Pub Date : 2026-09-10DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00575-9
Junsu Yu, Hwiho Hwang, Hyungjin Kim, Woo Young Choi
Energy-efficient neural computing is increasingly limited not by computational throughput but by memory access and data movement. In-memory computing architectures offer a promising solution by collocating storage and computation, yet their practical realization remains constrained by static power dissipation, thermal challenges, and limited integration density in existing memory devices. Here, we demonstrate a vertically stackable charge-trap-flash (CTF)-based memcapacitor array that combines the high integration density of 3D NAND technology with the charge-domain computation. A continuous in-situ-doped N+ bottom readout electrode is introduced beneath the lightly doped active layer, decoupling lateral readout resistance from depletion-based capacitance modulation and alleviating the resistance–depletion trade-off of the previous architecture. The fabricated 24 × 48 memcapacitor array operates through transient charge displacement and demonstrates highly uniform array-level characteristics (σ/µ < 0.37%), reliable 16-state closed-loop weight programming, and linear charge-domain VMM with an error below 0.227%. When scaled toward modern 3D NAND dimensions, a verification–inference electrostatic mismatch introduces systematic VMM error, which is reduced by up to 84.6% through an intercell trapped-charge scheme in TCAD simulations. Geometric scaling based on the CV2 relation projects femtojoule-level intrinsic cell read energy at scaled dimensions. A hybrid hardware–software spiking neural network evaluation, in which only the final 24 × 10 layer is mapped to measured arrays, achieves 88.01% CIFAR-10 accuracy compared with 88.17% in software. These results establish vertically stackable memcapacitors as a scalable charge-domain computing platform combining reliable array-level operation with high-density vertical integration.
{"title":"Capacitive in-memory vector–matrix multiplication computing with charge-trap memcapacitors","authors":"Junsu Yu, Hwiho Hwang, Hyungjin Kim, Woo Young Choi","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00575-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00575-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy-efficient neural computing is increasingly limited not by computational throughput but by memory access and data movement. In-memory computing architectures offer a promising solution by collocating storage and computation, yet their practical realization remains constrained by static power dissipation, thermal challenges, and limited integration density in existing memory devices. Here, we demonstrate a vertically stackable charge-trap-flash (CTF)-based memcapacitor array that combines the high integration density of 3D NAND technology with the charge-domain computation. A continuous in-situ-doped N<sup>+</sup> bottom readout electrode is introduced beneath the lightly doped active layer, decoupling lateral readout resistance from depletion-based capacitance modulation and alleviating the resistance–depletion trade-off of the previous architecture. The fabricated 24 × 48 memcapacitor array operates through transient charge displacement and demonstrates highly uniform array-level characteristics (σ/µ < 0.37%), reliable 16-state closed-loop weight programming, and linear charge-domain VMM with an error below 0.227%. When scaled toward modern 3D NAND dimensions, a verification–inference electrostatic mismatch introduces systematic VMM error, which is reduced by up to 84.6% through an intercell trapped-charge scheme in TCAD simulations. Geometric scaling based on the <i>CV</i><sup>2</sup> relation projects femtojoule-level intrinsic cell read energy at scaled dimensions. A hybrid hardware–software spiking neural network evaluation, in which only the final 24 × 10 layer is mapped to measured arrays, achieves 88.01% CIFAR-10 accuracy compared with 88.17% in software. These results establish vertically stackable memcapacitors as a scalable charge-domain computing platform combining reliable array-level operation with high-density vertical integration.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00575-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148917699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-31DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00572-y
Sang Hun Lee, Tae Hyeon Kim, Jae Wook Song, Na Yeon Kim, Ye-Jin Jo, Tae-Hyung Kim, Bong-Gun Ju, Bong Geun Chung
Wearable wound dressing is a promising approach for treating wound infection and promoting healing process. However, conventional wearable dressing methods have the drawback of poor long-term stability due to water loss. Herein, a novel hydrogel patch is fabricated by incorporating phosphoric acid and glycerol to enhance the water retention capacity. This hydrogel exhibits an excellent water retention rate of 97.7% after 7 days under ambient conditions (25 ℃, 50% relative humidity). Consequently, the stretchability, adhesion, and electrical conductivity required for wearable dressing are stably maintained. The antibiotic loaded into the dressing is effectively delivered via iontophoresis, which is demonstrated through in vitro drug release experiments, ex vivo porcine skin deposition tests, and in vivo mouse models. Therefore, this multi-functional hydrogel patch can be a promising strategy for developing an efficient drug delivery and wound healing platform using anti-drying conductive hydrogels and iontophoresis-based transdermal drug delivery.
