facilities through fraudulent job offers, manipulation by acquaintances, or outright abduction. Yet those trafficked for forced criminality are often not recognised as victims. Because they are compelled to commit fraud, they are frequently perceived as offenders or willing participants rather than as people subjected to coercion. This paper draws on surveys, interviews, court records, and media coverage to compare Chinese and Vietnamese survivors, examining how they were recruited and what happened to them after leaving the compounds. Framing the analysis through the concept of the “ideal victim”, it argues that survivors of forced criminality elicit limited public sympathy in part because they do not conform to dominant stereotypes of victimhood. Many are able-bodied young men who initially believed they were entering legitimate or morally ambiguous work, which complicates their claims to victim status. Contrasting the profiles and narrative framings surrounding the two groups, the paper shows how ideas of deservingness and blame shape public and institutional responses, and calls for more nuanced understandings of coercion in the online scam industry as a basis for effective prevention and support.

This comparative study investigates how prejudicial attitudes related to racial/ethnic diversity and gender equity develop among criminal justice majors across academic stages and national contexts in the USA and South Korea. Using survey data from 325 students at eight universities, the research examines whether levels and predictors of prejudice differ by country and by academic progression from freshman to senior year. Results show that South Korean freshmen reported significantly higher prejudice than their US counterparts, but this difference disappeared by senior year, with no significant differences observed at the senior level. Logistic and OLS regression analyses further revealed that gender and career aspirations (law enforcement, corrections) were consistent predictors of elevated prejudice, while targeted coursework on sexuality and phobia was linked to reduced prejudice, though with culturally contingent effects. These findings indicate that prejudice is dynamic and context-dependent, shaped by the interaction of demographic, educational, and cultural factors. By integrating developmental and cross-national perspectives, the study contributes to addressing key methodological challenges in comparative criminology and underscores the potential role of higher education as a context associated with variation in attitudinal patterns and justice-oriented professional socialization.

Transnational organized crime (TOC) poses significant challenges for law enforcement, especially in the context of Sino–European cooperation. While previous studies emphasize structural models and legal frameworks, little empirical work has examined how cultural orientations and professional dispositions shape cooperative outcomes. This article addresses that gap by analyzing policy documents and 33 qualitative interviews with officers and experts in China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Using Liu’s relationism theory of criminal justice and Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, we develop an integrated framework to explain how divergent logics of relationism and individualism influence trust, evidentiary standards, organizational practice, and reciprocity in cross-border policing. Findings show recurring tensions: European officers stress transparency, codified procedure, and rights-based accountability, while Chinese officers emphasize sincerity, reciprocity, and relational trust. These differences often generate mistrust but also create opportunities for adaptation through training exchanges, liaison work, and other mechanisms that improve coordination across institutional divides.