Nicola Camatti, Lisa Zecchin, Dario Bertocchi, Hrvoje Carić
The disparities, inequalities as well as the different trajectories of social and economic development that still characterize the regions of the EU today demonstrate the importance of a debate on the spatial dimension of European policies. This paper analyses the implications of strengthening the spatial dimension in the different EU programs, highlighting the importance of the concept of territorial cohesion and the role that a strategic sector such as tourism can play in implementing this concept. Therefore, the added value of tourism and the potential of territorial cohesion should play an important role in future European policies and funding.
{"title":"The Relevance of the Territorial\u0000Dimension in EU Policies and the Role of Tourism","authors":"Nicola Camatti, Lisa Zecchin, Dario Bertocchi, Hrvoje Carić","doi":"10.37741/t.70.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"The disparities, inequalities as well as the different trajectories of social and economic development that still characterize the regions of the EU today demonstrate the importance of a debate on the spatial dimension of European policies. This paper analyses the implications of strengthening the spatial dimension in the different EU programs, highlighting the importance of the concept of territorial cohesion and the role that a strategic sector such as tourism can play in implementing this concept. Therefore, the added value of tourism and the potential of territorial cohesion should play an important role in future European policies and funding.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44211697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study performed an exhaustive analysis of the context that has given rise to the related phenomena of tourism-phobia and touristification in the city of Barcelona. The Quintuple Helix innovation model developed by Carayannis, Barth, and Campbell is used as a model of open innovation to present a new perspective through which to counter the challenges of today's society. The Quintuple Helix supports the formation of a win-win situation between ecology, knowledge, and innovation, thereby creating synergies between economy, society, and democracy. The research also draws on the strategic city plan of Barcelona, articles in the specialized press, and reports presenting the opinions of a diverse range of professionals. The statistical data from official bodies and the answers to a questionnaire are validated through the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) model. The research analysis is a process of innovation that has not yet begun, thereby highlighting exciting questions about the potential role of the different actors involved. Our results support the idea that tourism-phobia in Barcelona remains uncontrolled and that a lack of understanding exists between the different actors. This leads to a fragile innovation process that is incapable of solving the social challenges posed by the tourism monoculture. The study offers a precise diagnosis of the actors' lack of control and cohesion and suggests that policymakers rethink how to manage the city together with tourism rather than focusing solely on tourist activities. Finally, we find that the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic perpetuates a model of unsustainable tourism-philia that will eventually feed back into tourism-phobia.
{"title":"Analysis of the Social Challenge of the City of Barcelona Under the Model\u0000of the Quintuple Helix in a Covid-19 Context","authors":"Víctor Calderón-Fajardo","doi":"10.37741/t.70.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study performed an exhaustive analysis of the context that has given rise to the related phenomena of tourism-phobia and touristification in the city of Barcelona. The Quintuple Helix innovation model developed by Carayannis, Barth, and Campbell is used as a model of open innovation to present a new perspective through which to counter the challenges of today's society. The Quintuple Helix supports the formation of a win-win situation between ecology, knowledge, and innovation, thereby creating synergies between economy, society, and democracy. The research also draws on the strategic city plan of Barcelona, articles in the specialized press, and reports presenting the opinions of a diverse range of professionals. The statistical data from official bodies and the answers to a questionnaire are validated through the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) model. The research analysis is a process of innovation that has not yet begun, thereby highlighting exciting questions about the potential role of the different actors involved. Our results support the idea that tourism-phobia in Barcelona remains uncontrolled and that a lack of understanding exists between the different actors. This leads to a fragile innovation process that is incapable of solving the social challenges posed by the tourism monoculture. The study offers a precise diagnosis of the actors' lack of control and cohesion and suggests that policymakers rethink how to manage the city together with tourism rather than focusing solely on tourist activities. Finally, we find that the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic perpetuates a model of unsustainable tourism-philia that will eventually feed back into tourism-phobia.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41389240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism is one of the largest and continuously booming economic sectors globally that significantly contributes primarily to GDP, employment, and prosperity. The efficiency of this sector is, therefore, closely researched and investigated by scholars across the globe. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA henceforward) is one of the leading non-parametric methodologies that evaluates the performance and relative efficiency of complex and homogeneous entities called Decision-Making Units (DMUs). The main aim of this study is to explore, identify and present different applications of DEA in Croatian tourism, which is one of the sectors that contributes the most to the economy. Other goals are to present ten surveyed papers that employ the DEA methodology. To identify the surveyed studies, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and the Scopus, Web of Science, and CROSBI (Croatian Scientific Bibliography) databases have been browsed, with the keywords "DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS", "TOURISM "and "CROATIA ". Furthermore, the study of Neralić and Gardijan Kedžo (2019) has been used as a foundation of the literature review. The key findings indicate that most of these ten surveyed papers employ the DEA BCC output-oriented model, and most of the analyzed time frame is from 2011 onwards.
