BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

Background: Scientific monitoring is fundamental to optimizing swimming performance, but its effectiveness relies on the validity and reliability of assessment tools.

Objective: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), this scoping review aimed to synthesize physiological and biomechanical indicators applied in swimmers, with a particular focus on acute and long-term responses, as well as the reliability and validity of these indicators.

Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched using predefined keyword combinations, and study screening was conducted using ASReview. All extracted indicators were classified according to established conceptual definitions and predefined quantitative criteria (e.g., reliability: intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation; validity: Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination).

Results: A total of 41 studies were included, and 297 evaluation indicators were extracted for analysis. Existing research has predominantly concentrated on highly trained adult male swimmers, with limited discussion given to elite or world-class athletes, adolescents, and female swimmers. Acute testing dominates the literature (83.5%), far outweighing long-term monitoring approaches. In terms of indicator composition, biomechanical measures account for the majority (59%), with kinematic variables being the most frequently applied (61%). However, the overall methodological quality remains suboptimal: only approximately 8% of acute indicators and 3% of long-term indicators simultaneously achieved at least moderate standards of both reliability and validity. This indicates that the reliability and validity of acute swimming performance assessments have been discussed; there is a lack of research achieving high levels of reliability and validity, which is even more pronounced in long-term monitoring indicators.

Conclusion: Results reveal a fragmented landscape dominated by acute analysis of stroke mechanics in adult males, with a severe lack of multi-season monitoring evidence for female and adolescent swimmers. Crucially, key determinants of aquatic performance-specifically propulsive kinetics and metabolic cost-lack confirmed reliability for tracking adaptations across training macrocycles. Consequently, the field requires a shift from the proliferation of novel swim indices to the rigorous methodological consolidation of existing aquatic assessment protocols.

Background: The integration of human-led reflective dialogue and artificial intelligence represents two emerging, contrasting approaches to tactical training in soccer. However, the comparative effectiveness of these approaches within applied training environments remains insufficiently examined.

Aim: This study evaluated the differential effects of structured human idea-debate sessions versus AI-generated tactical guidance on tactical performance and problem-solving competencies during soccer training.

Methods: Eighty-four male amateur soccer players (age 17.1 ± 0.7 years) were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 28 each): Human Idea-Debate (HID), employing a play-discuss-play training model in which players collectively analyzed tactical problems and formulated solutions; AI-Ideation Delivery (AIID), implementing ChatGPT-generated tactical action plans as an AI-based training intervention; and a passive Control Group (CG). The intervention comprised eight small-sided game sessions (7v7 format, 50 × 40 m pitch), delivered twice per week over four weeks. Tactical performance was assessed using the Team Sport Assessment Procedure, while problem-solving competencies were evaluated using the validated Arabic Problem-Solving Inventory administered before and after the intervention.

Results: Significant group effects were observed for Received Ball (F = 4.02, p = 0.022, η²p = 0.043), with HID showing a 9.4% improvement compared with 7.0% in AIID and 3.8% in CG from Session 1 to Session 8. Performance Score demonstrated superior gains in HID (F = 4.12, p = 0.021, η²p = 0.045), increasing by 6.2% versus 4.1% in AIID. The Efficiency Index exhibited the largest improvement in HID (+ 70.5%), compared with + 18.7% in AIID. Problem-Solving Confidence differed significantly between groups (F = 14.82, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.162), with HID consistently outperforming both AIID and CG across all cognitive subscales.

Conclusion: Human-led reflective dialogue represents a more effective, innovative training approach than AI-generated tactical prescriptions for enhancing tactical performance and problem-solving in soccer. These findings highlight the critical role of social interaction, collective reasoning, and reflective learning processes in supporting adaptive decision-making and performance development in applied soccer training contexts.