{"title":"Dehydration-resistant multi-functional hydrogel-based iontophoretic drug delivery for wound healing","authors":"Sang Hun Lee, Tae Hyeon Kim, Jae Wook Song, Na Yeon Kim, Ye-Jin Jo, Tae-Hyung Kim, Bong-Gun Ju, Bong Geun Chung","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00572-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00572-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wearable wound dressing is a promising approach for treating wound infection and promoting healing process. However, conventional wearable dressing methods have the drawback of poor long-term stability due to water loss. Herein, a novel hydrogel patch is fabricated by incorporating phosphoric acid and glycerol to enhance the water retention capacity. This hydrogel exhibits an excellent water retention rate of 97.7% after 7 days under ambient conditions (25 ℃, 50% relative humidity). Consequently, the stretchability, adhesion, and electrical conductivity required for wearable dressing are stably maintained. The antibiotic loaded into the dressing is effectively delivered via iontophoresis, which is demonstrated through in vitro drug release experiments, ex vivo porcine skin deposition tests, and in vivo mouse models. Therefore, this multi-functional hydrogel patch can be a promising strategy for developing an efficient drug delivery and wound healing platform using anti-drying conductive hydrogels and iontophoresis-based transdermal drug delivery.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13530066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-29DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00571-z
Mayank Joshi, Tanumoy Pramanik, Mengting Jiang, Yu Xing, Zhaogang Dong, Yuerui Lu, Jie Zhao, Ping Koy Lam, Syed M. Assad, Xuezhi Ma, In Cheol Seo, Young-Wook Cho
Miniaturized quantum light sources that operate directly in optical fibers are an attractive platform for optical quantum technologies. However, most miniaturized spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) sources still rely on objective-lens-based free-space pumping and collection, which limits compactness, robustness, and direct compatibility with fiber-based systems. Here we demonstrate a lens-free in-line SPDC photon-pair source by integrating a van der Waals NbOI(_2) flake directly onto the end facet of an optical fiber. In this configuration, the generated photon-pairs are efficiently collected into optical fibers, eliminating the need for bulk free-space collection optics. Despite the limited numerical aperture of the single-mode fiber, efficient photon-pair collection with high coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR), characterized by a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of up to (sim )4600, is achieved in an ultracompact configuration. These results establish van der Waals ferroelectric materials as a promising platform for fiber-integrated quantum light sources and provide a pathway toward compact, alignment-free quantum photonic devices.
{"title":"In-line fiber-integrated photon-pair generation from van der Waals crystals","authors":"Mayank Joshi, Tanumoy Pramanik, Mengting Jiang, Yu Xing, Zhaogang Dong, Yuerui Lu, Jie Zhao, Ping Koy Lam, Syed M. Assad, Xuezhi Ma, In Cheol Seo, Young-Wook Cho","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00571-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00571-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Miniaturized quantum light sources that operate directly in optical fibers are an attractive platform for optical quantum technologies. However, most miniaturized spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) sources still rely on objective-lens-based free-space pumping and collection, which limits compactness, robustness, and direct compatibility with fiber-based systems. Here we demonstrate a lens-free in-line SPDC photon-pair source by integrating a van der Waals NbOI<span>(_2)</span> flake directly onto the end facet of an optical fiber. In this configuration, the generated photon-pairs are efficiently collected into optical fibers, eliminating the need for bulk free-space collection optics. Despite the limited numerical aperture of the single-mode fiber, efficient photon-pair collection with high coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR), characterized by a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of up to <span>(sim )</span>4600, is achieved in an ultracompact configuration. These results establish van der Waals ferroelectric materials as a promising platform for fiber-integrated quantum light sources and provide a pathway toward compact, alignment-free quantum photonic devices.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00571-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-06DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00569-7
Thanh Luan Phan, Minh Chien Nguyen, Dang Xuan Dang, Van Tu Vu, Thi Thanh Huong Vu, Hong Woon Yun, Huamin Li, Jimin Lee, Max C. Lemme, Pallavi Aggarwal, Woo Jong Yu