旅游业是全球最大且持续蓬勃发展的经济部门之一，对GDP、就业和繁荣做出了重大贡献。因此，该部门的效率受到全球学者的密切研究和调查。数据包络分析(DEA)是主要的非参数方法之一，用于评估称为决策单元(dmu)的复杂和同质实体的性能和相对效率。本研究的主要目的是探索，确定和呈现DEA在克罗地亚旅游业中的不同应用，这是对经济贡献最大的部门之一。其他目标是提出十份采用DEA方法的调查论文。为了确定被调查的研究，进行了广泛的文献综述，并以“数据包络分析”、“旅游”和“克罗地亚”为关键词浏览了Scopus、Web of Science和CROSBI(克罗地亚科学书目)数据库。此外，neraliki和Gardijan Kedžo(2019)的研究已被用作文献综述的基础。主要研究结果表明，这10篇被调查的论文大多采用了DEA BCC产出导向模型，分析的时间范围大多为2011年以后。
{"title":"Applications of Data Envelopment\u0000Analysis (DEA) in Empirical Studies Regarding the Croatian Tourism","authors":"Katarina Fotova Čiković, J. Lozić, M. Milković","doi":"10.37741/t.70.4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.12","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is one of the largest and continuously booming economic sectors globally that significantly contributes primarily to GDP, employment, and prosperity. The efficiency of this sector is, therefore, closely researched and investigated by scholars across the globe. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA henceforward) is one of the leading non-parametric methodologies that evaluates the performance and relative efficiency of complex and homogeneous entities called Decision-Making Units (DMUs). The main aim of this study is to explore, identify and present different applications of DEA in Croatian tourism, which is one of the sectors that contributes the most to the economy. Other goals are to present ten surveyed papers that employ the DEA methodology. To identify the surveyed studies, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and the Scopus, Web of Science, and CROSBI (Croatian Scientific Bibliography) databases have been browsed, with the keywords \"DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS\", \"TOURISM \"and \"CROATIA \". Furthermore, the study of Neralić and Gardijan Kedžo (2019) has been used as a foundation of the literature review. The key findings indicate that most of these ten surveyed papers employ the DEA BCC output-oriented model, and most of the analyzed time frame is from 2011 onwards.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45493273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research paper explores the conceptual structure of the literature published on "customer satisfaction" and identifies novel research gaps. For the purpose of the study, we create the co-occurrence networks and conduct thematic analysis as well as factorial analysis of the content of the papers published on customer satisfaction in the last two decades (2000-2020) in tourism and hospitality journals. We use 'R' software to conduct the analysis based on the data retrieved from the web of science database. Findings from the network analysis and thematic analysis are discussed to identify novel research gaps to further advance the ever-evolving field of research on "customer satisfaction". Our purpose with this paper is to bring to light the research gaps using a systematic, quantitative and objective technique of drawing the conceptual structure. Findings reveal that research on customer satisfaction in emerging contexts and restaurant research prominently deserve further attention, including work that compares customer expectation and satisfaction pre-and-post COVID in a context such as restaurants, destination tourism, and sharing economy, to name a few.
{"title":"Is There Anything New?","authors":"Parijat Lanke, Elizabeth Varsha Paul","doi":"10.37741/t.70.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper explores the conceptual structure of the literature published on \"customer satisfaction\" and identifies novel research gaps. For the purpose of the study, we create the co-occurrence networks and conduct thematic analysis as well as factorial analysis of the content of the papers published on customer satisfaction in the last two decades (2000-2020) in tourism and hospitality journals. We use 'R' software to conduct the analysis based on the data retrieved from the web of science database. Findings from the network analysis and thematic analysis are discussed to identify novel research gaps to further advance the ever-evolving field of research on \"customer satisfaction\". Our purpose with this paper is to bring to light the research gaps using a systematic, quantitative and objective technique of drawing the conceptual structure. Findings reveal that research on customer satisfaction in emerging contexts and restaurant research prominently deserve further attention, including work that compares customer expectation and satisfaction pre-and-post COVID in a context such as restaurants, destination tourism, and sharing economy, to name a few.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43189359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to present an objective picture of the quality of working conditions and predictors of behavioral intentions among the Croatian seasonal workforce in the hotel and food and beverage industry. The 6th edition of the EWCS survey was modified for the purpose of this study. The research was conducted from 18 November 2020 to 30 March 2021, and 196 respondents were surveyed. The authors performed exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis to analyze the collected data. The study found that intention to return and intention to recommend are predicted by different sets of sociodemographic characteristics and that the higher the earnings of seasonal employees, the higher will be their intention to return. Moreover, the results imply that seasonal workers who feel they have more control over their daily tasks are more likely to recommend their seasonal job to others. Although the topic of job satisfaction among seasonal hospitality workers is well covered in the existing literature, there is a lack of research focused on measuring the quality of their working conditions. This study is useful for the academic community as a starting point for further research and for managers in the hospitality industry who can apply the results in their everyday business practices.
