I-Perception最新文献

Earlier research has shown that seven-month-old infants prefer to look at real objects over their referents. Which visual cues determine that preference? Motivated by research on adult observers highlighting the significance of motion parallax over other depth cues contributing to a sense of presence and place, we tested the hypothesis that motion parallax alone is sufficient to cause preferential looking to real objects in infants. We presented pairs of displays of toys in different formats: (a) The real three-dimensional toy; (b) a realistic image of that toy presented on screen; (c) the same image, but with added depth-from-motion-parallax. Infants preferred (a) over (b) (57% vs. 43%, p < .01) and (c) over (b) (52% vs. 48%, p < .05), but showed no significant preference between (a) and (c) (51% vs. 49%, n.s.). This supports the hypothesis that motion parallax alone can induce a looking preference comparable to that observed for real objects.

Olfactory function plays a vital role in daily life but tends to decline with age, affecting health and wellbeing. While previous studies suggest a link between physical activities and olfactory function in older adults, the relationship between cognitive activity and olfactory function remains unclear, as do the combined effects of both activities. This cross-sectional study examined associations between physical and cognitive activity and three domains of olfaction (identification, sensitivity, and memory) in 583 community-dwelling older adults. Both types of activity were positively associated with overall olfactory performance. Physical activity exhibited the strongest link with olfaction identification, while cognitive activity was more closely related to olfaction memory. Furthermore, participants engaging in moderate-to-high levels of both activities achieved the best overall olfactory scores. These findings suggest that a combined lifestyle of physical exertion and cognitive engagement may help preserve olfactory function in aging, with implications for autonomy, safety, and quality of life.

The rise of social media has raised concerns about its addictive potential and impairments in mental health and cognitive functions, including distortions in time processing. Emerging evidence suggests social media addicts tend to misestimate the amount of time spent using social media, hinting at possible problems with their cognitive time-processing. This study aimed to investigate the impact of social media addiction on basic time perception using controlled experimental paradigms. Forty participants scoring ≥24 on the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale with ≥5 hr daily usage were recruited, alongside 40 controls. After excluding individuals craving, fear of missing out for social media, or test anxiety during experiment, final samples included 36 addicts and 37 controls. Time reproduction (motor timing) and bisection (perceptual timing) tasks were administered, distinguishing subsecond (<1 s) and suprasecond (>1 s) intervals. Tasks used neutral gray stimuli to avoid social media cues and included pretask rest to control physiological arousal. Social media addicts exhibited significant deficits in suprasecond bisection task, demonstrated by lower subjective equality points (1,430.69 vs. 1,549.32 ms) and higher Weber ratios (0.41 vs. 0.29), indicating both time overestimation and reduced time sensitivity. No significant group differences were observed in reproduction tasks or in subsecond bisection task. These findings establish that social media addiction selectively impairs suprasecond perceptual timing, characterized by overestimation and diminished sensitivity. These findings establish a novel cognitive deficit linked to addictive social media use, with potential clinical implications for intervention strategies targeting distorted time processing.

This study investigates how the method used by participants to assess the beauty of pictures influences their preference for the compositional rules of symmetry, balance, and proximity. The hypothesis that production methods (actively arranging picture elements) prompt a local perspective, favoring proximity, while evaluation tasks (rating precomposed pictures) elicit a global perspective, favoring symmetry and balance, was tested in two experiments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that (positional) symmetry was preferred over balance, and balance over proximity, when participants rated precomposed pictures. Experiment 2, employing a production method with movable elements, showed a frequent use of proximity, yet also a tendency toward (positional) symmetry. The combined results indicate that assessment methods substantially impact the preferred composition rules.

We discovered a new type of assimilative color induction. An achromatic target with a white background was placed in the center of a concentric chromatic gradient that caused the glare effect. The target frequently appears to be in the same hue as the gradient. We discussed lower-level factors such as lateral inhibition and spatial summation functions, and higher-level factors such as illumination estimation.

