Clinical Psychological Science最新文献

Self-schemata are cognitive patterns reflecting core beliefs about oneself. Negative self-schemata are established as risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence. However, less is known about whether devaluative self-schemata may be a unique risk factor, beyond negative self-schemata, for SI and NSSI. The current study examined the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between self-schemata with SI and NSSI over a one-year period, as well as how depression diagnosis impacted these associations. Adolescents (N = 180) recruited from a psychiatric inpatient hospital completed measures of self-schemata, SI, and NSSI at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Multilevel models revealed independent, predictive effects of devaluative and negative self-schema on SI and NSSI (and vice versa) six months later. However, inclusion of depression diagnosis as a moderator in these models revealed nuances in our findings, providing further support that reward devaluation may be a unique mechanism seen in depression.

The present study utilized an exploratory data analysis approach to consider how executive functioning (EF) relates to the developmental course of externalizing psychopathology using the Oregon ADHD-1000 dataset. Multinomial logistic regressions of EF domains (working memory, processing speed, set shifting, reaction time variability, response inhibition, and vigilance) in predicting symptomatic classes and longitudinal pathways from a recent latent transition analysis (Smith et al., in press) were conducted; predicted probability figures were interpreted. Findings suggest that hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) was most related to EF impairment in many domains. Inattention contributed to set shifting and processing speed impairment specifically. HI and oppositionality were very aligned with one another in childhood and diverged in adolescence. Youth who were HI in childhood and inattentive in adolescence were distinct in EF impairment from youth who were inattentive across development. Findings reiterate the importance of exploratory, person-centered, longitudinal approaches for understanding heterogeneity, comorbidity, and developmental psychopathology.

Understanding how alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms unfold in daily life is key to improving assessment and intervention. This study examined the retrospective and prospective validity of repeated daily assessments of AUD symptoms compared to retrospective self-reports. A community sample of young adults (N=496) completed daily reports over an 8-week period assessing a subset of AUD symptoms: hazardous use, social/occupational problems, failure to fulfill obligations, craving, tolerance, larger/longer consumption, and time spent obtaining/using alcohol. Retrospective self-reports were collected at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Several symptoms (e.g., hazardous use, social/occupational problems, time spent) showed strong convergence between daily and baseline reports, while others (e.g., craving, tolerance) showed weaker associations. Daily symptom totals predicted 6-month retrospective AUD severity, particularly for symptoms with greater convergence. Daily measures of total AUD symptoms were associated with both baseline and follow-up AUD severity. Findings support the value of daily assessment and underscore discrepancies in retrospective recall.

Executive Function (EF) deficits are a putative risk factor for adolescent depression, but neural correlates of this association remain unclear. Imbalances between externally and internally oriented attention underlying depression risk may be reflected in altered temporal dynamics of large-scale functional brain networks. This longitudinal study evaluated neural correlates of EF-related depression risk in an adolescent sample (n=154, ages 13-19). We applied co-activation pattern analysis to identify transient network states occurring during a working memory (WM) task, and dynamic structural equation modeling to model depressive symptom trajectories over two years. Results failed to support general EF as predictor of symptoms, but exploratory analyses revealed that WM deficits during low-load conditions predicted greater depression variability. WM-related risk for depression was partially mediated by longer persistence of a transient network involving co-activation of frontoparietal regions. Findings suggest that WM deficits and related temporal dynamics of frontoparietal regions may contribute to depression risk.

Adolescent depression has risen sharply, especially among racial-ethnic minority youth. While racial-ethnic discrimination is known to be linked with depression, there is limited understanding of how individual differences in brain development contribute to this process. Drawing on the framework of adolescent neurobiological susceptibility, this study examined the moderating role of hippocampal volume in the longitudinal association between racial-ethnic discrimination and adolescent depression. Using longitudinal data of racial-ethnic minority youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 5,061, M_age = 9.93 years; 52% female), we found that racial-ethnic discrimination was associated with adolescents' increased depression two years later. Notably, a larger left hippocampal volume amplified the link between discrimination and depression. These findings highlight the detrimental role of racial-ethnic discrimination on adolescents' psychological well-being and suggest that hippocampal volume may serve as a neurobiological marker of susceptibility, amplifying the negative impact of racialethnic discrimination among racial-ethnic minority youth.

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) provides a dimensional framework for connecting psychological disorders to neural systems/processes. We examined how neurophysiological measures of cognitive-attentional (oddball P300) and perceptual-emotional processing (fear-face N170/P200) relate to dimensions of the HiTOP externalizing spectrum. Employing 666 community participants, we fit a model in which antagonistic externalizing and substance problems subfactors, defined via symptom and questionnaire-scale measures, loaded with a disinhibitory trait scale onto a higher-order externalizing factor. Hierarchical regression was used to evaluate how much observed relations of each neural measure with the two subfactors reflected their unique variance versus their covariance (reflected in the general factor). P300's relations were fully accounted for by the general factor, suggesting that impaired cognitive processing characterizes broad risk for externalizing problems. Neural indicators of sensitivity to others' distress (N170, P200) were uniquely related to antagonistic externalizing. Findings highlight the HiTOP framework's potential to advance biobehavioral understanding of psychopathology.

The hypothesis that urgency, a trait quantifying individual differences in impulsive behaviors driven by intense emotions, moderates associations between affect and alcohol use has received inconsistent support in EMA research. This registered report tested whether trait- and state-level urgency moderate affect-substance use (alcohol and cannabis use) associations in young adults. 496 adults (aged 18-22) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys five times daily across 32 days over eight weekends. Positive affect was associated with increased alcohol use probability, while negative affect was associated with decreased alcohol use probability; cannabis use showed minimal associations with daily affect. Contrary to hypotheses, we found minimal evidence that urgency moderated daily affect-substance use associations. Interaction effects were consistently estimated around the null value with narrow credible intervals. Results challenge theoretical predictions about urgency's role in emotion-driven substance use and support simpler affect-substance use models.

Affective and interpersonal features of psychopathy are considered hallmarks of the disorder. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), well-suited to examine dynamic processes in day-to-day life, has not been used to study how psychopathy influences emotional experiences and interpersonal behavior in adults. This preregistered study examined how psychopathy relates to socio-affective processes in daily life. Two samples enriched for traits related to psychopathy (Sample 1 N=142; Sample 2 N=159) completed EMA protocols focused on a variety of interpersonal and affective experiences (Observation N=8,137 to 16,460). The samples differed in sex and socioeconomic, age, and ethnic diversity, which allowed us to examine the replicability and generalizability of results. Results showed that psychopathy was related to distinct affective experiences in both samples (e.g., increased hostile affect), but was unrelated to diversity in affective experiences, and rarely moderated within-person socio-affective processes. Future directions for research on the affective and interpersonal processes of psychopathy are discussed.

Humans are generally biased to show implicit favoritism for in-group over out-group members, but developmental experiences may alter this process in important ways. Prior work has elucidated associations of family (i.e., in-group) violence exposure in childhood with risk for internalizing symptoms through weakened implicit favoritism for novel in-group members. The present study probes whether childhood violence exposure influences implicit bias and psychopathology differentially depending on the participant's relationship with the perpetrator (i.e., in-group vs. out-group member) at the time of exposure. We administered a minimal group assignment paradigm and implicit association test to 455 young adults aged 18-25. Young adults who experienced out-group violence in childhood showed stronger implicit in-group favoritism compared to those who experienced in-group or no violence. Implicit out-group favoritism was associated with increased alcohol use. Early-life experiences may shape innate preferences for novel in-group vs. out-group members in ways that have lasting implications for mental health.