Ultrathin native oxides formed on two-dimensional (2D) metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (MTMDs), such as NbSe2, have recently emerged as promising active switching layers for memristive devices. However, these oxides are highly susceptible to surface damage during conventional top-electrode deposition processes, which leads to interfacial disorder and degraded switching reliability. Here, we demonstrate a highly reliable and flexible NbOx–NbSe2 memristor utilizing a damage-free van der Waals (vdW) metal transfer technique. By gently laminating a prefabricated gold (Au) electrode onto the NbOx–NbSe2, a pristine and chemically undisturbed metal/oxide interface is achieved. While metallization-induced barrier damage causes a large OFF-state direct tunneling (DT) current in the evaporated-metal memristor (Ev-MEM), preserving the pristine oxide interface in the transferred-metal memristor (T-MEM) effectively suppresses this OFF-state DT current. Consequently, the T-MEM exhibits an ON/OFF ratio of 105—a 1,000 times improvement over the Ev-MEM (102)—along with a stable retention time of > 104 s and an endurance exceeding 103 cycles. Furthermore, the T-MEM exhibits exceptional synaptic linearity (β = 0.6) and a full dynamic range (0–1), in contrast to the Ev-MEM, which suffers from poor linearity (β = 3.1) and a limited dynamic range (0.2–1). As a result, a hardware-aware convolutional neural network (CNN) simulation shows a near-ideal MNIST image recognition accuracy of 98.1% for the T-MEM based system, significantly outperforming the Ev-MEM counterpart (75.8%). In addition, capitalizing on the inherent flexibility of the 2D NbSe2 and the vdW interface, devices fabricated on a polymer substrate demonstrate remarkable mechanical robustness, maintaining stable switching characteristics over 200 bending cycles at a 30° angle. Our findings establish that damage-free vdW metal integration is a crucial prerequisite for developing reliable, highly accurate, and flexible neuromorphic hardware.
{"title":"Damage-free van der Waals metal/NbOx–NbSe2 integration for reliable and flexible memristor in neuromorphic computing","authors":"Thanh Luan Phan, Minh Chien Nguyen, Dang Xuan Dang, Van Tu Vu, Thi Thanh Huong Vu, Hong Woon Yun, Huamin Li, Jimin Lee, Max C. Lemme, Pallavi Aggarwal, Woo Jong Yu","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00569-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00569-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrathin native oxides formed on two-dimensional (2D) metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (MTMDs), such as NbSe<sub>2</sub>, have recently emerged as promising active switching layers for memristive devices. However, these oxides are highly susceptible to surface damage during conventional top-electrode deposition processes, which leads to interfacial disorder and degraded switching reliability. Here, we demonstrate a highly reliable and flexible NbO<sub>x</sub>–NbSe<sub>2</sub> memristor utilizing a damage-free van der Waals (vdW) metal transfer technique. By gently laminating a prefabricated gold (Au) electrode onto the NbO<sub>x</sub>–NbSe<sub>2</sub>, a pristine and chemically undisturbed metal/oxide interface is achieved. While metallization-induced barrier damage causes a large OFF-state direct tunneling (DT) current in the evaporated-metal memristor (Ev-MEM), preserving the pristine oxide interface in the transferred-metal memristor (T-MEM) effectively suppresses this OFF-state DT current. Consequently, the T-MEM exhibits an ON/OFF ratio of 10<sup>5</sup>—a 1,000 times improvement over the Ev-MEM (10<sup>2</sup>)—along with a stable retention time of > 10<sup>4</sup> s and an endurance exceeding 10<sup>3</sup> cycles. Furthermore, the T-MEM exhibits exceptional synaptic linearity (<i>β</i> = 0.6) and a full dynamic range (0–1), in contrast to the Ev-MEM, which suffers from poor linearity (<i>β</i> = 3.1) and a limited dynamic range (0.2–1). As a result, a hardware-aware convolutional neural network (CNN) simulation shows a near-ideal MNIST image recognition accuracy of 98.1% for the T-MEM based system, significantly outperforming the Ev-MEM counterpart (75.8%). In addition, capitalizing on the inherent flexibility of the 2D NbSe<sub>2</sub> and the vdW interface, devices fabricated on a polymer substrate demonstrate remarkable mechanical robustness, maintaining stable switching characteristics over 200 bending cycles at a 30° angle. Our findings establish that damage-free vdW metal integration is a crucial prerequisite for developing reliable, highly accurate, and flexible neuromorphic hardware.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-07-30DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00567-9
Sewoom Baek, Hyun-Su Ha, Seyong Chung, Ji Youn Lee, Hyeongyun Choi, Chansik Kim, Seok Joon Lee, Seul-Gee Lee, Yong-Joon Lee, Jung-Sun Kim, Hak-Joon Sung
