The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence and cloud computing is driving data storage demands into the petabit regime and beyond. With exceptional archival longevity, low energy consumption, and inherent stability, optical data storage has emerged as a pivotal solution for sustainable large-scale data preservation. This review first surveys the main technological routes for capacity scaling in optical data storage, including three-dimensional recording, holographic storage, multi-dimensional multiplexing, and super-resolution techniques, as well as petabit-scale three-dimensional nanophotonic optical storage using AIE-doped photoresist. It then discusses the progress in optical computing and neuromorphic photonics, and explores their potential future integration with optical storage to enable intelligent optical signal processing. The future development of optical storage in the post-petabit era may evolve from passive archives to intelligent processing platforms.


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