{"title":"Measuring the Quality of Working Conditions and\u0000Behavioral Intentions of Seasonal Hospitality Workers in Croatia","authors":"Marina Laškarin Ažić, Dora Rašan, Iva Prahin","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to present an objective picture of the quality of working conditions and predictors of behavioral intentions among the Croatian seasonal workforce in the hotel and food and beverage industry. The 6th edition of the EWCS survey was modified for the purpose of this study. The research was conducted from 18 November 2020 to 30 March 2021, and 196 respondents were surveyed. The authors performed exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis to analyze the collected data. The study found that intention to return and intention to recommend are predicted by different sets of sociodemographic characteristics and that the higher the earnings of seasonal employees, the higher will be their intention to return. Moreover, the results imply that seasonal workers who feel they have more control over their daily tasks are more likely to recommend their seasonal job to others. Although the topic of job satisfaction among seasonal hospitality workers is well covered in the existing literature, there is a lack of research focused on measuring the quality of their working conditions. This study is useful for the academic community as a starting point for further research and for managers in the hospitality industry who can apply the results in their everyday business practices.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42563884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work aims to examine the relationship between tourism activities and house prices (HP) in first-tier cities (i.e., Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) of China using a quantile-on-quantile approach. This approach provides an ideal framework with which to capture the overall dependence structure between tourism activities and HP. The empirical results show that there is a positive and negative relationship between tourism and HP for the first-tier cities considered, with substantial variations across cities and across quantiles within each city. Important city-specific policy implications may be drawn from these findings.
{"title":"Nexus Between Tourism and House Prices","authors":"Tsung-Pao Wu, Hung-Che Wu, Rui Gao, Yu-Yu Wu","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to examine the relationship between tourism activities and house prices (HP) in first-tier cities (i.e., Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) of China using a quantile-on-quantile approach. This approach provides an ideal framework with which to capture the overall dependence structure between tourism activities and HP. The empirical results show that there is a positive and negative relationship between tourism and HP for the first-tier cities considered, with substantial variations across cities and across quantiles within each city. Important city-specific policy implications may be drawn from these findings.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42769954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This exploratory study charts the transformation of the tourism sector caused by the COVID-19 crisis. The article dissects five key domains of industry transformation: accelerated digitalisation, business model flexibility, human resources, travel restrictions, and risk perception and crisis management. It delineates the industry's changes, adaptations, and associated challenges in each domain. A review and content analysis of 240 publicly available online documents was conducted. The results provide managerial implications and avenues for future research in tourism, including the hybridisation of tourism products, transformation of the service encounter style, adaptation to a shifting travel mode, and increased risk awareness and preparedness.
{"title":"The\u0000Impacts of Covid-19 on the Tourism Sector","authors":"Danilo Brozović, Hiroaki Saito","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"This exploratory study charts the transformation of the tourism sector caused by the COVID-19 crisis. The article dissects five key domains of industry transformation: accelerated digitalisation, business model flexibility, human resources, travel restrictions, and risk perception and crisis management. It delineates the industry's changes, adaptations, and associated challenges in each domain. A review and content analysis of 240 publicly available online documents was conducted. The results provide managerial implications and avenues for future research in tourism, including the hybridisation of tourism products, transformation of the service encounter style, adaptation to a shifting travel mode, and increased risk awareness and preparedness.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43200829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, scientific research on sustainable tourism has attracted wide attention, which has fueled the concomitant need to comprehend the current state of research in sustainable tourism. In order to identify the research status of sustainable tourism and explore the direction for future research, this paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 2,184 academic literature related to sustainable tourism. By using five bibliometric methods of citation analysis, co-analysis, co-occurrence analysis, burst detection analysis and timeline view analysis, this paper reviews and analyzes the study of sustainable tourism from three perspectives of performance analysis, collaboration networks analysis and keywords analysis. The popular issues in the current study, future research and limitations are also discussed in this paper. By systematically reviewing the academic literature on sustainable tourism, this paper expands and deepens the knowledge and understanding of relevant topics, and provides guidance and reference for scholars to carry out research on sustainable tourism in the future.