Coronary plaque progression often deviates from the diagnostic range of clinical examinations, resulting in the need for emergent follow-ups and increased mortality among outlier patients. This study first analyzes clinical data of fractional flow reserve, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and computed tomography from 180 patients over a 9 years period, with an average follow-up of 2 years. When the plaque progression and healthy control groups were compared in a 1:1 match (n = 10 each), analysis of single artery images failed to detect plaque progression. Therefore, 100–200 image frames were used to reconstruct patient-specific coronary anatomy using computational fluid dynamics, enabling prognostic assessment of plaque progression. The results suggest that steep plaque slopes promote plaque progression by increasing shear stress and hemodynamic disturbance accompanied by greater macrophage recruitment than gentle slopes, which was validated by a microfluidic model. Moreover, increased activation and fusogenic potential of macrophages in steep plagues justified the development of fusogenic macrophage (FM)-vesicles to detect plaque progression. The fusion potential enables FM-vesicles to self-target fusogenic macrophages more efficiently than in vitro compared to macrophages, showing superiority over liposomes and macrophage-vesicles. The membrane fusion mechanism facilitates lysosomal escape, allowing prolonged cytosolic retention without degradation. Rabbit carotid ligation was used to produce steep and gentle plaques by controlling the incision direction. When gold nanoparticles were loaded into FM-vesicles and injected into these arteries ex vivo, OCT accurately imaged the plaque slope and detected changes in signal intensity. This study presents the translational potential of FM-vesicles for clinical application by reducing diagnostic outliers in the detection of plaque progression.
{"title":"Clinical OCT computation-modeled prognosis of coronary plaque progression with validation by fusogenic macrophage nano-targeting","authors":"Sewoom Baek, Hyun-Su Ha, Seyong Chung, Ji Youn Lee, Hyeongyun Choi, Chansik Kim, Seok Joon Lee, Seul-Gee Lee, Yong-Joon Lee, Jung-Sun Kim, Hak-Joon Sung","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00567-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00567-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coronary plaque progression often deviates from the diagnostic range of clinical examinations, resulting in the need for emergent follow-ups and increased mortality among outlier patients. This study first analyzes clinical data of fractional flow reserve, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and computed tomography from 180 patients over a 9 years period, with an average follow-up of 2 years. When the plaque progression and healthy control groups were compared in a 1:1 match (n = 10 each), analysis of single artery images failed to detect plaque progression. Therefore, 100–200 image frames were used to reconstruct patient-specific coronary anatomy using computational fluid dynamics, enabling prognostic assessment of plaque progression. The results suggest that steep plaque slopes promote plaque progression by increasing shear stress and hemodynamic disturbance accompanied by greater macrophage recruitment than gentle slopes, which was validated by a microfluidic model. Moreover, increased activation and fusogenic potential of macrophages in steep plagues justified the development of fusogenic macrophage (FM)-vesicles to detect plaque progression. The fusion potential enables FM-vesicles to self-target fusogenic macrophages more efficiently than in vitro compared to macrophages, showing superiority over liposomes and macrophage-vesicles. The membrane fusion mechanism facilitates lysosomal escape, allowing prolonged cytosolic retention without degradation. Rabbit carotid ligation was used to produce steep and gentle plaques by controlling the incision direction. When gold nanoparticles were loaded into FM-vesicles and injected into these arteries ex vivo, OCT accurately imaged the plaque slope and detected changes in signal intensity. This study presents the translational potential of FM-vesicles for clinical application by reducing diagnostic outliers in the detection of plaque progression.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00567-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-07-29DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00570-0
Muhammad Anwar Ul Hassan, Seok Gi Kim, Dan Bi Im, Jung Seung Lee, Gwang Lee, Sungsu Park
Oxidative stress is closely associated with aging, fibrosis, and cancer progression, yet how oxidative stress affects rigidity sensing remains poorly understood. Here, we employed submicron micropillar-based traction-force microscopy to investigate oxidative stress-associated mechanotransduction dysfunction in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Sublethal H2O2 exposure impaired stiffness-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling, focal adhesion maturation, and traction-force generation during cell spreading. Quantitative force mapping further revealed disrupted contraction-unit (CU)-associated nanoscale force coordination at the cell periphery, characterized by increased alignment of neighboring traction-force vectors and reduced opposing contractions. These defects were accompanied by fragmented mitochondrial networks and altered mitochondrial dynamics-associated gene expression. Importantly, mitofusin (MFN)-deficient MEFs phenocopied oxidative stress-induced impairments in stiffness-responsive spreading and traction-force generation, identifying mitochondrial network integrity as a critical regulator of rigidity sensing. Together, these findings establish a mechanistic link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dynamics, and nanoscale force coordination during rigidity sensing, while highlighting the utility of submicron traction-force mechanophenotyping for quantitative analysis of oxidative stress-associated mechanobiological dysfunction.
