Due to their excellent mechanical and lightweight properties, high-strength steels hold an irreplaceable strategic position in fields such as marine engineering and aerospace. However, increased strength is often accompanied by reduced fracture toughness, severely limiting their safe application under extreme loading. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in the fracture toughness research of high-strength steels. It begins by explaining the theoretical foundations of fracture mechanics, followed by an analysis of standard test methods, small-specimen testing techniques, and the correlation between fracture toughness and other mechanical properties. And introduced DIC and in situ SEM testing techniques. Furthermore, the mechanisms of toughness improvement through composition design, microstructure control, and processing optimization are discussed in depth. The coupling effect of environmental factors and loading conditions is also analyzed, along with the microscopic fracture mechanisms under the combined influence of composition, processing, and environment. Research indicates that optimizing alloy composition, developing innovative processes, and advancing small-specimen evaluation methods can effectively balance strength and toughness. Future research should focus on elucidating multi-element interaction mechanisms, extreme environmental adaptability, and cross-scale mechanical modeling to provide theoretical support for designing the next generation of high-strength steels.
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