The color appearance of #TheDress image varies across individuals. The color of pixels in the image distributes mostly in blue-achromatic-yellow color direction, and so are the perceived color variations. One of the potential causes is differences in the degree of perceiving light-blue pixels as a part of white clothing under a skylight, referred to as "blue bias." A deep neural network (DNN) application was used to simulate individual differences in blue bias, by varying the percentage of such scenes in the training-image set. A style-transfer DNN was used to simulate a "color naming" procedure by learning pairs of natural images and their color-name labels as pixel-by-pixel maps. The models trained with different ratio of blue-bias scenes were tested using the #TheDress image. The averaged results across trials showed a progressive change from blue/black to white (gray)/gold, indicating that exposure or attention to blue-bias scenes could have caused the individual differences in the color perception of #TheDress image. In an additional experiment, we manipulated the relative number of artificially blue- or yellow-tinted images, instead of varying the ratio of blue-bias scenes, to train the DNN. If the blue-bias scenes are equivalent with blue-tinted images of scenes taken under daylight, this manipulation should yield similar result. However, the resulting outputs did not produce a white/gold image at all. This suggests that exposure to skylight scenes alone is insufficient; the scenes must contain unequivocally white objects (such as snow, white clothing, or white road signs) in order to establish a "blue bias" in human observers.

Humans use distinct exploratory procedures (EPs) in active touch, which are typically specialized for materials with particular properties: for example, pressing for deformable objects such as cushions, or stroking to test a fabric's smoothness. Further, humans can use abstract visual priors for fine-tuning of exploratory movement parameters such as exploration direction. We here test the usage of visual priors in the planning of material-specific EPs, using real-life materials and a naturalistic visual virtual reality environment. We show that humans are better at selecting specialized EPs at initial touch when they have access to valid prior visual information on the material: They used specialized EP earlier, with higher probability, and explored materials for a shorter time. We conclude that visual prior information increases the efficiency of haptic explorations by anticipatory planning of appropriate movement schemes.

A multimodal Ganzfeld (MMGF) consists of homogeneous stimulation in both the visual and auditory modalities. Exposure to this unique perceptual environment can elicit the awareness of hallucinatory percepts. The nature of these hallucinatory percepts, and specifically the frequency of visual, auditory and multisensorial hallucinations, remains unclear. In this study, an MMGF refers to the stimulation paradigm itself. The perceptual experiences elicited, however, can be unimodal (occurring in one modality), multisensory (simultaneous but thematically unrelated across modalities), or multimodal (thematically integrated across modalities), allowing us to assess multisensory integration in the MMGF. Employing a multimethod approach in which we combine quantitative and qualitative measures, we conducted three experiments, using a between-subjects design with three noise conditions, that is, no-noise, white-noise, and brown-noise. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in a laboratory Ganzfeld (GF) space, Experiment 3 was conducted in a GF art installation in a museum context. We conducted half-open interviews, analyzed using inductive content analysis, to grasp the subjective experience and assess congruency of visual and auditory hallucinations. We found that visual hallucinations were frequently reported, but auditory hallucinations were less common. The most consistently reported auditory hallucinations, and importantly, multisensory integrated hallucinations, were water-related, suggesting a potential influence of noise, particularly brown noise, possibly due to its resemblance to water sounds. Our findings also indicate a predominantly unimodal focus on the visual aspect among participants, alongside instances of attention switching between modalities.

Numerous studies have explored the mechanisms of heading estimation from optic flow and ensemble coding in other features, yet none have examined ensemble coding's role in heading estimation. This study addressed this gap through two experiments. Participants sequentially viewed three (experiment 1) or five/seven (experiment 2) optic flow-simulated headings, then reported specific directions. Results revealed that individual heading accuracy declined with increasing numbers, while estimates closely matched ensemble representations, demonstrating ensemble coding in heading estimation. Notably, ensemble coding accuracy remained unaffected by heading quantity, indicating its capacity-free nature-unlike capacity-limited individual heading processing. The discovered summary statistics of motion may help us to better understand the navigation in complex environments (e.g., how pedestrians/drivers judge their self-motion directions), which could potentially contribute to real-world implications.

To localize tactile events in external space, our perceptual system must transform skin-based locations into an external frame of reference. Such a transformation has been reported to involve reference frames that are unrelated to tactile sensations, such as eye position, which supports the idea that a visual reference frame is a single unified frame of reference for transforming spatial information from all sensory modalities. However, it remains unclear how tactile events are perceptually localized during saccadic eye movements. In this study, we presented a single tactile stimulus at a fixed location on the skin and investigated the time course of its localization before, during, and after a saccade. Participants reported the perceived location of the tactile stimulus in a visually aligned virtual space. We found that the tactile stimulus was mislocalized in the direction of the saccade. This mislocalization appeared even before the presentation of the saccade target and continued until 500 ms after saccade onset. These findings demonstrate that tactile localization is influenced by saccade planning or preparation and suggest that the time course of tactile localization during a saccade may differ from previously reported patterns of visual localization during a saccade.