{"title":"Submicron traction-force mapping reveals mitochondrial regulation of nanoscale force coordination during rigidity sensing under oxidative stress","authors":"Muhammad Anwar Ul Hassan, Seok Gi Kim, Dan Bi Im, Jung Seung Lee, Gwang Lee, Sungsu Park","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00570-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00570-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxidative stress is closely associated with aging, fibrosis, and cancer progression, yet how oxidative stress affects rigidity sensing remains poorly understood. Here, we employed submicron micropillar-based traction-force microscopy to investigate oxidative stress-associated mechanotransduction dysfunction in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Sublethal H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> exposure impaired stiffness-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling, focal adhesion maturation, and traction-force generation during cell spreading. Quantitative force mapping further revealed disrupted contraction-unit (CU)-associated nanoscale force coordination at the cell periphery, characterized by increased alignment of neighboring traction-force vectors and reduced opposing contractions. These defects were accompanied by fragmented mitochondrial networks and altered mitochondrial dynamics-associated gene expression. Importantly, mitofusin (MFN)-deficient MEFs phenocopied oxidative stress-induced impairments in stiffness-responsive spreading and traction-force generation, identifying mitochondrial network integrity as a critical regulator of rigidity sensing. Together, these findings establish a mechanistic link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dynamics, and nanoscale force coordination during rigidity sensing, while highlighting the utility of submicron traction-force mechanophenotyping for quantitative analysis of oxidative stress-associated mechanobiological dysfunction.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00570-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-07-29DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00568-8
Sunwoo Im, Seyoung Koo, Jong Seung Kim
Bioorthogonal chemistry provides a versatile strategy for programming nanomedicines beyond static carrier design. It enables post-synthetic installation of functional modules on nanoparticle surfaces, spatiotemporal control of payload activation and release, and higher-order functions arising from nanoparticle aggregation or nanoparticle–cell conjugation in diseased tissues. These capabilities allow nanomedicines to be activated more selectively in space and time and to generate functions that are difficult to achieve with conventional formulations. This review summarizes recent advances in multiscale bioorthogonal engineering for programmable nanomedicines, focusing on surface functionalization, molecular control of drug release, and interparticle or cell-associated assembly, and discusses challenges and future directions.
{"title":"Programmable nanomedicine via bioorthogonal molecular engineering","authors":"Sunwoo Im, Seyoung Koo, Jong Seung Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00568-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00568-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bioorthogonal chemistry provides a versatile strategy for programming nanomedicines beyond static carrier design. It enables post-synthetic installation of functional modules on nanoparticle surfaces, spatiotemporal control of payload activation and release, and higher-order functions arising from nanoparticle aggregation or nanoparticle–cell conjugation in diseased tissues. These capabilities allow nanomedicines to be activated more selectively in space and time and to generate functions that are difficult to achieve with conventional formulations. This review summarizes recent advances in multiscale bioorthogonal engineering for programmable nanomedicines, focusing on surface functionalization, molecular control of drug release, and interparticle or cell-associated assembly, and discusses challenges and future directions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00568-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-07-28DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00565-x
Karen E. Webb, Samuel K. Ruddell, Tim Keller, Jameesh Keloth, Ratnesh K. Gupta, Mitsuyoshi Takahata, Takao Aoki
Optical nanofibers provide a versatile platform for exploring strong light–matter interactions at the single-quantum level, a central goal of quantum optics. Their subwavelength diameter supports tightly confined guided modes with strong evanescent fields, enabling efficient coupling between photons and nearby atoms. By incorporating fiber Bragg gratings, nanofibers can form fully fiber-integrated high-finesse cavities, combining strong atom–photon coupling with efficient and low-loss optical input–output interfacing in the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). In parallel, nanofiber systems naturally realize waveguide QED, where atoms interact strongly with propagating photons in a one-dimensional geometry. In this review, we introduce the underlying physical principles, summarize key experimental techniques and representative phenomena, and discuss prospects for applications in quantum information processing, quantum networks, and related quantum technologies.