{"title":"Sustainable Tourism Research Progress","authors":"Chenxi Zhang, Zeshui Xu, M. Škare, S. Kraus","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, scientific research on sustainable tourism has attracted wide attention, which has fueled the concomitant need to comprehend the current state of research in sustainable tourism. In order to identify the research status of sustainable tourism and explore the direction for future research, this paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 2,184 academic literature related to sustainable tourism. By using five bibliometric methods of citation analysis, co-analysis, co-occurrence analysis, burst detection analysis and timeline view analysis, this paper reviews and analyzes the study of sustainable tourism from three perspectives of performance analysis, collaboration networks analysis and keywords analysis. The popular issues in the current study, future research and limitations are also discussed in this paper. By systematically reviewing the academic literature on sustainable tourism, this paper expands and deepens the knowledge and understanding of relevant topics, and provides guidance and reference for scholars to carry out research on sustainable tourism in the future.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44654912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study develops a measurement scale to assess cruise traveler experience. Based on the data collected from 341 respondents (Sample 1), exploratory factor analysis resulted in 15 items under four dimensions: Hedonics & escapism, social interaction, recognition & self-esteem, and activities and facilities. This factorial structure was then subjected to confirmatory factor analysis for validation using the second wave of data collected from 396 respondents (Sample 2). Furthermore, this study found significant roles of four dimensions on cruise satisfaction and post-consumption cruise behavior. Thus, this study makes significant contributions to consumer behavior by developing and validating the cruise traveler experience scale.
{"title":"Cruise Traveler’s Experience","authors":"Faizan Ali, Cihan Cobanoglu, Sijun Liu, Naeem Akhtar, Kisang Ryu","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops a measurement scale to assess cruise traveler experience. Based on the data collected from 341 respondents (Sample 1), exploratory factor analysis resulted in 15 items under four dimensions: Hedonics & escapism, social interaction, recognition & self-esteem, and activities and facilities. This factorial structure was then subjected to confirmatory factor analysis for validation using the second wave of data collected from 396 respondents (Sample 2). Furthermore, this study found significant roles of four dimensions on cruise satisfaction and post-consumption cruise behavior. Thus, this study makes significant contributions to consumer behavior by developing and validating the cruise traveler experience scale.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44054286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheena Carlisle, Stanislav Ivanov, Corné Dijkmans, B. Marco‐Lajara
This research analyses the current self-reported level of proficiency of environmental skills, the required future level of proficiency, and the gaps between them. Given the increasingly urgent need for the tourism industry to take action to support environmental management practices, this research provides evidence of key environmental skill gaps. Mixed methods research is applied where the sample includes 1404 respondents to a questionnaire and 264 interviewees from senior management of organisations from five tourism sectors (accommodation establishments, food and beverage outlets, destination management organisations, tour operators and travel agents, visitor attractions) in eight European countries. Analysis of variance, t-tests, correlation and cluster analyses, and Pearson Chi-square tests were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that the country of registration, the size and the tourism sector type influence significantly the current and future proficiency levels of environmental skills, and the gaps between them. Most respondents did not receive environmental skills training. Theoretical, managerial and policy implications are also discussed.
{"title":"Environmental Skills Gaps in Tourism and Hospitality\u0000Organisations","authors":"Sheena Carlisle, Stanislav Ivanov, Corné Dijkmans, B. Marco‐Lajara","doi":"10.37741/t.70.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"This research analyses the current self-reported level of proficiency of environmental skills, the required future level of proficiency, and the gaps between them. Given the increasingly urgent need for the tourism industry to take action to support environmental management practices, this research provides evidence of key environmental skill gaps. Mixed methods research is applied where the sample includes 1404 respondents to a questionnaire and 264 interviewees from senior management of organisations from five tourism sectors (accommodation establishments, food and beverage outlets, destination management organisations, tour operators and travel agents, visitor attractions) in eight European countries. Analysis of variance, t-tests, correlation and cluster analyses, and Pearson Chi-square tests were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that the country of registration, the size and the tourism sector type influence significantly the current and future proficiency levels of environmental skills, and the gaps between them. Most respondents did not receive environmental skills training. Theoretical, managerial and policy implications are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46777136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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