{"title":"Cavity and waveguide quantum electrodynamics with atoms and optical nanofibers","authors":"Karen E. Webb, Samuel K. Ruddell, Tim Keller, Jameesh Keloth, Ratnesh K. Gupta, Mitsuyoshi Takahata, Takao Aoki","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00565-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00565-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optical nanofibers provide a versatile platform for exploring strong light–matter interactions at the single-quantum level, a central goal of quantum optics. Their subwavelength diameter supports tightly confined guided modes with strong evanescent fields, enabling efficient coupling between photons and nearby atoms. By incorporating fiber Bragg gratings, nanofibers can form fully fiber-integrated high-finesse cavities, combining strong atom–photon coupling with efficient and low-loss optical input–output interfacing in the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). In parallel, nanofiber systems naturally realize waveguide QED, where atoms interact strongly with propagating photons in a one-dimensional geometry. In this review, we introduce the underlying physical principles, summarize key experimental techniques and representative phenomena, and discuss prospects for applications in quantum information processing, quantum networks, and related quantum technologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40580-026-00565-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148597550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-07-22DOI: 10.1186/s40580-026-00566-w
Eunseo Lee, Aline Chary, Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu, Pamina Weber, Ishita Virmani, Beatrice A. Brugger, Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro, Emilie Brun, Valentina Lacconi, Hyojoo Bang, Ik Hwan Kwon, Anna Pohl, Juyong Yoon, Shin Woong Kim, Anastasios Tassos Papadiamantis, Riju Roy Chowdhury, Dong-Youn Hwang, Lara Lamon, Melanie-Jasmin Ort, Martin Paparella, Ekaterina A. Sosnina, Angela Serra, Jack Morikka, Lorenzo Campini, Katharina Koch, Antreas Afantitis, Dario Greco, Iseult Lynch, Kristie Sullivan, Seokjoo Yoon, Tae Geol Lee, June-Woo Park, Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez, Vivekkumar P. Dadhania, Luisa Campagnolo, Winfried Neuhaus, Steffi Friedrichs, Tina Buerki-Thurnherr, Tae Hyun Yoon, Tommaso Serchi
New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are increasingly promoted for animal-free nanosafety assessment, yet their regulatory use remains constrained by fragmented regulatory criteria and nanomaterial-specific testing complexities. This review comprehensively analyzes the convergence of advanced cell biology, nanotechnology, and information technology in reshaping safety evaluations, with a focus on regulatory translation across global frameworks. We first summarize enabling technologies, including advanced in vitro and ex vivo systems, organoids, microphysiological systems, high-dimensional single-cell multi-omics and label-free hyperspectral imaging, AutoML, generative AI, physiologically based kinetic modeling, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. We then analyze the regulatory landscape, emphasizing OECD harmonization efforts, the Mutual Acceptance of Data system, and regional developments across Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia–Pacific. A central theme is that regulatory acceptance of NAMs for nanomaterials requires not only biological relevance, reproducibility, and context-of-use definition, but also robust physicochemical characterization, exposure control, dosimetry, and data interoperability. Industrial implementation in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals, antimicrobials, and environmental protection is discussed as a measure of regulatory readiness and scalability. Finally, we outline future directions involving Smart NAMs, digital twins, and Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) frameworks. By integrating technological, regulatory, and implementation perspectives, this review identifies pathways toward harmonized, mechanistic, and human- or target species-relevant next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) for nanotechnology.
{"title":"New approach methodologies for next-generation risk assessment of nanomaterials and nano-enabled products","authors":"Eunseo Lee, Aline Chary, Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu, Pamina Weber, Ishita Virmani, Beatrice A. Brugger, Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro, Emilie Brun, Valentina Lacconi, Hyojoo Bang, Ik Hwan Kwon, Anna Pohl, Juyong Yoon, Shin Woong Kim, Anastasios Tassos Papadiamantis, Riju Roy Chowdhury, Dong-Youn Hwang, Lara Lamon, Melanie-Jasmin Ort, Martin Paparella, Ekaterina A. Sosnina, Angela Serra, Jack Morikka, Lorenzo Campini, Katharina Koch, Antreas Afantitis, Dario Greco, Iseult Lynch, Kristie Sullivan, Seokjoo Yoon, Tae Geol Lee, June-Woo Park, Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez, Vivekkumar P. Dadhania, Luisa Campagnolo, Winfried Neuhaus, Steffi Friedrichs, Tina Buerki-Thurnherr, Tae Hyun Yoon, Tommaso Serchi","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00566-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00566-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are increasingly promoted for animal-free nanosafety assessment, yet their regulatory use remains constrained by fragmented regulatory criteria and nanomaterial-specific testing complexities. This review comprehensively analyzes the convergence of advanced cell biology, nanotechnology, and information technology in reshaping safety evaluations, with a focus on regulatory translation across global frameworks. We first summarize enabling technologies, including advanced in vitro and ex vivo systems, organoids, microphysiological systems, high-dimensional single-cell multi-omics and label-free hyperspectral imaging, AutoML, generative AI, physiologically based kinetic modeling, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. We then analyze the regulatory landscape, emphasizing OECD harmonization efforts, the Mutual Acceptance of Data system, and regional developments across Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia–Pacific. A central theme is that regulatory acceptance of NAMs for nanomaterials requires not only biological relevance, reproducibility, and context-of-use definition, but also robust physicochemical characterization, exposure control, dosimetry, and data interoperability. Industrial implementation in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals, antimicrobials, and environmental protection is discussed as a measure of regulatory readiness and scalability. Finally, we outline future directions involving Smart NAMs, digital twins, and Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) frameworks. By integrating technological, regulatory, and implementation perspectives, this review identifies pathways toward harmonized, mechanistic, and human- or target species-relevant next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) for nanotechnology.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148547577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro-nano plastics (M/NPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants whose small size, persistence, and evolving surface states complicate reliable detection and remediation. As interface-dominated contaminants, their environmental behavior is largely governed by interactions at plastic–bio–nano interfaces. In this article, we review recent advances in three interconnected aspects of M/NPs research: biomolecular recognition, nano-enabled enrichment, and catalytic degradation, with particular emphasis on the central role of interfaces. Biomolecular recognition elements, including antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted materials, enable selective identification of plastics through interfacial pattern recognition. Nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanostructures, metal–organic frameworks, and carbon-based materials further facilitate selective capture and signal amplification in complex matrices. Emerging degradation strategies, including engineered enzymes, enzyme–nanomaterial hybrids, nanozymes, single-atom nanozymes, and advanced oxidation processes, rely on interface-mediated adsorption, catalytic activation, and polymer transformation. Future research should therefore focus on elucidating plastic–bio–nano interfacial mechanisms and leveraging these insights to integrate molecular recognition, nano-enabled enrichment, and catalytic transformation within multifunctional platforms.
{"title":"Bionanotechnology at microplastic and nanoplastic interfaces: detection, adsorption and degradation","authors":"Angrui Jiang, Wei Mao, Bowen Dai, Jung Heon Lee, Xue Bai, Juewen Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40580-026-00563-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40580-026-00563-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Micro-nano plastics (M/NPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants whose small size, persistence, and evolving surface states complicate reliable detection and remediation. As interface-dominated contaminants, their environmental behavior is largely governed by interactions at plastic–bio–nano interfaces. In this article, we review recent advances in three interconnected aspects of M/NPs research: biomolecular recognition, nano-enabled enrichment, and catalytic degradation, with particular emphasis on the central role of interfaces. Biomolecular recognition elements, including antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted materials, enable selective identification of plastics through interfacial pattern recognition. Nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanostructures, metal–organic frameworks, and carbon-based materials further facilitate selective capture and signal amplification in complex matrices. Emerging degradation strategies, including engineered enzymes, enzyme–nanomaterial hybrids, nanozymes, single-atom nanozymes, and advanced oxidation processes, rely on interface-mediated adsorption, catalytic activation, and polymer transformation. Future research should therefore focus on elucidating plastic–bio–nano interfacial mechanisms and leveraging these insights to integrate molecular recognition, nano-enabled enrichment, and catalytic transformation within multifunctional platforms.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":712,"journal":{"name":"Nano Convergence","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148519738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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